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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
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不过，为了练好美式英语，你可能需要格外注意的发声器官其实只有两个，都是**舌头**（*tongue*）：
> * **舌尖**（适应若干个辅音发声的新的舌尖起始位置）
> * **舍背**（需要学习一个将它后缩的动作以便发出儿化音）
> * **舌背**（需要学习一个将它后缩的动作以便发出儿化音）
凡事都不容易，但，只要肯练，谁都可以掌握。

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md
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## 3.1.1.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍背后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舌背后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.1.5. <span class="pho">ɑː</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">æ</span>

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md
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* **ea**
* bread <span class="pho alt">bred</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bread-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bread-us-female.mp3"></span>
* dead <span class="pho alt">ded</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dead-us-female.mp3"></span>
* lead <span class="pho alt">liːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lead-us-female.mp3"></span>
* lead (<em>n.</em>) <span class="pho alt">led</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lead-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **a**
* any <span class="pho alt">ˈen.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/any-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/any-us-female.mp3"></span>
* many <span class="pho alt">ˈmen.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/many-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/many-us-female.mp3"></span>

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md
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## 3.1.6.3 儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɔːr</span>
长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舍背后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，很少有 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的音色。<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔᵊr</span> 或者写成 <span class="pho">ɔɚ</span>。比如，*more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。但有时那个加音也可能近乎于无，比如， *ordinary* <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːrdəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ordinary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ordinary-us-female.mp3"></span>……
长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舌背后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，很少有 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的音色。<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔᵊr</span> 或者写成 <span class="pho">ɔɚ</span>。比如，*more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。但有时那个加音也可能近乎于无，比如， *ordinary* <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːrdəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ordinary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ordinary-us-female.mp3"></span>……
## 3.1.6.4. <span class="pho">ɔː</span>

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ.md
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![vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ.svg)
同样的道理，读之前讲过的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的时候也一样，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>（注意不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>）、<span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> 开始，而后唇形保持不变，接着用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的过度 —— 而它的儿化音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> 则使用舍背后缩的方式。所以它们相当于是 <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>，进而干脆写成了 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
同样的道理，读之前讲过的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的时候也一样，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>（注意不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>）、<span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> 开始，而后唇形保持不变，接着用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的过度 —— 而它的儿化音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> 则使用舌背后缩的方式。所以它们相当于是 <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>，进而干脆写成了 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
![vowels-mouth-shape-eə](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-eə.svg)

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg.md
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</tbody>
</table>
## 3.2.3.2. 舍背动作
## 3.2.3.2. 舌背动作
幸亏各种语言里都有这两个音，否则的话，它们学起来原本可能挺困难……

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md
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## 3.2.8.2. 舌尖起始位置
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊（位置 ③），和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背后部都抬得较高，舍的两侧抵到后牙。
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊（位置 ③），和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背后部都抬得较高，舌的两侧抵到后牙。
<table>
<tbody>

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.2-words.md
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> [!Note]
> 说实话，这个词真的不太容易读好，Instagram 上就有个人[演示](https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1VmSpuIvTO/?igsh=czY3cDAzcGIxMGN4)过自己 *literally* 这个单词死活读不明白的尴尬<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/literally-instagram.mp3"></span>……
> * 当然，作为 ESL 练习者，对策也很简单，反正自己选择一种固定下来就是了。比如，我就选择了剑桥英语发声词典的 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.ɚ.ᵊl.i</span>，不仅如此，而后还选择了用舍背后缩的方式读 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 这个音节。甚至，我还专门买了 [The Phonetics 3D](http://www.thephonetics.com/)[^2]，去仔细观看 *literally* 这个词发声时的舌头动作：
> * 当然，作为 ESL 练习者，对策也很简单，反正自己选择一种固定下来就是了。比如，我就选择了剑桥英语发声词典的 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.ɚ.ᵊl.i</span>，不仅如此，而后还选择了用舌背后缩的方式读 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 这个音节。甚至，我还专门买了 [The Phonetics 3D](http://www.thephonetics.com/)[^2]，去仔细观看 *literally* 这个词发声时的舌头动作：
>
> <video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/literally.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>