diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index b17e8a0c..0fa4dfdc 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -121,43 +121,31 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ", }, { - text: "3.1.3. ɪ/i/iː", + text: "3.1.3. ɪ/i/iː/ɪr", link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i", }, { - text: "2.1.4. e/æ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e", + text: "3.1.4. ʊ/u/uː/ʊr", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-u", }, { - text: "2.1.5. ə/ɚ/ɝː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə", + text: "3.1.5. e/æ/er", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e", }, { - text: "2.1.6. ɪ/i/iː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i", + text: "3.1.6. ɒ/ɑː/ɔː/ɔːrː", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ", }, { - text: "2.1.7. ʊ/u/uː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u", - }, - { - text: "2.1.8. ɑː/ɔː/ɔːr", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ", - }, - { - text: "2.1.9. aɪ... əʊ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ", - }, - { - text: "2.1.10. ɤ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.10-ɤ", + text: "3.1.7. aɪ... əʊ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ", }, ] }, { - text: "2.2. 辅音", + text: "3.2. 辅音", collapsed: true, - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants", items: [ { text: "2.2.1. 分类", diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..26732913 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..80555bef Binary files /dev/null and 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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/voice_us_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/voice-us-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/voice_us_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/voice-us-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..012f7d6e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a239dc97 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/wall-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6e95873d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..33b81a5d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/who-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35646f4e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c12be3a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/wood-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/worker_uk_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/worker-uk-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/worker_uk_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/worker-uk-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/worker_uk_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/worker-uk-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/worker_uk_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/worker-uk-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/worker_us_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/worker-us-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/worker_us_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/worker-us-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/worker_us_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/worker-us-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/worker_us_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/worker-us-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35646f4e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c12be3a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/would-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/yes_uk_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/yes-uk-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/yes_uk_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/yes-uk-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/yes_uk_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/yes-uk-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/yes_uk_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/yes-uk-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/yes_us_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/yes-us-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/yes_us_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/yes-us-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/yes_us_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/yes-us-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/yes_us_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/yes-us-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_uk_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-uk-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_uk_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-uk-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_uk_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-uk-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_uk_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-uk-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_us_female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-us-female.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_us_female.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-us-female.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_us_male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-us-male.mp3 similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo_us_male.mp3 rename to 1000-hours/public/audios/zoo-us-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..94804796 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-e.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-e.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1e016cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-e.svg @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + + vowels-mouth-shape-e + + + + ɔ + + + ʊ + + + e/æ + + + ɑ + + + i / ə + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-u.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-u.