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\"individual\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", @@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 50, + "execution_count": 55, "id": "95b12e63-f92d-49b4-bd51-a2b9d059fd52", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ "import edge_tts\n", "import pygame\n", "\n", - "TEXT = \"very\"\n", + "TEXT = \"room\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md index 4debbe02..11c569fd 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md @@ -10,32 +10,32 @@ Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowe | Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet | | --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/` | -| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/` | -| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/` | -| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/` | -| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/` | -| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/` | +| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈælfə/` | +| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑːvoʊ/` | +| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːrliː/` | +| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdeltə/` | +| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈekoʊ/` | +| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːkstrɒt/` | | **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/` | | **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/` | -| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/` | +| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪndiə/` | | **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/` | -| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/` | -| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/` | +| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiːloʊ/` | +| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliːmə/` | | **M** *m* | `/em/` | *Mike* `/maɪk/` | -| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/` | -| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/` | +| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvembər/` | +| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːskɑːr/` | | **P** *p* | `/piː/` | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/` | | **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/` | -| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/` | -| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/` | -| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/` | -| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/` | -| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/` | -| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌb·ᵊl·juː/` | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs·kiː/` | -| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/` | -| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/` | -| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/` | +| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊmiːˌoʊ/` | +| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈerə/` | +| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋɡoʊ/` | +| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/` | +| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪktər/` | +| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbᵊljuː/` | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪskiː/` | +| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeksreɪ/` | +| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋkiː/` | +| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuːluː/` | 在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md index e3982e27..d3c4c9e7 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md @@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin | Vowels | Examples | | ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | -| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | +| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/` | | `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | | `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | | `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | -| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` | +| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/` | | `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | | `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | -| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` | +| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/` | | `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | | `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | | `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | -| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/` | +| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/` | | `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | | `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | | `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | @@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin | `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | | `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | | `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | -| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/` | +| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/` | | `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | | `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | | `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | | `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | -| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/` | +| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈveri/` | | `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | | `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | | `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | | `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | | `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | -| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | +| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/` | | `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | | `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | | `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | @@ -90,13 +90,11 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin | `ɒ̃` | croiss**ant** | | `x` | lo**ch** | -## 1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols） +## 1.2.4. 重音符号（Stress symbols） | Symbols | Functions | Examples | | ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | -| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` | -| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | +| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/` | +| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/` | [^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD. -[^2]: For better html rendering, a *middle dot* is used, rather than the *lower dot* used by CEPD official documents. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md index 3f34c400..6f26be6c 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md @@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most c The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`. -美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… +美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… -They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... +They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... 在美式英语中，长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`, *mark* `/mɑrk/`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md index 540f863d..bcd9dfc5 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md @@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ There are two key points to pronouncing `æ`: > 1. Stretch the sound a little longer > 2. Open your mouth wider -其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæp·əl/`，*banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。 +其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæpəl/`，*banana* `/bəˈnænə/`，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。 -The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæp·əl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer. +The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæpəl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnænə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md index 725d6dd5..57ef7371 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ In American English, there are three versions of the sound `ə`, including the schwa `ə`, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel `ɚ`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɝː`. -初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`。 +初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`。 -Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`. +Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`. `ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。 @@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants `ʃ/ʒ` ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and `tʃ It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound. -注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·ə·wəl` —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。 +注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。 Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `u` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `u` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md index 0f3f7cd3..fb6bc8bd 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # 2.2. 辅音（Consonants） -地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌ·oʊ/`。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。 +地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌoʊ/`。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。 -All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑ·oʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning. +All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑoʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr.md index 95d4257c..83dff2a3 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # 2.2.11. `tr/dr` -`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`。 +`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`。 -The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/` +The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/`. -很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`，其中的 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/` ，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。 +很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`，其中的 `t` 干脆读成 `d`，并且 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/`，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。 -People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`, with the `r` articulated as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/` by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`. +People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`, with the `t` articulated as `d`, and the `r` as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/` by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz.md index 07d83a01..6d0a8a7a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz.md @@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ The difference between `ts/dz` and `s/z` lies in the initial tongue position dur ![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) -可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）…… +可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）…… -The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/` can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`). +The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/` can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`). diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ.md index e4c87a1a..db80d09f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ.md @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have When `m/n` precedes `f/v`, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of `f/v` requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip. -> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/` -> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/` +> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/` +> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/` -另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。 +另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。 -Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/` can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`. +Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/` can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md index 8864c669..5d2b24e1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ # 2.2.14. `l`, `r` -`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同。 +`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 -When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d'. +When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). ![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) -`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后。 +`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)） + +For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). ![articulator-tongue-tip-r](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-r.svg) -For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back. +`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* `/lɑːt/` 或者 *rot* `/rɑːt/`…… -`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* 或者 *rot*…… - -Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like 'lot' or 'rot'… +Pronouncing `l` and `r` at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' `/lɑːt/` or *rot* `/rɑːt/`… `l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。 -The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable. +The difficulty with `l` often arises when it's at the end of a syllable. -不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`…… +不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`…… -Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/` a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`... +Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/` a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`... `l` 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 `l` 会掺杂着一个轻微的 `ə` 的元音音色。 @@ -41,24 +41,24 @@ Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily co > * 现在反复说 `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...` 现在需要格外注意：为了 `m` 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 `ʊ` 的音色**…… > * Now, keep saying `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...`. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the `m` sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary `ʊ` sound. -再用同样的方式练练 *girl* `/gəːl/`（常常会被误读成 `/gəʊ/`）, *world* `/wəːld/`（常常会被误读成 `/wəʊd/`）。 +再用同样的方式练练 *girl* `/ɡɝːl/`（常常会被误读成 `/gəʊ/`）, *world* `/wɝːld/`（常常会被误读成 `/wəʊd/`）。 -Practice pronouncing *girl* `/gəːl/` (often mispronounced as `/gəʊl/`) and *world* (often mispronounced as `/wəʊd/`) the same way. +Practice pronouncing *girl* `/ɡɝːl/` (often mispronounced as `/gəʊl/`) and *world* `/wɝːld/` (often mispronounced as `/wəʊd/`) the same way. 以 `l` 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 `ə`，比如： There are many common words where `l` ends the syllable. Be sure to include the `ə` sound when pronouncing them. For example: -> *fail*, *file*, *sell*, *sale*, *tell*, *tale*, *trail*, *drill*... +> *fail* `/feɪl/`, *file* `/faɪl/`, *sell* `/sel/`, *sale* `/seɪl/`, *tell* `/tel/`, *tale* `/teɪl/`, *trail* `/treɪl/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`... -注意，`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音，因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`，或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`。另外，在自然语音中，`/iːl/` 要注意。比如， reveal 的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`，有加音 `ə`，但，revealing，读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`，没有加音 `ə`，可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`…… +注意，`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音，因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`，或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`。另外，在自然语音中，`/iːl/` 要注意。比如， *reveal* 的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`，有加音 `ə`，但，*revealing*，读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`，没有加音 `ə`，可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`…… -Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`. +Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`. -`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/` +`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/`。CEPD 里标注的是 `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`，因为 `t` 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 `t̬`。 -In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`. +In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`, for the `t` is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped `t̬`. -英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。 +英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。 -Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`. +Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj.md index 8ced083d..daa4f2d7 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj.md @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ The sounds represented by `j` and `w` are semivowels in English. -`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。 +`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。 -When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`. +When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`. -`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `juː`，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。 +`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `weɪ`，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。 -Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`. +Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`. -`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːt/`，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːt/`（听起来和 *court* 同音）；再比如，*quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`常常会被误读为 `/ˈkɔːlɪti/` —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。 +`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːrt/`，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːrt/`（听起来和 *court* `/kɔːrt/` 同音）；再比如，*quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/` 常常会被误读为 `/ˈkɔːlɪti/` —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。 -The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːt/`, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːt/`, which sounds like *court*, or *quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/` as `/ˈkɔːlɪti/`. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers. +The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːrt/`, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːrt/`, which sounds like *court* `/kɔːrt/`, or *quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/` as `/ˈkɔːlɪti/`. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md index bbf4eb2e..38122ecb 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ 虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 -While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge* position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*. +While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*. ![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ The `t` sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciatio > * 正常音 `t` - 只有 `t` 处于重音音节开头的时候才被正常读出，比如，*take* `/teɪk/`； > * Standard `t` - This is the typical pronunciation, only used when `t` begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* `/teɪk/`. -> * 弹舌音 `t̬` - 夹在两个元音中间的 `t` 会变成接近 `d` 的弹舌音 `t̬`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`； -> * Flaping `t̬`: When `t` is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping `t̬`, sounding like `d`, as in water `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`. -> * 喉塞音 `ʔ` - `m/n` 之前的 `t` 有可能变成喉塞音 `ʔ`，比如，*utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔ·nəs/`, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔ·nəs/`。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* —— `/ʌʔoʊ/`…… -> * Glottal Stop `ʔ` - The `t` before `n` might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔ·nəs/`, or *witness* `/ˈwɪʔ·nəs/`. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* —— `/ʌʔoʊ/`... -> * 省略音 `ᵗ` - `n` 之后的 `t` 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗ·ər/` —— 当然，若是读成 `/ˈwɪn·tər/`也没错…… -> * Optional `ᵗ` - The `t` following `n` might be omitted, as in *winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗ·ər/` - of course, `/ˈwɪn·tər/`is also correct. +> * 弹舌音 `t̬` - 夹在两个元音中间的 `t` 会变成接近 `d` 的弹舌音 `t̬`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`； +> * Flaping `t̬`: When `t` is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping `t̬`, sounding like `d`, as in water `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`. +> * 喉塞音 `ʔ` - `m/n` 之前的 `t` 有可能变成喉塞音 `ʔ`，比如，*utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* —— `/ʌʔoʊ/`…… +> * Glottal Stop `ʔ` - The `t` before `n` might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`, or *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* —— `/ʌʔoʊ/`... +> * 省略音 `ᵗ` - `n` 之后的 `t` 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/` —— 当然，若是读成 `/ˈwɪntər/`也没错…… +> * Optional `ᵗ` - The `t` following `n` might be omitted, as in *winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/` - of course, `/ˈwɪntər/`is also correct. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md index 3878abc7..5f73b552 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md @@ -2,29 +2,29 @@ **英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成： -> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* +> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* > > `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/` -一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 nucleus），也是该音节的韵（rhyme）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。 +一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 *nucleus*），也是该音节的韵（*rhyme*）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。 In a syllable, there is *only* one vowel, known as the *nucleus*, which forms the *rhyme* of the syllable. This vowel is at the core of the syllable, and it can be surrounded by up to three consonants. 英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）： -> * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` -> * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` -> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` -> * `vccc`： *axed* `/ækst/` -> * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` -> * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` -> * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` -> * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` -> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` -> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` -> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` -> * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` -> * `cccv`： *spray* `/spreɪ/` -> * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/` -> * `cccvcc`: *splashed* `/splæʃt/` -> * `cccvccc`: *scrounged* `/skraʊnʤd/` +> * `v` - *awe* `/ɑː/` +> * `vc` - *add* `/æd/` +> * `vcc` - *east* `/iːst/` +> * `vccc` - *axed* `/ækst/` +> * `cv` - *the* `/ðə/` +> * `cvc` - *dog* `/dɑːɡ/` +> * `cvcc` - *task* `/tæsk/` +> * `cvccc` - *text* `/tekst/` +> * `ccv` - *flee* `/fliː/` +> * `ccvc` - *speed* `/spiːd/` +> * `ccvcc` - *thrust* `/θrʌst/` +> * `ccvccc` - *flexed* `/flekst/` +> * `cccv` - *spray* `/spreɪ/` +> * `cccvc` - *spring* `/sprɪŋ/` +> * `cccvcc` - *splashed* `/splæʃt/` +> * `cccvccc` - *scrounged* `/skraʊndʒd/` diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md index ff437b6a..6dd5f041 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md @@ -4,26 +4,22 @@ When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by `ˈ` in phonetic notation. -有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdrɛs/` 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrɛkərd/` 或 `/rɪˈkɔrd/`，前者是名词，后者是动词。 +一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`…… -At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdrɛs/`, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrɛkərd/` or `/rɪˈkɔːd/`. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*. - -一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`…… - -In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/` has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`. +In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/` has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`. 在学习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 - 字”，而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成。 What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables. -*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量： +*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量： -The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences +The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences > * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。 > * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*. -> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。 -> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables. +> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。 +> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables. 这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。 @@ -49,9 +45,9 @@ However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely b In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced. -细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒju/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`…… +细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒu/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`…… -Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒju/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`... +Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒu/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`... ![5-syllables-individual](/images/5-syllables-individual.svg) @@ -59,17 +55,26 @@ Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌ In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, `/ˈsɪ/` may be extended due to the drawn-out `s` sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable `bɪg` is raised or simply because the short vowel `ɪ` is stretched out. -注意，同样一个单词，重音放在不同的音节，可能会改变其词性，比如以下常见词汇： +有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈædres/` 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdres/` 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrekɚd/` 或 `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`，前者是名词，后者是动词。 + +At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdres/` is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdres/`, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrekɚd/` or `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*. + +类似的还有很多，比如以下常见词汇[^1]： Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can change its part of speech. Consider the following common words as examples: -| Noun | Verb | -| ---- | ---- | -| 'conflict| con'flict | -| 'record| re'cord | -| 'digest| di'gest | -| 'convert| con'vert | -| 'permit| per'mit | -| 'subject| sub'ject | -| 'rebel| re'bel | -| 'conduct| con'duct | +| Noun | Verb | +| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 'conduct `/ˈkɑːndʌkt/` | con'duct `/kənˈdʌkt/` | +| 'conflict `/ˈkɑːnflɪkt/` | con'flict `/kənˈflɪkt/` | +| 'convert `/ˈkɑːnvɝːt/` | con'vert `/kənˈvɝːt/` | +| 'digest `/ˈdaɪdʒest/` | di'gest `/daɪˈdʒest/` | +| 'permit `/ˈpɝːmɪt/` | per'mit `/pɚˈmɪt/` | +| 'rebel `/ˈrebəl/` | re'bel `/rɪˈbel/` | +| 'subject `/ˈsʌbdʒekt/` | sub'ject `/səbˈdʒekt/` | + +在随后的章节里我们会涉及到重音音节的另外一个重点 —— 音调（*tone*，[2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)）。 + +In the upcoming sections, we'll be covering another important aspect of stressed syllables — tone ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)). + +[^1]: Sound files in this page mostly come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/). diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md index 6543c393..1dd05987 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md @@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/` for instance. To *stress* the ` Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it. -比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 network `/ˈnɛtˌwərk/` 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。 +比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 network `/ˈnɛtˌwərk/` 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。 -Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/' – the '·' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle. +Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/' – the '' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle. 这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种： @@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ There are several types of *stops* in English: > * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop. > * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。 > * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop. -> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`。 -> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`. +> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`。 +> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`. 不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/draft.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/draft.md index 172598d0..4b1ae863 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/draft.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/draft.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Drafts -辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`。 +辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`。 -The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`. +The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`. 辅音 `l` 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 `ə` 音，可能被标注为 `əl`、`ᵊl`（上标式 `ə`） 或者 `l̩`（注意 `l` 下的那根小竖线）。 @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ The consonant `l` is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes In the 6 basic vowels, `ə` and `ɪ` have relatively more variants, or *allophones*: * `ɪ`： - * 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`[^1]； - * In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`. + * 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`[^1]； + * In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`. * `ə`： * 长元音版本 `əː` 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 `ɜː`，例如 *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK) * The long vowel version `əː` is annotated as `ɜː` in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK). - * 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`； - * The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`. + * 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌðɚ/`； + * The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌðɚ/`. * 儿化的长元音 `əː` 被标注为 `ɝː` 例如 *bird* `/bɝːd/` (US) * The rhotacized long vowel `əː` is annotated as `ɝː`, like in *bird* pronounced `/bɝːd/` (US). @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The sounds represented by `eə`, `ɪə`, and `ʊə` in British English are rhota Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: `aɪə` as in *fire* pronounced `/faɪə/` and `aʊə` as in *hour* pronounced `/aʊə/`. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, `aɪə` → `aɪr`, for example, *fire* pronounced `/faɪr/`, and *hour* pronounced `/aʊr/`. -[^1]: The middle dot `·` in `/ˈhæp·i/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here. +[^1]: The middle dot `` in `/ˈhæpi/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here. [^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html. @@ -62,13 +62,9 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio > - `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。 > - The flapping `t` sound in American English is represented by `t̬`. - - - - ### `ʌ` -*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌl·ɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/` +*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌlɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/` ### `e` @@ -77,19 +73,19 @@ Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representatio ### `ə` -*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬·ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈvel·əp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬·ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃ·ən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌn·jən/`, *realize* `/ˈriː·ə·laɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstæn·dɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪs·təm/`, *telegram* `/ˈtel·ə·ɡræm/` +*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈveləp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌnjən/`, *realize* `/ˈriːəlaɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstændɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪstəm/`, *telegram* `/ˈteləɡræm/` 注意：没有儿化的 `ə` 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。 ### `ɚ` -*danger* `/ˈdeɪn·dʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriː·zɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪ·pɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝː·vɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiː·tʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝː·kɚ/` +*danger* `/ˈdeɪndʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriːzɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪpɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝːvɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiːtʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝːkɚ/` 注意：儿化的短元音 `ɚ` 只出现在非重读音节中。 ### `ɪ` -*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪv·ɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/` +*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪvɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/` ### `ʊ` diff --git a/1000-hours/why.md b/1000-hours/why.md index 9fd8a124..0e645793 100644 --- a/1000-hours/why.md +++ b/1000-hours/why.md @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ 显然，我们有必要天天**健脑**，正如我们实际上有必要天天**健身**一样 —— 只不过人群中主动健身的占比非常低，且事实上越来越低。更为显然却竟然更多被忽视的是，**健脑**比**健身**更重要，哪怕不健身也要健脑，不是吗？当然，归根结底，这是你自己的选择，人生的一切，终归都是自己选的。 -值得注意的是，早期建立的健身习惯，往往并不是孩子自身的选择，而是父母的主动选择，因为那时他们尚不具备完善的**主动选择能力**。**健身习惯越早建立越好**。越是早期，习惯养成越是容易，与此同时，越是早期养成的习惯越是难以撼动。同样的道理，**健脑习惯也是越早建立越好**，可它和健身习惯一样，不大可能是孩子自身的主动选择，只能靠父母的主动。在这一点上，很显然，为人父母，越早觉醒越好。 \ No newline at end of file +值得注意的是，早期建立的健身习惯，往往并不是孩子自身的选择，而是父母的主动选择，因为那时他们尚不具备完善的**主动选择能力**。**健身习惯越早建立越好**。越是早期，习惯养成越是容易，与此同时，越是早期养成的习惯越是难以撼动。同样的道理，**健脑习惯也是越早建立越好**，可它和健身习惯一样，不大可能是孩子自身的主动选择，只能靠父母的主动。在这一点上，很显然，为人父母，越早觉醒越好。