diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index 5a4094db..cadd0ff6 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -173,6 +173,26 @@ export default withMermaid( text: "3.2.3. t/d", link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-td", }, + { + text: "3.2.4. k/g", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-kg", + }, + { + text: "3.2.5. f/v", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-fv", + }, + { + text: "3.2.6. s/z", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-sz", + }, + { + text: "3.2.7. θ/ð", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-θð", + }, + { + text: "3.2.8. ʃ/ʒ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ", + }, ] }, ], diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/Speech-Tract(zh-CN).svg b/1000-hours/public/images/Speech-Tract(zh-CN).svg index 5f96166f..fef91f3a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/images/Speech-Tract(zh-CN).svg +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/Speech-Tract(zh-CN).svg @@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ + + 硬颚 + @@ -25,6 +28,8 @@ + + 下巴 @@ -62,6 +67,9 @@ 气流 + + 软腭 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md index 5d5ed448..c4d16ab1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Despite speaking different languages, humans share the same structure of brain and articulators. It's this commonality that grants every human infants the potential to master any language on Earth - a fascinating yet often overlooked fact. -我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。 +我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**硬颚**（*hard palate*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。 -We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To be more precise, when speaking English, key components of speech production include: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.* +We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To be more precise, when speaking English, key components of speech production include: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; *hard palate* and *soft palate*, and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.* ![Speech Tract (zh-CN)](/images/Speech-Tract(zh-CN).svg) diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-pb.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-pb.md index 5d3e5167..7b1810e0 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-pb.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-pb.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# 3.2.2 `p`/`b` +# 3.2.2 `p/b` -`p` 与 `b` 发声的动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。`p` 没有声带振动，而 `b` 有声带振动。 +`p/b` 的发声动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。`p` 没有声带振动，而 `b` 有声带振动。 The pronunciation of `p` and `b` share the same mechanism, where the lips first close, then air pressure forces them apart. The difference lies in the vibration of the vocal cords: `p` doesn't involve vocal cord vibration, while `b` does. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-td.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-td.md index b23df6be..13f40202 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-td.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-td.md @@ -1,15 +1,23 @@ -# 3.2.3 `t`/`d` +# 3.2.3 `t/d` -虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t`/`d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 贴在龈脊（alveolar ridge）上，而不是贴在牙齿上。 +虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在龈脊（alveolar ridge）上，而不是贴在牙齿上。 While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, not the *teeth*. -==这里需要一张图片 ![td]()== +==这里需要一张图片 == -在中文普通话里，`t`/`d` 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`）…… +在中文普通话里，`t/d` 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`）…… In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the `t` and `d` sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！) in Mandarin. 对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。 For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit. + +另外，就好像 `p/b` 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 `ʊ` 一样，`t/d` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ` —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（`sī`）的韵母。 + +Additionally, just as the `p` and `b` sound naturally carries a slight `ʊ` sound in its pronunciation, the `t` and `d` sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's `ɤ` - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is `sī.` + +在中文拼音里，`i` 在 `t/d` 之后相当于英文音标中的 `i`；在 `z/c/s` 之后的 `i` 才会读成 `ɤ`…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 `t(ɤ)` 读作 `tə`，将 `d(ɤ)` 读作 `də`。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。 + +In the Chinese phonetic system, `i` following `t/d` is similar to `i` in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, `i` after `z/c/s` is pronounced as `ɤ`. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce `t(ɤ)` as `tə`, and `d(ɤ)` as `də`. This calls for establishing a new habit. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-kg.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-kg.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc05cebc --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-kg.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +# 3.2.4 `k/g` + +幸亏各种语言里都有这两个音，否则的话，它们学起来原本可能挺困难…… + +Thankfully, these two sounds exist in almost every language. Otherwise, learning them could prove quite challenging. + +首先，这两个音需要舍背后部抬起来顶住软腭而后开始发音。这个动作在口腔深处，所以无法直接看到。绝大多数人其实并不知道自己具体是怎么发出这两个声音的，也没有人能想起来自己小时候是如何学会的。 + +Firstly, to pronounce these two sounds, the back part of the tongue must be raised and pressed against the *soft palate*. This action takes place deep in the mouth, so it's not something we can see directly. In fact, most people don't even know exactly how they produce these sounds, nor can anyone recall how they learned to make them as children. + +==此处需要图片== + +就好像 `t/d` 在发音的时候一样，`k/g` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ`。 + +Moreover, much like the `t/d` sounds, `k/g` also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not `ə` but `ɤ`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-fv.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-fv.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2c3342f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-fv.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# 3.2.5 `f/v` + +与 `k/g` 不一样，`f/v` 的发声重点是可以看到的：下嘴唇略微收回，上牙贴在下嘴唇上，而后开始发音。 + +Unlike `k/g`, the articulation of `f/v` is actually visible: the *lower lip* retracts slightly, and the *upper teeth* rest on the lower lip before beginning to sound. + +==这里需要图片== + +韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 `p` 替代 `f`，用 `b` 替代 `v`；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/`，把 *video* 说成 `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`…… + +The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace `f` with `p` and `v` with `b`. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *photo* as `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/` and *video* as `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`... + +中国南方有些方言里也没有 `f`，所以，他们可能会用 `hw` 替代 `f`，比如，把 *fight* 读成 `/hwaɪt/`；中文的普通话里没有 `v`，所以，中国人经常把用 `w` 替换 `v`，比如，把 *very* 读成 `/ˈwɛri/`…… + +Some dialects in southern China also lack the `f` sound, so speakers might substitute `f` with `hw`. For instance, they might pronounce `fight` as `/hwaɪt/`. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a `v` sound, so Chinese speakers often replace `v` with `w`, like pronouncing `very` as `/ˈwɛri/`... + +另外需要注意的是，与 `p/b`、`t/d`、`k/g` 不一样，`f/v` 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色。 + +Another thing to note is that, unlike `p/b`, `t/d`, and `k/g`, `f/v` are pronounced *without* any slight vowel qualities. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-sz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-sz.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..902e868e --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-sz.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +# 3.2.6. `s/z` + +`s/z` 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。`s/z` 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处。 + +The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between your teeth and gums. + +==此处需要图片== diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-θð.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-θð.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ff5391a --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-θð.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +# 3.2.7 `θ/ð` + +对很多人来说，`θ/ð` 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。 + +虽然英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显…… + +==此处需要图片== + +不过，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 `θ/ð` 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 `θ/ð`, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。 + +最初练习的时候，可以借助 `s/z` 作为辅助: + +> * 先发 `s` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `s` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `θ`；然后分别说两个词 *sink* 和 *think*…… +> * 先发 `z` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `z` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `ð`；然后分别说两个词 *zed* 和 *that*…… diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06ff3034 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# 3.2.8. `ʃ/ʒ` +