08-18-1311, chapter 3.1.1
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xiaolai
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# 音素与音标
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# 1. 音素与音标
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在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（*phonemes*）。英语的音素分为**元音**（*vowels*）和**辅音**（*consonants*）。**音标**（*phonetics*）是用来标记音素的符号系统 —— 每个音素都由一个独特的音标符号标记。
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> 《剑桥英语发声词典》官方音标指南（Pronunciation symbols）：
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> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
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## 元音
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虽然我们的教程着重讲解的是 “**美式英语**” 语音，但，为了教学方便，也同时罗列了 “英式英语” 的音素和音标。
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## 1.1. 元音
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British (24)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (26)</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 辅音
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> [!Note]
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>
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> [《剑桥英语发声词典》的官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)里除了 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 之外，其它元音的美式英语儿化音都没有罗列，比如，
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<span class="pho">ɑːr</span>、<span class="pho">ɔːr</span>、<span class="pho">er</span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span>、<span class="pho">aɪr</span>、<span class="pho">aʊr</span>。
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## 1.2. 辅音
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British (26)</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American (27)</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 外来音素
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> [!Note]
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>
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> [《剑桥英语发声词典》的官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)里没有罗列 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
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## 1.3. 外来音素
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| 音素/音标 | 例词 |
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| <span class="pho">ɒ̃</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_croissant_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_croissant_2023feb.mp3"></span> | croiss**ant** <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɑ.sɒ̃ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_word_croissant_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_word_croissant_2023feb.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">x</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_loch_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_loch_2023feb.mp3"></span> | lo**ch** <span class="pho alt">lɒx</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_word_loch_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_word_loch_2023feb.mp3"></span> |
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## 其他符号
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## 1.4. 其他符号
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| 符号 | 例词 |
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| -------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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@@ -390,7 +401,7 @@
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| <span class="pho">ˈ</span> | surprise <span class="pho alt">sɚˈpraɪz, sə-</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_word_surprise_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_word_surprise_2023feb.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ˌ</span> | retell <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈtel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_word_retell_2023feb.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_word_retell_2023feb.mp3"></span> |
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## 自定义补充符号
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## 1.5. 自定义补充符号
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| 符号 | 含义 |
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| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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[^1]: 现在几乎所有词典都声称自己采用国际音标（IPA），但它们无一例外，都是国际音标的一个 “**自定义子集**”。
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[^2]: 音标的语音文件来自剑桥官方网站；例词的语音文件部分使用 [Microsoft Edge TTS](https://github.com/rany2/edge-tts) 生成，声音角色选择分别是：*en-GB-ThomasNeural*，*en-GB-MaisieNeural*，*en-US-RogerNeural*，和 *en-US-JennyNeural*
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<style>
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span.alt {display: none;}
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</style>
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51
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
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# 发声器官
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尽管说着不同的语言，人类的大脑构造和发声器官（articulators）构造却都是一样的。也正因为如此，所有的人类幼崽都具备习得地球上任何一种语言，甚至同时习得多种语言的潜能 —— 这其实还真是一个颇有些惊人却又常常被忽视甚至轻视的事实。
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**说话**对大脑来说是一项异常复杂的活动，它大约总计需要协调差不多 100 块左右的肌肉配合着呼吸才能发出一个音素的声音[^1]，从而形成我们说出来的词汇和句子。
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/speech-form-brain-signals.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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> Brain signals precisely coordinate nearly 100 muscles to move the lips, jaw, tongue, and larynx, shaping our breath into sounds that form our words and sentences.