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b297609c --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-u.svg @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + + vowels-mouth-shape-u + + + + ɔ + + + ʊ + + + e + + + ɑ + + + i / ə + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3a2304cf --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ.svg @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + + vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ + + + + ɔ + + + ʊ + + + e + + + ɑ + + + i / ə + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index 72e6c105..57959956 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 5, + "execution_count": 18, "id": "71d35cd9", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -86,44 +86,13 @@ "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ - "sun\n", - "../audios/sun-us-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/sun-us-female.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/sun-uk-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/sun-uk-female.mp3 created\n", - "\n", - "cup\n", - "../audios/cup-us-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/cup-us-female.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/cup-uk-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/cup-uk-female.mp3 created\n", - "\n", - "but\n", - "../audios/but-us-male.mp3 created\n" - ] - }, - { - "ename": "CancelledError", - "evalue": "", - "output_type": "error", - "traceback": [ - "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", - "\u001b[0;31mCancelledError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", - "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[5], line 81\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 79\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mlen\u001b[39m(w) \u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[1;32m 80\u001b[0m filename \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m../audios/\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mw\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mregions[i]\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mgenders[i]\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m.mp3\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 81\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mvoice, verbose\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m, overwrite\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m, play\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m)\n", - "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[5], line 18\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mgenerate_edge_tts_audio\u001b[0;34m(text, file_name, voice, style, verbose, play, overwrite)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 15\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mfile_name\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m exists, skipping...\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m 16\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 18\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m communicate\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msave(file_name)\n\u001b[1;32m 19\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m play:\n\u001b[1;32m 20\u001b[0m pygame\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmixer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39minit()\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/edge_tts/communicate.py:523\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mCommunicate.save\u001b[0;34m(self, audio_fname, metadata_fname)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 517\u001b[0m metadata: Union[TextIOWrapper, ContextManager[\u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m]] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[1;32m 518\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mopen\u001b[39m(metadata_fname, \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mw\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, encoding\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mutf-8\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m 519\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m metadata_fname \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 520\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m nullcontext()\n\u001b[1;32m 521\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 522\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m metadata, \u001b[38;5;28mopen\u001b[39m(audio_fname, \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mwb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m audio:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 523\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m message \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstream():\n\u001b[1;32m 524\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m message[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mtype\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m==\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124maudio\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[1;32m 525\u001b[0m audio\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwrite(message[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mdata\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m])\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/edge_tts/communicate.py:506\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mCommunicate.stream\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 504\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Stream the audio and metadata from the service.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 505\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mpartial_text\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtexts:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 506\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m message \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m__stream():\n\u001b[1;32m 507\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01myield\u001b[39;00m message\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/edge_tts/communicate.py:365\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mCommunicate.__stream\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 363\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Create a new connection to the service.