diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts
index fa8157ca..cc1768f2 100644
--- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts
+++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ export default withMermaid(
text: "1.2. 音素",
link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes",
},
+ {
+ text: "1.3. 音标",
+ link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics",
+ },
],
},
{
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fe740a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-cn.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-cn.svg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..261ad47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-cn.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-en.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-en.svg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad6c5083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators-en.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/articulators.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators.svg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..261ad47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1000-hours/public/images/articulators.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/videos/3d-presentation.mp4 b/1000-hours/public/videos/3d-presentation.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fdadef1
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/videos/3d-presentation.mp4 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/videos/articulator-movement-singing.mp4 b/1000-hours/public/videos/articulator-movement-singing.mp4
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53371016
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/videos/articulator-movement-singing.mp4 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
index d0d76234..999869e1 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
-> [!Note]
->
-> * 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
-> * The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
-
## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..084125f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# 1.3. 音标（Phonetics）
+
+这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了[剑桥英语发音词典](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)之外，还包括 [牛津词典](https://www.oed.com/)、[朗文当代英语词典](https://www.ldoceonline.com/)、[柯林斯 COBUILD](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english)，等等。
+
+The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by [Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) who published his *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the [*Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary*](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary) (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their [18^th^](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition) outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to [Oxford](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/dictionary)'s upstanding series or [*Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English*](https://www.ldoceonline.com/) down till [*Collins COBUILD*](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english).
+
+令人遗憾的是，英文的音标并不统一，乃至于各个词典即便是采用同样名称的音标体系 —— IPA（国际音标），或者 D.J. 音标 —— 各自也有一些细微差异，比如，有的用 `əʊ` 有的用 `oʊ`，或者，有的用 `ɒ` 有的用 `ɔ`……
+
+It's unfortunate that the phonetic notation for English is inconsistent. Even dictionaries using the same system, like the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) or Daniel Jones' Phonetics, display slight differences. For instance, some use `əʊ` while others use `oʊ`, or some use `ɒ` yet others prefer `ɔ`... It's quite a conundrum.
+
+比较幸运的是，大多数的音标标注差异集中在**元音**标记上，尤其是美式英语的元音 —— 所以也不算是太难掌握。
+
+Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in *vowel* markings, especially American vowels, which makes it somewhat easier to master.
+
+关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：
+
+Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:
+
+> - 短元音 `ʌ` 变得与 `ə` 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 `ə` 替代。比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 可能直接被标注为 `/bət/`。
+> - The short vowel `ʌ` often sounds very similar to `ə` and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, *but* `/bʌt/` would be transcribed as `/bət/`.
+> - 长短元音不统一使用 `ː` 区分，而是`ə/ɑ`、`ə/ɜ`、`ɚ/ɝ`、 `e/æ`、`ɪ/i`、`ʊ/u`、`ɒ/ɔ`。
+> - Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using `ː`, but by pairs such as `ə/ɑ`, `ə/ɜ`, `ɚ/ɝ`, `e/æ`, `ɪ/i`, `ʊ/u`, `ɒ/ɔ`.
+> - 短元音 `e` 有时用 `ɛ` 标注。
+> - The short vowel `e` is sometimes transcribed as `ɛ`.
+> - 短元音 `ə` ，由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɚ`；不带有 `ʳ` 音的时候，常常被标注为 `ɜ`。
+> - The short vowel `ə`, often accompanied by the rhotic `ʳ`, is commonly transcribed as `ɚ`. When the rhotic sound is absent, `ə` is often transcribed as `ɜ`.
+> - 长元音 `əː`，同样由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɝ`。
+> - The long vowel `əː`, due to its frequent association with `ʳ`, is generally transcribed as `ɝ`.
+> - `ə` 结尾的双元音，都用 `r`：`ɪə` ⭢ `ɪr`，`eə` ⭢ `er`，`ʊə` ⭢ `ʊr`。
+> - Diphthongs ending in `ə` are represented with `r`: `ɪə` becomes `ɪr`, `eə` becomes `er`, `ʊə` becomes `ʊr`.
+> - 非重音音节中的 `ɪ` 可能会被标注为 `ə`。
+> - The `ɪ` in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as `ə`.
+> - 短元音 `ɒ` 在美式发音中读作 `ɑ`，也如此标注，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/` —— `ɑ` 比 `ʌ/ə` 略长一些，比 `ɑr` 短。
+> - The short vowel `ɒ` is pronounced as `ɑ` in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, *hot* is transcribed as `/hɑt/`. `ɑ` is slightly longer than `ʌ/ə` but shorter than `ɑr`.
+> - `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。
+> - The flap `t` sound in American English is represented by `t̬`.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
index c4d16ab1..339f1a1f 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
@@ -4,12 +4,38 @@
Despite speaking different languages, humans share the same structure of brain and articulators. It's this commonality that grants every human infants the potential to master any language on Earth - a fascinating yet often overlooked fact.
-我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**硬颚**（*hard palate*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。
+我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**舌尾**（*back of tongue*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。
+
+
We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To be more precise, when speaking English, key components of speech production include: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; *hard palate* and *soft palate*, and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.*
-.svg)
+
另外一个重要的方面是**呼吸**（*breathe*）—— 呼吸不仅影响声音，也影响节奏；因为换气的必要，自然语流中总是存在**停顿**（*pause*）。
The act of breathing also plays a vital role — it not only affects speech sound quality but rhythm too due to natural *pauses* for airflow regulation during continuous speech flow.
+
+以下的 X 光视频展示了一个歌手在演唱歌曲时发声器官的活动情况[^1]：
+
+Here's an X-ray video showcasing the movement of a singer's articulators while performing a song:
+
+
+
+以下是朗读一些单词的时候发声器官活动情况的 3D 展示[^2]：
+Here's a 3D illustration showcasing the activity of articulators when pronouncing certain words:
+
+
+
+说话或者唱歌，形象地来看，很像是口腔体操，锻炼更多的却是大脑内的神经元及其它们之间的连接。
+
+When you think about it, speaking or singing is like oral gymnastics, but the real workout is for the neurons in your brain and the connections among them.
+
+练习英语的时候，最需要注意的发声器官之一是**舌头**，很多辅音都需要**舌尖**从**正确的位置**开始发声…… 以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 *4* 个位置 —— 在随后的讲解中会反复看到：
+
+When practicing English, one of the most critical articulators is your *tongue*. Many consonants require *the tongue tip* to start making a sound from the *right position*... What follows are the *4* most common positions of the tongue tip in English — you'll see them often in our subsequent discussions:
+
+
+
+[^1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5q85G3ydk&t=4s
+[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md
index d4f195fc..93927aa4 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.4.1-stop.md
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ There are *4* main types of *stops*, in English:
> * 喉塞音：`k`、`g` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ` 标注。I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。另外一个喉塞音语 `k`、`g` 没有关系，*uh-oh*, `/ɑʔoʊ/`……
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g` - denoted as `ʔ` in IPA. *I don't think that is true*. The *k* at the end of the word *think* is a glottal stop, pronounced as `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example of a glottal stop which is not related to `k` or `g` is in the expression `uh-oh`, pronounced as `/ɑʔoʊ/`...
-
不管是哪一种，都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
Regardless of the type, such a stop occurs when a previous consonant is fully articulated without actually producing sound.