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再详细一点，我们说话的时候动用的器官实际上很多，包括但不限于：下巴（*lower jaw*）、嘴唇（*lips*）、牙齿（*teeth*）、龈脊（*alveolar ridge*）、舌尖（*tongue tip*）、舌背（*tongue roof*）、舌尾（*back of tongue*）、软腭（*soft palate*）、咽（*pharynx*）、喉（*larynx*）、声带（*vocal cords*）等等。
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另外一个重要的方面是呼吸（*breathe*）—— 也就是说，肺也可以算作是发声器官 —— 呼吸不仅影响声音，也影响节奏；因为换气的必要，自然语流中总是存在停顿（*pause*）。
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以下的 X 光视频展示了一个歌手在演唱歌曲时发声器官的活动情况[^2]：
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/articulator-movement-singing.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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某种意义上，“说话” 其实是 “**低配版唱歌**”，相对要求低一些…… 以下是朗读一些单词的时候发声器官活动情况的 3D 展示[^3]：
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/3d-presentation.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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“说外语”，本质上来看，就是 “**以另一种方式说话**” —— 也就是说，那么多的器官要协调在一起做之前可能完全不熟悉的动作，难度可想而知。
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即便是让单一器官做不一样的动作也并非易事。
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比如，你可以试试舌头。练一下就知道了，有意识地控制舌头是相当困难的。虽然我们的舌头事实上很灵活，几乎可以与我们的手相媲美，可问题在于，它处于一个我们用眼睛观察不到的部位 —— 如果没看过 X 光视频或者 3D 展示，我们可能都不知道自己的舌头究竟是怎样的形状 —— 学也好练也罢，相对于手多出了一整个维度的困难。
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另外，说辅音的时候，舌尖的起始位置也很重要。同样一个基础音素，在不同的语言里，舌尖的起始位置有细微的差别 —— 量化来看，可能只不过是几毫米的距离差别，但重新定位却相当耗时费力。以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 4 个位置：
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以下表格中舌尖起始位置和辅音的对应会在随后的章节中进一步讲解：
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| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
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| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- |
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| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
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| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
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| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
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| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
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[^1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHFx6O5x5Hw
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[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5q85G3ydk
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[^3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc —— 这是 [Speech Graphics](https://www.speech-graphics.com) 为 [Saundz app](https://soundz.pro/)（[iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/soundz/id6448163324)/Android 已无可用链接）开发的视频展示片段。
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再比如，控制唇形也很难，虽然嘴唇通过照镜子是可以看到的。有两个元音，被称作 “圆元音”（*round vowels*）—— <span class="pho">ɔ</span> 和 <span class="pho">u</span>，需要把嘴唇略微缩作圆形，并且 <span class="pho">u</span> 还得嘴唇略微凸出…… 这好像并不难，可想要真正熟练，并且永远不出错，就没那么简单了。
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3-details.md
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# 3. 音素详解
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理论上来讲，把每个音素读准本身其实并不难；更何况每种语言都一样，从音素的数量上来看并不是很多，比如英语，总计就那么 50 个左右而已……
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> 本教程中罗列基本音标数量为：
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> * 英式英语（总计 50 个）
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> * 元音 24 个
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> * 辅音 26 个
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> * 美式英语（总计 53 个）
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> * 元音 26 个
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> * 辅音 27 个
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主要的难点来自于两个方面。
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首先是在连贯的自然语音中，几乎每个音素都有这样那样的变化。于是，我们只能通过 “**反复**”，反复阅读材料，反复练习，反复自我纠正，并且还要对种种细节谙熟于心，最终能将那些起初看起来极为繁杂的知识点逐一突破而后熟练且连贯地使用。
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更大的困难来自于我们的大脑机制。随着年龄的增加，大脑会过滤母语中用不到的声音，以便提高语音识别的效率 —— 也恰恰是这一点造成了绝大多数成年人学外语的最大障碍。有些声音我们听不到、听不清楚，有些声音听到了却无法分辨，有些声音被我们自己在不知不觉中替换成了另外的样子…… 然而，这并不是什么无解的困境，因为我们的大脑 “**可塑性**” 极强 —— 并且还是 “终身可塑性极强”。核心关键在于，练习的时候要做到 “注意力集中”，不仅如此，还要做到 “**长时间注意力集中**”，只有这样才能突破。
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32
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md
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# 3.1 元音（Vowels）
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英文总计 **6** 个基础元音，分别是 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">u</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ɔ</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、 —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。所有元音要么是它们略有变化的长短版本，即，长元音（美式英语有半长元音）；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音或者三元音。
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| 基础元音 | 短元音 | 半长元音 | 长元音 | 儿化音 | 组合音 |
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| -------- | ------ | -------- | ------ | ------ | ------------------------------------- |
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| <span class="pho">ɑ</span> | <span class="pho">ʌ</span> | | <span class="pho">ɑː</span> | <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
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| <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">ɪ</span> | <span class="pho">i</span> | <span class="pho">iː</span> | <span class="pho">ɪr</span> | <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, <span class="pho">eɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span> |
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| <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">ʊ</span> | <span class="pho">u</span> | <span class="pho">uː</span> | <span class="pho">ʊr</span> | <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊ</span>, <span class="pho">əʊ/oʊ</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
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| <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">e</span> | <span class="pho">æ</span> | | <span class="pho">er</span> | <span class="pho">eəer</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aʊə/aʊr</span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɔ</span> | <span class="pho">ɒ</span> | | <span class="pho">ɔː</span> | <span class="pho">ɔːr</span> | <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span> |
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| <span class="pho">ə</span> | <span class="pho">ə</span> | | <span class="pho">ɜː</span> | <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> | <span class="pho">aʊəaʊr</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə/ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">aɪə/aɪr</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə/ʊr</span>, <span class="pho">eə/er</span> |