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 364\u001b[0m ssl_ctx \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m ssl\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcreate_default_context(cafile\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mcertifi\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwhere())\n\u001b[0;32m--> 365\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m aiohttp\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mClientSession(\n\u001b[1;32m 366\u001b[0m trust_env\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m 367\u001b[0m timeout\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msession_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m 368\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m session, session\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mws_connect(\n\u001b[1;32m 369\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mWSS_URL\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m&ConnectionId=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mconnect_id()\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 370\u001b[0m compress\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m15\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 371\u001b[0m proxy\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mproxy,\n\u001b[1;32m 372\u001b[0m headers\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m{\n\u001b[1;32m 373\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mPragma\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mno-cache\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 374\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mCache-Control\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mno-cache\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 375\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mOrigin\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mchrome-extension://jdiccldimpdaibmpdkjnbmckianbfold\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 376\u001b[0m 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\u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m websocket:\n\u001b[1;32m 383\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Send the request to the service.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 384\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m send_command_request()\n\u001b[1;32m 386\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Send the SSML request to the service.\u001b[39;00m\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/client.py:1197\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_BaseRequestContextManager.__aenter__\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1196\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21m__aenter__\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m _RetType:\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1197\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_resp \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_coro\n\u001b[1;32m 1198\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_resp\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/client.py:835\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mClientSession._ws_connect\u001b[0;34m(self, url, method, protocols, timeout, receive_timeout, autoclose, autoping, heartbeat, auth, origin, params, headers, proxy, proxy_auth, ssl, verify_ssl, fingerprint, ssl_context, proxy_headers, compress, max_msg_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 832\u001b[0m ssl \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m _merge_ssl_params(ssl, verify_ssl, ssl_context, fingerprint)\n\u001b[1;32m 834\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# send request\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 835\u001b[0m resp \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mrequest(\n\u001b[1;32m 836\u001b[0m method,\n\u001b[1;32m 837\u001b[0m url,\n\u001b[1;32m 838\u001b[0m params\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mparams,\n\u001b[1;32m 839\u001b[0m headers\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mreal_headers,\n\u001b[1;32m 840\u001b[0m read_until_eof\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mFalse\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m 841\u001b[0m auth\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mauth,\n\u001b[1;32m 842\u001b[0m proxy\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mproxy,\n\u001b[1;32m 843\u001b[0m proxy_auth\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mproxy_auth,\n\u001b[1;32m 844\u001b[0m ssl\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mssl,\n\u001b[1;32m 845\u001b[0m proxy_headers\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mproxy_headers,\n\u001b[1;32m 846\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 848\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 849\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# check handshake\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 850\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m resp\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstatus \u001b[38;5;241m!=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m101\u001b[39m:\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/client.py:581\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mClientSession._request\u001b[0;34m(self, method, str_or_url, params, data, json, cookies, headers, skip_auto_headers, auth, allow_redirects, max_redirects, compress, chunked, expect100, raise_for_status, read_until_eof, proxy, proxy_auth, timeout, verify_ssl, fingerprint, ssl_context, ssl, server_hostname, proxy_headers, trace_request_ctx, read_bufsize, auto_decompress, max_line_size, max_field_size)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 576\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m ceil_timeout(\n\u001b[1;32m 577\u001b[0m real_timeout\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mconnect,\n\u001b[1;32m 578\u001b[0m ceil_threshold\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mreal_timeout\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mceil_threshold,\n\u001b[1;32m 579\u001b[0m ):\n\u001b[1;32m 580\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_connector \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 581\u001b[0m conn \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_connector\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mconnect(\n\u001b[1;32m 582\u001b[0m req, traces\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mtraces, timeout\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mreal_timeout\n\u001b[1;32m 583\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 584\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m asyncio\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mTimeoutError \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m exc:\n\u001b[1;32m 