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08-18-1311, chapter 3.1.1

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# 3.1.1. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">ɚ</span>/<span class="pho">ɝː</span>
<span class="pho">ə</span> 这个基础元音，在英语中最为普遍。在美式英语中，也相对特殊，因为它的长短两个版本都常常带着儿化音，所以值得第一个详细讲解。
## 3.1.1.1. 示例
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>a</b>bout <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/about_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/about_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>a</b>bout <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/about_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/about_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">ɜː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/worker_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/worker_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">ɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td>w<b>or</b>ker <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.1.1.2 央元音 <span class="pho">ə</span>
在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ə</span> 有个专门的名称，叫做 “央元音”（*schwa*）。
> 在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
在非重音音节上的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 是不可能带有儿化音的 —— 这一点要格外注意。很多人会矫枉过正，任何时候都把 <span class="pho">ə</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>…… 比如，有些人可能会把 *focus* <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/focus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/focus-us-female.mp3"></span> 错读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.1.3 儿化音
短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和长元音 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖（无论是前卷还是后卷，都被称作 *Retroflex R*），这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式（被称作 *Bunched R*）：舌尾部分抬起来，略微后缩，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
![articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ.svg)
以下是另外一个角度的图示[^1]：
![retroflex-bunched-r](/images/retroflex-bunched-r.svg)
以下的视频更为直观，*worker* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝː.kɚ</span><span class="pho alt">ˈwɜː.kə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worker_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worker_us_male.mp3"></span> 这个词的长短两个版本的儿化音都是用 *Bunched R* 读出来的[^2]：
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/worker.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
事实上，其他的儿化音也都可以用这种方式发声。不妨用这种方式重新试试 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>；再试试 *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/your-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 试过之后，再进行比较，你会发现更多的时候，第二种方式比第一种方式更方便。
在美式英语中，绝大多数人都使用第二种方式（*Bunched R*）发出儿化音。即便是使用第一种方式（*Retroflex R*），舌尖无论是前卷还是后卷，都一样，绝不会贴到龈脊上。
另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
## 3.1.1.4 拼写
### <span class="pho">ə</span>
* **a**
* about <span class="pho alt">əˈbaʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/about-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/about-us-female.mp3"></span>
* banana <span class="pho alt">bəˈnæn.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>
* sofa <span class="pho alt">ˈsoʊ.fə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sofa-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sofa-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **e**
* open <span class="pho alt">ˈoʊ.pən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/open-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/open-us-female.mp3"></span>
* problem <span class="pho alt">ˈprɑː.bləm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/problem-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/problem-us-female.mp3"></span>
* synthesis <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪn.θə.sɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/synthesis-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/synthesis-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **i**
* animal <span class="pho alt">ˈæn.ɪ.məl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/animal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/animal-us-female.mp3"></span>
* president <span class="pho alt">ˈprez.ɪ.dənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/president-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/president-us-female.mp3"></span>
* pupil <span class="pho alt">ˈpjuː.pəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pupil-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pupil-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **o**
* bacon <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɪ.kən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bacon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bacon-us-female.mp3"></span>
* lesson <span class="pho alt">ˈles.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lesson-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lesson-us-female.mp3"></span>
* pilot <span class="pho alt">ˈpaɪ.lət</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pilot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pilot-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **u**
* circus <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.kəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/circus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/circus-us-female.mp3"></span>
* medium <span class="pho alt">ˈmiː.di.əm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/medium-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/medium-us-female.mp3"></span>
* support <span class="pho alt">səˈpɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/support-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/support-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ou**
* courageous <span class="pho alt">kəˈreɪ.dʒəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/courageous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/courageous-us-female.mp3"></span>
* famous <span class="pho alt">ˈfeɪ.məs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/famous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/famous-us-female.mp3"></span>
* humorous <span class="pho alt">ˈhjuː.mə.rəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/humorous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/humorous-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">ɚ</span>
* **er**
* better <span class="pho alt">ˈbet̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/better-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/better-us-female.mp3"></span>
* butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
* teacher <span class="pho alt">ˈtiː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/teacher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/teacher-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **or**
* actor <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/actor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/actor-us-female.mp3"></span>
* doctor <span class="pho alt">ˈdɑːk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doctor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doctor-us-female.mp3"></span>
* editor <span class="pho alt">ˈed.ɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/editor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/editor-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ar**
* beggar <span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beggar-us-female.mp3"></span>
* burglar <span class="pho alt">ˈbɝː.ɡlɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/burglar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/burglar-us-female.mp3"></span>
* collar <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑː.lɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/collar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/collar-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ure**
* culture <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌl.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/culture-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/culture-us-female.mp3"></span>
* figure <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪɡ.jɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/figure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/figure-us-female.mp3"></span>
* pressure <span class="pho alt">ˈpreʃ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pressure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pressure-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">ɝː</span>
* **er**
* her <span class="pho alt">hɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/her-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/her-us-female.mp3"></span>
* term <span class="pho alt">tɝːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/term-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/term-us-female.mp3"></span>
* clerk <span class="pho alt">klɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clerk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clerk-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ear**
* earn <span class="pho alt">ɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earn-us-female.mp3"></span>
* earth <span class="pho alt">ɝːθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earth-us-female.mp3"></span>
* heard <span class="pho alt">hɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heard-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ir**
* bird <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bird-us-female.mp3"></span>
* first <span class="pho alt">ˈfɝːst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/first-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/first-us-female.mp3"></span>
* stir <span class="pho alt">stɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stir-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stir-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **ur**
* burn <span class="pho alt">bɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/burn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/burn-us-female.mp3"></span>
* nurse <span class="pho alt">nɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nurse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nurse-us-female.mp3"></span>
* turn <span class="pho alt">tɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/turn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/turn-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **or**
* word <span class="pho alt">wɝːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/word-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/word-us-female.mp3"></span>
* world <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span>
* worse <span class="pho alt">wɝːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/worse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/worse-us-female.mp3"></span>
[^1]: 该图示来自 https://globalspeechtherapy.com/how-to-teach-the-r-sound/
[^2]: 这个视频片段，截取自一个收费软件 [The Phonetics 3D](http://www.thephonetics.com/)，只有 [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/the-phonetics-3d/id841485989) 版本。