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元音发声时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击**声带**，使其均匀**振动**，而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔，无阻力地呼出。
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生成不同元音的主要器官之一是**嘴唇**，这也是婴幼儿在学说话时所能观察到的唯一发声器官。张嘴的另外一个器官是**下巴**，下巴拉开，口型变大。
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以下是 **6** 个基础元音发声时的**口型**（嘴唇构成的形状）：
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当然，除了口型之外，影响元音发声的器官还有**舌面**的位置、**软腭**的动作 —— 影响口腔内气流共振的空间 —— 不过，由于人类语言的相通属性，人们在这些基础元音的发声上基本都没有任何困难。
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说英文的时候，需要格外注意的是元音的**长短**。英文**音节**的发声总体上倾向于比其它语言更长，因为 20 多个元音中只有 6 个是**短**的，与之相对的，还有将近 3 倍的数量是相对更**长**的元音（半长元音、长元音、儿化音、双元音、三元音）。这是一个相当显著的差异 —— 尤其在与亚洲语言相比的时候尤为明显，因为在大多数亚洲语言中元音（可能被称为韵母、母音）总是等长的，没有长短之分。
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很多语音教程使用 “舌位图” 作为讲解元音的工具[^1]……
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虽然从语音学的角度来看，舌身位置很重要 —— 因为舌身的位置决定口腔内气流共振空间的大小，进而可以配合不同的唇形发出不同的元音 —— 但是， “控制舌身位置” 对绝大多数人来说并不现实 —— 你试试就知道了。所以，在我们的教程里，并使用这种舌位图作为讲解工具。
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[^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: A practical guide for students* (5th Edition), by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55
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# 3.1.1. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">ɚ</span>/<span class="pho">ɝː</span>
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<span class="pho">ə</span> 这个基础元音，在英语中最为普遍。在美式英语中，也相对特殊，因为它的长短两个版本都常常带着儿化音，所以值得第一个详细讲解。
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## 3.1.1.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>D.J.</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
<td>IPA</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>a</b>bout <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/about_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/about_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>a</b>bout <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/about_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/about_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td></td>
|
||||
<td></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">ɜː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/worker_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/worker_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">ɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.1.1.2 央元音 <span class="pho">ə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ə</span> 有个专门的名称，叫做 “央元音”（*schwa*）。
|
||||
|
||||
> 在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
|
||||
在非重音音节上的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 是不可能带有儿化音的 —— 这一点要格外注意。很多人会矫枉过正，任何时候都把 <span class="pho">ə</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>…… 比如，有些人可能会把 *focus* <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/focus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/focus-us-female.mp3"></span> 错读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.1.1.3 儿化音
|
||||
|
||||
短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和长元音 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖（无论是前卷还是后卷，都被称作 *Retroflex R*），这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
|
||||
|
||||
由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式（被称作 *Bunched R*）：舌尾部分抬起来，略微后缩，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以下是另外一个角度的图示[^1]：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以下的视频更为直观，*worker* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span> 这个词的长短两个版本的儿化音都是用 *Bunched R* 读出来的[^2]：
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/worker.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
事实上，其他的儿化音也都可以用这种方式发声。不妨用这种方式重新试试 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>；再试试 *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/your-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 试过之后，再进行比较，你会发现更多的时候，第二种方式比第一种方式更方便。
|
||||
|
||||
在美式英语中，绝大多数人都使用第二种方式（*Bunched R*）发出儿化音。即便是使用第一种方式（*Retroflex R*），舌尖无论是前卷还是后卷，都一样，绝不会贴到龈脊上。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.1.1.4 拼写
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **a**
|
||||
* about <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/about-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/about-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* banana <span class="pho alt">bəˈnæn.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sofa <span class="pho alt">ˈsoʊ.fə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sofa-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sofa-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **e**
|
||||
* open <span class="pho alt">ˈoʊ.pən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/open-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/open-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* problem <span class="pho alt">ˈprɑː.bləm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/problem-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/problem-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* synthesis <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪn.θə.sɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/synthesis-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/synthesis-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **i**
|
||||
* animal <span class="pho alt">ˈæn.ɪ.məl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/animal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/animal-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* president <span class="pho alt">ˈprez.ɪ.dənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/president-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/president-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pupil <span class="pho alt">ˈpjuː.pəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pupil-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pupil-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **o**
|
||||
* bacon <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɪ.kən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bacon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bacon-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* lesson <span class="pho alt">ˈles.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lesson-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lesson-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pilot <span class="pho alt">ˈpaɪ.lət</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pilot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pilot-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **u**