585\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m ServerTimeoutError(\n\u001b[1;32m 586\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mConnection timeout \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mto host \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mformat(url)\n\u001b[1;32m 587\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21;01mexc\u001b[39;00m\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/connector.py:544\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseConnector.connect\u001b[0;34m(self, req, traces, timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 541\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m trace\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msend_connection_create_start()\n\u001b[1;32m 543\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 544\u001b[0m proto \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_create_connection(req, traces, timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m 545\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_closed:\n\u001b[1;32m 546\u001b[0m proto\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclose()\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/connector.py:944\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTCPConnector._create_connection\u001b[0;34m(self, req, traces, timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 942\u001b[0m _, proto \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_create_proxy_connection(req, traces, timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m 943\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 944\u001b[0m _, proto \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_create_direct_connection(req, traces, timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m 946\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m proto\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/connector.py:1226\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTCPConnector._create_direct_connection\u001b[0;34m(self, req, traces, timeout, client_error)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1219\u001b[0m server_hostname \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[1;32m 1220\u001b[0m (req\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mserver_hostname \u001b[38;5;129;01mor\u001b[39;00m hinfo[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mhostname\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m])\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mrstrip(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m 1221\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m sslcontext\n\u001b[1;32m 1222\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1223\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 1225\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1226\u001b[0m transp, proto \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_wrap_create_connection(\n\u001b[1;32m 1227\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_factory,\n\u001b[1;32m 1228\u001b[0m host,\n\u001b[1;32m 1229\u001b[0m port,\n\u001b[1;32m 1230\u001b[0m timeout\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mtimeout,\n\u001b[1;32m 1231\u001b[0m ssl\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39msslcontext,\n\u001b[1;32m 1232\u001b[0m family\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mhinfo[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mfamily\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m],\n\u001b[1;32m 1233\u001b[0m proto\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mhinfo[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mproto\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m],\n\u001b[1;32m 1234\u001b[0m flags\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mhinfo[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mflags\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m],\n\u001b[1;32m 1235\u001b[0m server_hostname\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mserver_hostname,\n\u001b[1;32m 1236\u001b[0m local_addr\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_local_addr,\n\u001b[1;32m 1237\u001b[0m req\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mreq,\n\u001b[1;32m 1238\u001b[0m client_error\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mclient_error,\n\u001b[1;32m 1239\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 1240\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m ClientConnectorError \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m exc:\n\u001b[1;32m 1241\u001b[0m last_exc \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m exc\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/connector.py:1025\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTCPConnector._wrap_create_connection\u001b[0;34m(self, req, timeout, client_error, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1021\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 1022\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01masync\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m ceil_timeout(\n\u001b[1;32m 1023\u001b[0m timeout\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msock_connect, ceil_threshold\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mtimeout\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mceil_threshold\n\u001b[1;32m 1024\u001b[0m ):\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1025\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_loop\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcreate_connection(\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[1;32m 1026\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m cert_errors \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m exc:\n\u001b[1;32m 1027\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m ClientConnectorCertificateError(req\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mconnection_key, exc) \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21;01mexc\u001b[39;00m\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/asyncio/base_events.py:1147\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseEventLoop.create_connection\u001b[0;34m(self, protocol_factory, host, port, ssl, family, proto, flags, sock, local_addr, server_hostname, ssl_handshake_timeout, ssl_shutdown_timeout, happy_eyeballs_delay, interleave, all_errors)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1137\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m sock\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtype \u001b[38;5;241m!=\u001b[39m socket\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mSOCK_STREAM:\n\u001b[1;32m 1138\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# We allow AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX as long as they\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1139\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# are SOCK_STREAM.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1142\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Disallowing AF_UNIX in this method, breaks backwards\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1143\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# compatibility.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1144\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;167;01mValueError\u001b[39;00m(\n\u001b[1;32m 1145\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mA Stream Socket was expected, got \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00msock\u001b[38;5;132;01m!r}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1147\u001b[0m transport, protocol \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_create_connection_transport(\n\u001b[1;32m 1148\u001b[0m sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname,\n\u001b[1;32m 1149\u001b[0m ssl_handshake_timeout\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mssl_handshake_timeout,\n\u001b[1;32m 1150\u001b[0m ssl_shutdown_timeout\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mssl_shutdown_timeout)\n\u001b[1;32m 1151\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_debug:\n\u001b[1;32m 1152\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Get the socket from the transport because SSL transport closes\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1153\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# the old socket and creates a new SSL socket\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1154\u001b[0m sock \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m transport\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget_extra_info(\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124msocket\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n", - "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniconda/base/lib/python3.12/asyncio/base_events.py:1180\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mBaseEventLoop._create_connection_transport\u001b[0;34m(self, sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname, server_side, ssl_handshake_timeout, ssl_shutdown_timeout)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1177\u001b[0m transport \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_make_socket_transport(sock, protocol, waiter)\n\u001b[1;32m 1179\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1180\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mawait\u001b[39;00m waiter\n\u001b[1;32m 1181\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 1182\u001b[0m transport\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclose()\n", - "\u001b[0;31mCancelledError\u001b[0m: " + "['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-AriaNeural']\n", + "ear\n", + "../audios/ear-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/ear-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "idea\n", + "../audios/idea-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/idea-us-female.mp3 created\n" ] } ], @@ -168,38 +137,25 @@ " print(voices)\n", "\n", "words = \"\"\"\n", - "sun,\n", - "cup,\n", - "but,\n", - "son,\n", - "comfort,\n", - "money,\n", - "young,\n", - "double,\n", - "country,\n", - "blood,\n", - "flood,\n", - "father,\n", - "watch,\n", - "wasp,\n", - "almond,\n", - "balm,\n", - "palm,\n", - "because,\n", - "clause,\n", - "paunch,\n", - "drawn,\n", - "awning,\n", - "law,\n", - "hot,\n", - "dog,\n", - "log,\n", - "bought,\n", - "thought,\n", - "fought,\n", - "car,\n", - "far,\n", - "start,\n", + "bed,\n", + "guess,\n", + "pet,\n", + "bread,\n", + "dead,\n", + "lead,\n", + "any,\n", + "many,\n", + "says,\n", + "again,\n", + "said,\n", + "friend,\n", + "apple,\n", + "cat,\n", + "glass,\n", + "calf,\n", + "half,\n", + "laugh,\n", + "draught,\n", "\"\"\"\n", "\n", "for word in words.strip().split(','):\n", @@ -208,7 +164,7 @@ " w = word.strip().lower()\n", " if len(w) > 0:\n", " filename = f'../audios/{w}-{regions[i]}-{genders[i]}.mp3'\n", - " await generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice=voice, verbose=True, overwrite=True, play=True)\n" + " await generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice=voice, verbose=True, overwrite=False, play=True)\n" ] }, { diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md index 8421cb4e..3196bdff 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md @@ -35,165 +35,165 @@ ʌ -but bʌt +but bʌt ʌ -but bʌt +but bʌt ɑː -father ˈfɑː.ðər +father ˈfɑː.ðər ɑː -father ˈfɑː.ðɚ +father ˈfɑː.ðɚ ɑːr -card +card ɪ -this ðɪs +this ðɪs ɪ -this ðɪs +this ðɪs iː -tree triː +tree triː iː -tree triː +tree triː i -city ˈsɪt.i +city ˈsɪt.i i -city ˈsɪt̬.i +city ˈsɪt̬.i ɪə -idea aɪˈdɪə +idea aɪˈdɪə ɪr -gear ɡɪr +gear ɡɪr ʊ -foot fʊt +foot fʊt ʊ -foot fʊt +foot fʊt u -situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən +situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən u -situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən +situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən uː -moon muːn +moon muːn uː -moon muːn +moon muːn ʊə -pure pjʊə +pure pjʊə ʊr -pure pjʊr +pure pjʊr e -check tʃek +check tʃek e -check tʃek +check tʃek æ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk æ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk eə -air eə +air eə er -air er +air er ɒ -dog dɒɡ +dog dɒɡ ɑː -dog dɑːɡ +dog dɑːɡ ɔː -redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː +redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː ɔː -redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː +redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː ɔːr -shoreʃɔːr +shoreʃɔːr ə -about əˈbaʊt +about əˈbaʊt ə -about əˈbaʊt +about əˈbaʊt ɚ -worker ˈwɝː.kɚ +worker ˈwɝː.kɚ ɜː -worker ˈwɜː.kə +worker ˈwɜː.kə ɝː -worker ˈwɝː.kɚ +worker ˈwɝː.kɚ aɪ -dry draɪ +dry draɪ aɪ -dry draɪ +dry draɪ aɪə -fire faɪə +fire faɪə aɪr -fire faɪr +fire faɪr eɪ -take teɪk +take teɪk eɪ -take teɪk +take teɪk ɔɪ -voice vɔɪs +voice vɔɪs ɔɪ -voice vɔɪs +voice vɔɪs aʊ -how haʊ +how