|
||||
* circus <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.kəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/circus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/circus-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* medium <span class="pho alt">ˈmiː.di.əm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/medium-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/medium-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* support <span class="pho alt">səˈpɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/support-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/support-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ou**
|
||||
* courageous <span class="pho alt">kəˈreɪ.dʒəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/courageous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/courageous-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* famous <span class="pho alt">ˈfeɪ.məs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/famous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/famous-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* humorous <span class="pho alt">ˈhjuː.mə.rəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/humorous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/humorous-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɚ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **er**
|
||||
* better <span class="pho alt">ˈbet̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/better-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/better-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* teacher <span class="pho alt">ˈtiː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/teacher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/teacher-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **or**
|
||||
* actor <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/actor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/actor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* doctor <span class="pho alt">ˈdɑːk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doctor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doctor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* editor <span class="pho alt">ˈed.ɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/editor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/editor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ar**
|
||||
* beggar <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beggar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* burglar <span class="pho alt">ˈbɝː.ɡlɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/burglar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/burglar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* collar <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑː.lɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/collar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/collar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ure**
|
||||
* culture <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌl.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/culture-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/culture-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* figure <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪɡ.jɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/figure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/figure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pressure <span class="pho alt">ˈpreʃ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pressure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pressure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɝː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **er**
|
||||
* her <span class="pho alt">hɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/her-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/her-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* term <span class="pho alt">tɝːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/term-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/term-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* clerk <span class="pho alt">klɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clerk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clerk-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ear**
|
||||
* earn <span class="pho alt">ɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earn-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* earth <span class="pho alt">ɝːθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earth-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* heard <span class="pho alt">hɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heard-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ir**
|
||||
* bird <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bird-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* first <span class="pho alt">ˈfɝːst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/first-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/first-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* stir <span class="pho alt">stɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stir-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stir-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ur**
|
||||
* burn <span class="pho alt">bɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/burn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/burn-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* nurse <span class="pho alt">nɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nurse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nurse-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* turn <span class="pho alt">tɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/turn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/turn-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **or**
|
||||
* word <span class="pho alt">wɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/word-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/word-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* world <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* worse <span class="pho alt">wɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worse-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 该图示来自 https://globalspeechtherapy.com/how-to-teach-the-r-sound/
|
||||
[^2]: 这个视频片段，截取自一个收费软件 [The Phonetics 3D](http://www.thephonetics.com/)，只有 [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/the-phonetics-3d/id841485989) 版本。
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user