haʊ aʊ -how haʊ +how haʊ aʊə -hour aʊər +hour aʊər aʊr -hour aʊr +hour aʊr əʊ -nose nəʊz +nose nəʊz oʊ -nose noʊz +nose noʊz @@ -219,165 +219,165 @@ p -poor pɔː +poor pɔː p -poor pʊr +poor pʊr b -but bʌt +but bʌt b -but bʌt +but bʌt t -take teɪk +take teɪk t -take teɪk +take teɪk t̬ -city ˈsɪt̬.i +city ˈsɪt̬.i d -dog dɒɡ +dog dɒɡ d -dog dɑːɡ +dog dɑːɡ k -card kɑːd +card kɑːd k -card kɑːrd +card kɑːrd g -gear ɡɪə +gear ɡɪə g -gear ɡɪr +gear ɡɪr f -fire faɪə +fire faɪə f -fire faɪr +fire faɪr v -voice vɔɪs +voice vɔɪs v -voice vɔɪs +voice vɔɪs θ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk θ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk ð -this ðɪs +this ðɪs ð -this ðɪs +this ðɪs s -situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən +situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən s -situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən +situation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən z -zoo zuː +zoo zuː z -zoo zuː +zoo zuː ʃ -shore ʃɔːr +shore ʃɔːr ʃ -shore ʃɔːr +shore ʃɔːr ʒ -vision ˈvɪʒ.ən +vision ˈvɪʒ.ən ʒ -vision ˈvɪʒ.ən +vision ˈvɪʒ.ən tʃ -check tʃek +check tʃek tʃ -check tʃek +check tʃek dʒ -jet dʒet +jet dʒet dʒ -jet dʒet +jet dʒet tr -tree triː +tree triː tr -tree triː +tree triː dr -dry draɪ +dry draɪ dr -dry draɪ +dry draɪ m -moon muːn +moon muːn m -moon muːn +moon muːn n -nose nəʊz +nose nəʊz n -nose noʊz +nose noʊz ŋ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk ŋ -thank θæŋk +thank θæŋk l -lure luː +lure luː l -lure luː +lure luː r -redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː +redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː r -redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː +redraw ˌriːˈdrɔː w -worker ˈwɜː.kə +worker ˈwɜː.kə w -worker ˈwɝː.kɚ +worker ˈwɝː.kɚ j -yes jes +yes jes j -yes jes +yes jes h -how haʊ +how haʊ h -how haʊ +how haʊ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md index 81e4a327..86f14d7c 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 3.1. 元音（Vowels） -英文总计 **6** 个基础元音，分别是 ɑ、ɪ、u、e、ɔ、ə、 —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。所有元音要么是它们略有变化的长短版本，即，长元音（美式英语有半长元音）；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音或者三元音。 +英文总计 **6** 个基础元音，分别是 ɑ、ɪ、u、e、ɔ、ə、 —— 这 6 个基础元音就好像是 “根” 一样。所有元音要么是它们略有变化的长短版本，即，长元音或者短元音（美式英语还有半长元音）；或者是更轻的版本（轻元音），或者是美式英语中普遍的儿化音，抑或是它们的组合版本，即，双元音或者三元音。 -| 基础元音 | 短元音 | 半长元音 | 长元音 | 儿化音 | 组合音 | -| -------- | ------ | -------- | ------ | ------ | ------------------------------------- | -| ɑ | ʌ | | ɑː | ɑːr | aɪ, aʊ, aʊə/aʊr | -| i | ɪ | i | iː | ɪr | aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, ɪə/ɪr, aɪə/aɪr | -| u | ʊ | u | uː | ʊr | ʊə/ʊr, aʊ, əʊ/oʊ, aʊə/aʊr | -| e | e | æ | | er | eəer, ʊə/ʊr, aɪə/aɪr, aʊə/aʊr | -| ɔ | ɒ | | ɔː | ɔːr | ɔɪ | -| ə | ə | | ɜː | ɚ/ɝː | aʊəaʊr, ɪə/ɪr, aɪə/aɪr, ʊə/ʊr, eə/er | +| 基础元音 | 短元音 | 半长元音 | 轻元音 | 长元音 | 儿化音 | 组合音 | +| -------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| ɑ | ʌ | ɑː | | | ɑːr | aɪ, aʊ, aʊə/aʊr | +| i | ɪ | | i | iː | ɪr | aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, ɪə/ɪr, aɪə/aɪr | +| u | ʊ | | u | uː | ʊr | ʊə/ʊr, aʊ, əʊ/oʊ, aʊə/aʊr | +| e | e | æ | | | er | eə/er, ʊə/ʊr, aɪə/aɪr, aʊə/aʊr | +| ɔ | ɒ | | | ɔː | ɔːr | ɔɪ | +| ə | ə | | | ɜː | ɚ/ɝː | aʊə/aʊr, ɪə/ɪr, aɪə/aɪr, ʊə/ʊr, eə/er | 元音发声时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击**声带**，使其均匀**振动**，而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔，无阻力地呼出。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-ə.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-ə.md index 3b245539..4ba813a9 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-ə.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-ə.md @@ -21,21 +21,21 @@ ə -about əˈbaʊt +about əˈbaʊt ə -about əˈbaʊt +about əˈbaʊt ɚ -worker ˈwɝː.kɚ +worker ˈwɝː.kɚ ɜː -worker ˈwɜː.kə +worker ˈwɜː.kə ɝː -worker ˈwɝː.kɚ +worker ˈwɝː.kɚ @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ ![retroflex-bunched-r](/images/retroflex-bunched-r.svg) -以下的视频更为直观，*worker* ˈwɝː.kɚˈwɜː.kə 这个词的长短两个版本的儿化音都是用 *Bunched R* 读出来的[^2]： +以下的视频更为直观，*worker* ˈwɝː.kɚˈwɜː.kə 这个词的长短两个版本的儿化音都是用 *Bunched R* 读出来的[^2]： diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md index 9ec19558..fdcc2624 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md @@ -19,48 +19,48 @@ ʌ -but bʌt +but bʌt ʌ -but bʌt +but bʌt ɑː -father ˈfɑː.ðər +father ˈfɑː.ðər ɑː -father ˈfɑː.ðɚ +father ˈfɑː.ðɚ ɒ -dog dɒɡ +dog dɒɡ ɑː -dog dɑːɡ +dog dɑːɡ ɑːr -card +card ## 3.1.2.2. 短元音 ʌ -在美式英语中，ʌ 略有 ə 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 ə 这个符号替代 ʌ —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 *but* 这个词的音标被写成 bət。另外，英国人说 ʌ 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。 +在美式英语中，ʌ 略有 ə 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 ə 这个符号替代 ʌ —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 *but* 这个词的音标被写成 bət。另外，英国人说 ʌ 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。 ## 3.1.1.3. 半长元音 ɑː -在 CEPD 中，ɑː 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。 +在《剑桥英语发声词典》中，ɑː 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。 -另外，CEPD 里的 ɑː 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 ɒ。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 hɑt —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是CEPD 会标注成 hɑːt。所以，按照 CEPD 的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，ʌ 最短，ɑː 更长一些，而 ɑːr 最长。 +另外，《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 ɑː 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 ɒ。除了《剑桥英语发声词典》之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 hɑt —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是《剑桥英语发声词典》会标注成 hɑːt。所以，按照《剑桥英语发声词典》的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，ʌ 最短，ɑː 更长一些，而 ɑːr 最长。 -## 3.1.1.4. 儿化长元音 ɑːr +## 3.1.1.4. 儿化音 ɑːr -ɑːr 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，ɑːr 更像是 ɑːᵊr，或者写成 ɑːɚ —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 ᵊ 的加音。 +ɑːr 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，ɑːr 更像是 ɑːᵊr，或者写成 ɑːɚ —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 ᵊ 的加音，比如 *card* kɑːrd 。 ## 3.1.1.5. ɑː ⭢ æ -除了CEPD 里的 ɑː 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 ɒ 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 ɑː 在美式英语中读作 æ，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 ɑːsk，美音是 æsk。 +除了《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 ɑː 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 ɒ 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 ɑː 在美式英语中读作 æ，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 ɑːsk，美音是 æsk。 ## 3.1.1.6. 拼写（Spellings） diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md index 26bffba0..607bb352 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md @@ -1,10 +1,51 @@ -# 3.1.3. ɪ/i/iː +# 3.1.3. ɪ/i/iː/ɪr -在美式英语中，i 有 *3* 个版本，短元音 ɪ、半长元音 i，和长元音 iː。其中，i 和 iː 的口型最小，ɪ 的口型相对较大。 +在美式英语中，i 有 *3* 个版本，短元音 ɪ、长元音 iː 和轻元音 i。其中，i 和 iː 的口型最小，ɪ 的口型相对较大。 ![vowels-mouth-shape-ʌ-ɑ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-i.svg) -## 3.1.3.1. 短元音 ɪ +## 3.1.3.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
ɪthis ðɪsɪthis ðɪs
iːtree triːiːtree triː
icity ˈsɪt.iicity ˈsɪt̬.i
ɪəidea aɪˈdɪəɪrgear ɡɪr
+ +## 3.1.3.2. 短元音 ɪ 短元音 ɪ 并不简单地是长元音 iː 的更短版本，它更像是 e 和 i 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 eɪ，从唇形上来看ɪ 更接近 e 。 @@ -16,7 +57,7 @@ > * *sit* sɪt > * *hill* hɪl -## 3.1.3.2. 长元音 iː +## 3.1.3.3. 长元音 iː iː 并不简单地是短元音 ɪ 的长版本，它没有 eɪ 的音色，口型相对于 ɪ 更为扁平。 @@ -26,15 +67,19 @@ > * *sit* sɪt ⭤ *seat* si:t > * *hill* hɪl ⭤ *heal* hi:l -## 3.1.3.3. 半长元音 i +## 3.1.3.4. 轻元音 i -i 这个音实际上还有个半长元音版本，ɪ 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 iː 这个长元音的更短版本，i，长度介于 ɪ 和 iː 之间 —— 也就是说，i 是个半长元音。 +i 这个音实际上还有个半长元音版本，尤其是在词汇末尾的时候最为常见，它更倾向于像是 iː 这个长元音的更短版本，是个**轻元音** —— 因为它只出现在**非重音音节**之中。 -比如，*responsibility* rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i…… 在这一点上，英音美音都是一样的。 +比如，*city* ˈsɪt̬.i 或者 *responsibility* rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i —— 在这一点上，英音美音都是一样的。 -值得注意的是，这一点很可能与我们在中国大陆的学校里学到的不一样 —— 主要是因为我们的教材常年不更新的缘故。CEPD 也是到了第 *13* 版才全面把词汇末尾的 ɪ 更改为 i（还专门有个名字，叫作 *happy i*）。另外，绝大多数电子词典配备 “真人发音” 也只不过是近十几年的事情而已。 +值得注意的是，这一点很可能与我们在中国大陆的学校里学到的不一样 —— 主要是因为我们的教材常年不更新的缘故。《剑桥英语发声词典》也是到了第 *13* 版才全面把词汇末尾的 ɪ 更改为 i（还专门有个名字，叫作 *happy i*）。另外，绝大多数电子词典配备 “真人发音” 也只不过是近十几年的事情而已。 -## 拼写（Spellingsi: +## 3.1.3.5. 儿化音 ɪr + +ɪ 的儿化音 ɪr，其实相当于英音中的 ɪə，相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 ɪᵊr 或者 ɪɚ，比如，*ear* ɪr …… 不过要小心，不是所有的末尾的 ə 都是儿化的，比如 *idea* aɪˈdiː.ə 末尾的 ə 就没有儿化。 + +## 3.1.3.6. 拼写（Spellings） ### ɪ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-u.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-u.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..28f9825b --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-u.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# 3.1.4. ʊ/u/uː + +u 这个元音，也被称为 “圆元音”（*round vowel*），是因为说它的时候，嘴唇要略微缩成一个圆形，且嘴唇还要略微凸出。不过，由于这个元音在地球上的任何语言都存在，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家说起来都不费劲。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-u](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-u.svg) + +## 3.1.4.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
ʊfoot fʊtʊfoot fʊt
uːmoon muːnuːmoon muːn
usituation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃənusituation ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən
ʊəpure pjʊəʊrpure pjʊr
+ +## 3.1.4.2. 短元音 vs. 长元音 + +有一个很小的细节值得注意，短元音 ʊ 其实就算不把嘴唇弄圆也可以发出，但长元音 uː 就不行。所以，uː 发声相对于短元音 ʊ 嘴唇总是相对更圆更凸出一点点。 + +请试着比较一下以下词对： + +> * *book* bʊk ⭤ *boot* bʊk +> * *cook* kʊk ⭤ *cool* kuːl +> * *food* fʊd ⭤ *foot* fuːt +> * *good* gʊd ⭤ *goose* guːs +> * *look* lʊk ⭤ *loop* luːp + +## 3.1.4.3. 轻元音 u + +另外，在《剑桥英语发声词典》中，这个音在非重音音节时被标注为 u，是个轻元音，和 i 一样，只出现在非重音音节之中。之前见到过的例子是 *situation* ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən。 + +## 3.1.4.4. 儿化音 ʊr + +美音的儿化音 ʊr 对应着英音的 ʊə，比如 *poor* pʊr —— 不过请注意，这个词的英音可不是 pʊə，而是 pɔː(r)。 + +## 3.1.4.5. 拼写（Spellings） + +### ʊ + +* **u** + * bush bʊʃ + * push pʊʃ + * put pʊt +* **oo** + * book bʊk + * good ɡʊd + * wood wʊd + +* **ou** + * could kʊd + * should ʃʊd + * would wʊd + +### uː + +* **ew** + * chew tʃuː + * drew druː +* **o** + * do duː + * to tuː + * who huː +* **oo** + * boot buːt + * food fuːd + * moon muːn +* **u** + * June dʒuːn + * rule ruːl +* **ue** + * glue ɡluː + * true truː diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c04f583d --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +# 3.1.5. e/æ/er + +æ 的发音，口型比 e 略大，但比 ɑ 小。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-e](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-e.svg) + +## 3.1.5.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
echeck tʃekecheck tʃek
æthank θæŋkæthank θæŋk
eəair eəerair er
+ +## 3.1.5.2. 短元音 e + +有些词典针对美式发音常常会用 ɛ 标注 e 这个音[^1]。比如，在《剑桥英语发声词典》里 *head* 标注为 hed，韦氏词典将其标注为 hɛd。 + +## 3.1.5.3. 半长元音 æ + +æ 的发音，口型比 e 略大。 + +此外，æ 相当于是 e 的更长版本。虽然 æ 后面没有长元音符号 ː，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。 + +亚洲人在读这个音的时候，经过提醒，都能做到把嘴巴张得相对更大一点，但都会不由自主地将它读成更短的版本。 + +概括起来，æ 的发音有两个要点: + +> 1. 嘴张大一点 +> 2. 音拉长一点 + +其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* ˈæpəl，*banana* bəˈnænə，并刻意把其中的 æ 拉得更长一点。 + +## 3.1.5.4. 儿化音 er + +美音中 e 的儿化音 er，相当于英音中的双元音 eə，可以理解为 eᵊr 或者 eɚ…… 说的时候，请仔细体会 r 之前的加音 ᵊ。 + + +## 3.1.5.5. 拼写（Spellings） + +### e + +* **e** + * bed bed + * guess ɡes + * pet pet +* **ea** + * bread bred + * dead ded + * lead liːd +* **a** + * any ˈen.i + * many ˈmen.i + * says sez +* **ai** + * again əˈɡen + * said sed +* **ie** + * friend frend + +### æ + +* **a** + * apple ˈæp.əl + * cat kæt + * glass ɡlæs +* **al** + * calf kæf + * half hæf +* **au** + * laugh læf + * draught dræft + + +[^1]: 在国际音标（IPA）e 这个符号代表的元音其实更接近英语音标 eɪ 所标识的元音, 是舌位局中靠前，嘴唇略闭，口型不圆的一个元音（a mid-front, closed, unrounded vowel）, 而《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 e 相当于是国际音标里的 ɛ。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..28f3de52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +# 3.1.5. ɒ/ɑː/ɔː/ɔːr + +基础元音 ɔ 的口型，比 u 大，比 ɑ 小。它和 u 一样，也是 “圆元音”（round vowel）—— 它在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，要在嘴唇形成一个小的圆形之后才开始发音。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ɔ.svg) + +## 3.1.5.1 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
ɒdog dɒɡɑːdog dɑːɡ
ɔːredraw ˌriːˈdrɔːɔːredraw ˌriːˈdrɔː
ɔːrshoreʃɔːr
+ +## 3.1.5.2 长元音 ɑː + +在英音中，ɒ 是个短元音，但，它在美音中，发音习惯不同，读作 ɑː，主要区别在于两方面： + +> 1. 嘴张得更大一些（圆形嘴唇动作不明显） +> 2. 声音拉得更长一些（几乎和长元音一个长度） + +在《剑桥英语发声词典》里，对应着英音的短元音 ɒ 美音标注干脆直接用 ɑː 替代。说实话，这么做也多少令人困惑，比如，仅从音标来看就分不清楚 *bot* 和 *bought*，因为它们都被标注成 bɑːt —— 当然从发音来看也无法区分。 + +> 这两个词的英音区别很明显 —— 长短不一样: +> * *bot* bɒt *bought* bɔːt + +换言之，美式英语里相当于没有 ɒ 这个音，不妨再感受下这两个词： *dog* dɑːg 和 *God* gɑːd。 + +英音里的长元音 ɔː 也同样被美音读成 ɑː。比如，*draw* drɑː 和 *redraw* ˌriːˈdrɑː[^1]。 + +## 3.1.5.3 儿化长元音 ɔːr + +长元音 ɔː 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舌位后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，并很少 ɑ 的音色。ɔːr ，更像是双元音 ɔᵊr 或者写成 ɔɚ。比如，*more* mɔːr 或者 *ordinary* ˈɔːrdəneri —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 ᵊ。 + +## 3.1.5.4. ɔː + +有时，ɔːr 的 r 会和后面元音开头的音节连在一起，比如，*inventory* ˈɪnvəntɔːri，这样的时候，即便是在美音里，也听到的是和 ɑː 非常不一样的没有被儿化的 ɔː。 + +另外，ɔːl 的组合也很常见，比如，palsy ˈpɔːl.zi 或者 *wall* wɑːl 。 + + +## 3.1.5.5. 拼写（Spellings） + +### ɑː (equivalent to British ɒ) + +* **a** + * father ˈfɑː.ðɚ + * watch wɑːtʃ + * wasp wɑːsp +* **al** + * almond ˈɑːl.mənd + * balm bɑːm + * palm pɑːm +* **au** + * because bɪˈkɑːz + * clause klɑːz + * paunch pɑːntʃ +* **aw** + * drawn drɑːn + * awning ˈɑː.nɪŋ + * law lɑː +* **o** + * hot hɑːt + * dog dɑːɡ + * log lɑːɡ +* **ough** + * bought bɑːt + * thought θɑːt + * fought fɑːt + +### ɔː + +* **al** + * palsy ˈpɔːl.zi + * saltine sɔːlˈtiːn + * wall wɑːl +* **au** + * aurora ɔːˈrɔːr.ə + * caudal ˈkɔː.dəl + * saute sɔːˈteɪ +* **aw** + * draw drɔː + * saw sɔː +* **o** + * boring ˈbɔː.rɪŋ + * orange ˈɔːr.ɪndʒ + * inventory ˈɪn.vən.tɔːr.i + +### ɔːr + +* **or** + * fork fɔːrk + * horse hɔːrs + * short ʃɔːrt +* **oar** + * board bɔːrd + * soar sɔːr + * roar rɔːr +* **our** + * four fɔːr + * pour pɔːr +* **ore** + * core kɔːr + * more mɔːr + * shore ʃɔːr +* **oor** + * door dɔːr + * floor flɔːr + + +[^1]: 事实上，redraw 在《剑桥英语发声词典》里被标注为 ˌriːˈdrɔː —— 很可能是个编辑过程中的 “漏网之鱼”。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6791b035 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +# 3.1.7. aɪ, aɪr, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, aʊr, oʊ + +## 3.1.7.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
aɪdry draɪaɪdry draɪ
aɪəfire faɪəaɪrfire faɪr
eɪtake teɪkeɪtake teɪk
ɔɪvoice vɔɪsɔɪvoice vɔɪs
aʊhow haʊaʊhow haʊ
aʊəhour aʊəraʊrhour aʊr
əʊnose nəʊzoʊnose noʊz
+ +## 3.1.7.2. 长度 + +亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样**长度**的**双元音**。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音**等长**的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的**两倍**。 + +比如，当中国人说 “太累了” 的时候，“太” [tài] 这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 aɪ；“累” [lèi] 这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 eɪ…… 但，它们的长度就是不一样，英文的双元音总是相对更长。 + +英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音**滑**向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；**节奏**在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个音素更长一些，后一个音素相对较短。 + +读 aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ 的时候，唇形分别从 ɑ e, ɔ 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从起始元音到 ɪ 的过度。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-aɪ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aɪ.svg) + +读 aʊ 和 oʊ 的时候，唇形有变化，要分别从 ɑ 和 ə 开始，而后过度到 ʊ。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ.svg) + +同样的道理，读之前讲过的儿化音 er、ɪr、ʊr 的时候也一样，唇形分别从 e、i（注意不是 ɪ）、ʊ 开始，而后唇形保持不变，接着用喉咙完成从起始元音到 ə 的过度 —— 而它的儿化音 ɚ 则使用舌位后缩的方式。所以它们相当于是 eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ，进而干脆写成了 er, ɪr, ʊr。 + +![vowels-mouth-shape-eə](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-eə.svg) + +在读它们的时候，最重要的是，要把它们读得**足够长** —— 几乎要占用两个元音的发声时长，并且足够饱满。 + +除了双元音之外，还有另外两个**三元音**：aɪr 和 aʊr —— 同样要刻意拉长。 + +## 3.1.7.3. 拼写（Spellings） + +### aɪ + +* **i** + * align əˈlaɪn + * ice aɪs + * spider ˈspaɪ.dɚ +* **ie** + * lies laɪ + * pie paɪ + * tie taɪ +* **igh** + * high haɪ + * light laɪt + * night naɪt +* **uy** + * buy baɪ + * guy ɡaɪ +* **y** + * cry kraɪ + * fly flaɪ + * supply səˈplaɪ + +### eɪ + +* **a** + * cake keɪk + * make meɪk + * table ˈteɪ.bəl +* **ai** + * paint peɪnt + * rain reɪn + * train reɪn +* **ay** + * day deɪ + * play pleɪ + * stay steɪ +* **ea** + * break breɪk + * great ɡreɪt + * steak steɪk +* **ei**/**eigh** + * eight eɪt + * reign reɪn + * vein veɪn + * weight weɪt +* **ey** + * grey ɡreɪ + * survey ˈsɝː.veɪ + * they ðeɪ + +### ɔɪ + +* **oi** + * join dʒɔɪn + * voice vɔɪs +* **oy** + * boy bɔɪ + * joy dʒɔɪ + * toy tɔɪ + +### aʊ + +* **au** + * kraut kraʊt +* **ou** + * house haʊs + * out aʊt +* **ow** + * brown braʊn + * cow kaʊ + * flower ˈflaʊ.ɚ + +### oʊ + +* **o** + * go ɡoʊ + * no noʊ + * so soʊ +* **oa** + * boat boʊt + * road roʊd + * soap soʊp +* **oe** + * Joe dʒoʊ + * foe foʊ + * toe toʊ +* **ow** + * blow bloʊ + * grow ɡroʊ + * show ʃoʊ +* **ough** + * though ðoʊ + * dough doʊ +* **ew** + * sew soʊ + +### er + +* **ear** + * bear ber +* **air** + * air er + * fair er + * pair er +* **are** + * care ker + * fare fer + * ware wer + +### ɪr + +* **eer** + * cheer tʃɪr + * deer dɪr + * steer stɪr +* **ear** + * clear klɪr + * fear fɪr + * near nɪr +* **ier** + * fierce fɪrs + * pier pɪr +* **eir** + * weird wɪrd + +### ʊr + +* **ure** + * cure kjʊr + * pure pjʊr + * sure ʃʊr +* **our** + * tour tʊr + * velour vəˈlʊr + * your jʊr +* **oor** + * poor pʊr + * moor mʊr diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ad5866e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +# 3.2. 辅音（Consonants） + +地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* ɑː, *oh* oʊ，或者 *Uh-Oh* ˈʌ.oʊ[^1]。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。 + +辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，s 是清辅音，z 是浊辅音。 + +| | 辅音（consonants） | +| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 清辅音（voiceless） | p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃ, h, tʃ, tr, ts | +| 浊辅音（voiced） | b, d, g, v, z, ð, ʒ, r, dʒ, dr, dz, m, n, ŋ, l | + +注意：w 和 y 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。 + +辅音的另外一个划分，是根据口腔内**气流**振动的方式和位置。 + +| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） | +| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- | +| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | p, t, k | +| | 浊辅音 | b, d, g | +| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | f, s, θ, ʃ, h | +| | 浊辅音 | v, z, ð, ʒ | +| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | tʃ, tr, ts | +| | 浊辅音 | dʒ, dr, dz | +| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | m, n, ŋ | +| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | l, r | +| 半元音（Semivowel） | | j, w | + +作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。 + +另外，需要注意：有 *4* 个辅音，l, m, n，以及之前见过很多次的 r，它们被称作 “**音节辅音**”，因为它们自带 ə 的音色。比如，*bottle* ˈbɑːtl, *bottom* ˈbɑːtm, *button* ˈbʌtn。有些词典会用 ᵊ，比如写成： +*bottle* ˈbɑːtᵊl, *bottom* ˈbɑːtᵊm, *button* ˈbʌtᵊn。而《剑桥英语发声词典》的标注方式是：*bottle* ˈbɑːt̬əl, *bottom* ˈbɑːt̬əm, *button* ˈbʌtən…… + +对所有人都很重要且都能搞懂的，是我们需要重申一遍的东西 —— 辅音发声的时候，舌尖起始位置非常重要。以下 4 个位置，我们会反复提及： + +![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) + +| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants | +| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- | +| ① | θ, ð | +| ② | s, z | +| ③ | t, d, l, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, tr, dr | +| ④ | r | + + +[^1]: *Uh-Oh* ˈʌ.oʊ 实际上有个隐藏的辅音，喉塞音 ʔ，完整的音标应该是 ˈʌʔ.oʊ……