diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index b78e8274..3ed1c330 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -177,32 +177,32 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ", }, { - text: "3.2.8. h", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h", + text: "3.2.8. tʃ/dʒ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ", }, { - text: "3.2.9. tʃ/dʒ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ", + text: "3.2.9. tr/dr", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr", }, { - text: "3.2.10. tr/dr", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr", + text: "3.2.10. ts/dz", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz", }, { - text: "3.2.11. ts/dz", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz", + text: "3.2.11. m, n, ŋ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ", }, { - text: "3.2.12. m, n, ŋ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ", + text: "3.2.12. l, r", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr", }, { - text: "3.2.13. l, r", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr", - }, + text: "3.2.13. w, j", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj", + }, { - text: "3.2.14. w, j", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj", + text: "3.2.14. h", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h", }, ] }, diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d1180cb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4e52ec11 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/anchor-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/army-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/army-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6291405d Binary files 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a/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dec2aac0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c299ece9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/trick-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b8fec95e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6cae8f2b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/try-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4771f999 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f6b13932 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1c4efd6d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cats.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8c95b0d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us_phonetics_sound_kids.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f34f0f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0060f261 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/words-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-trdr.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-trdr.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..52ce6468 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/articulator-tongue-tip-trdr.svg @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + + articulator-tongue-tip-chzh + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index 76dce462..45f49de2 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, + "execution_count": 42, "id": "71d35cd9", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -38,9 +38,82 @@ "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-AriaNeural']\n", - "three months\n", - "../audios/three-months-us-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/three-months-us-female.mp3 created\n" + "ma\n", + "../audios/ma-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/ma-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "room\n", + "../audios/room-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/room-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "conversation\n", + "../audios/conversation-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/conversation-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "army\n", + "../audios/army-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/army-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "mob\n", + "../audios/mob-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/mob-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "mom\n", + "../audios/mom-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/mom-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "mind\n", + "../audios/mind-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/mind-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "night\n", + "../audios/night-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/night-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "nine\n", + "../audios/nine-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/nine-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "know\n", + "../audios/know-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/know-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "knight\n", + "../audios/knight-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/knight-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "gnaw\n", + "../audios/gnaw-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/gnaw-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "gnome\n", + "../audios/gnome-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/gnome-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "anchor\n", + "../audios/anchor-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/anchor-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "bank\n", + "../audios/bank-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/bank-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "thank\n", + "../audios/thank-us-male.mp3 exists, skipping...\n", + "../audios/thank-us-female.mp3 exists, skipping...\n", + "\n", + "bang\n", + "../audios/bang-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/bang-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "long\n", + "../audios/long-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/long-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n", + "sing\n", + "../audios/sing-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/sing-us-female.mp3 created\n", + "\n" ] } ], @@ -85,12 +158,7 @@ " print(voices)\n", "\n", "words = \"\"\"\n", - "think,\n", - "bath,\n", - "wealth,\n", - "this,\n", - "then,\n", - "with,\n", + "sam\n", "\"\"\"\n", "\n", "for word in words.strip().split(','):\n", diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb index e3adc879..f16a43a8 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb @@ -4,7 +4,19 @@ "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "ename": "FileNotFoundError", + "evalue": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: './sounds-of-american-english'", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[8], line 15\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 13\u001b[0m name \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m3.2.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mi\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m 14\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# filename start with name\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 15\u001b[0m md_files \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m [f \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m f \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mos\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mlistdir\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m./sounds-of-american-english\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m f\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstartswith(name) \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m f\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mendswith(\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m.md\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)]\n\u001b[1;32m 16\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(md_files)\n", + "\u001b[0;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: './sounds-of-american-english'" + ] + } + ], "source": [ "import os\n", "\n", @@ -20,7 +32,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 18, + "execution_count": 2, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { @@ -29,60 +41,28 @@ "text": [ "\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.1. p/b\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.8. tʃ/dʒ\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ\",\n", " },\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.2. t/d\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.9. tr/dr\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr\",\n", " },\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.3. k/g\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.10. ts/dz\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz\",\n", " },\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.4. f/v\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.11. m, n, ŋ\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ\",\n", " },\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.5. s/z\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.12. l, r\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr\",\n", " },\n", " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.6. θ/ð\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.7. ʃ/ʒ\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.8. h\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.9. tʃ/dʒ\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.10. tr/dr\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.11. ts/dz\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.12. m, n, ŋ\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.13. l, r\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"3.2.14. w, j\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj\",\n", + " text: \"3.2.13. w, j\",\n", + " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj\",\n", " },\n", " ]\n", " },\n", @@ -93,38 +73,6 @@ "source": [ "text = \"\"\"\n", " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.2. p/b\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.2-pb\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.3. t/d\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.4. k/g\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.5. f/v\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.6. s/z\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.7. θ/ð\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.8. ʃ/ʒ\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", - " text: \"2.2.9. h\",\n", - " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.9-h\",\n", - " },\n", - " {\n", " text: \"2.2.10. tʃ/dʒ\",\n", " link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.10-tʃdʒ\",\n", " },\n", @@ -157,11 +105,11 @@ " if \"2.2.\" in line:\n", " order = line.split('2.2.')[1].split('.')[0]\n", " if len(order) <= 2:\n", - " new_order = str(int(order)-1)\n", + " new_order = str(int(order)-2)\n", " line = line.replace(f'2.2.{order}', f'2.2.{new_order}')\n", " order = line.split('2.2.')[1].split('-')[0]\n", " if len(order) <= 2:\n", - " new_order = str(int(order)-1)\n", + " new_order = str(int(order)-2)\n", " line = line.replace(f'2.2.{order}', f'2.2.{new_order}')\n", " line = line.replace('2.2.', '3.2.')\n", " print(line) \n" diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md index b186b515..03faa7ad 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md @@ -340,6 +340,18 @@ dry draɪ +ts +cats kæts +ts +cats kæts + + +dz +kids kɪdz +dz +kids kɪdz + + m moon muːn m diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md deleted file mode 100644 index f58f9301..00000000 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -# 2.2.11. tr/dr - -tr/dr 和 tʃ/dʒ 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时舌尖起始位置相同，但，tr, dr 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 w，*tree* /triː/ 听起来是 tʃwiː，*dry* draɪ 听起来是 dʒwaɪ。 - -The difference between the sounds tr, dr and tʃ, dʒ lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with tr, dr, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a w blended in. So, the word *tree* triː can sound like tʃwiː, and *dry* draɪ can sound like dʒwaɪ. - -很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 tr 和 dr 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 tɤ.riː，其中的 t 干脆读成 d，并且 r 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 dɤ.raɪvə，其中的 r 同样会用齿龈颤音。 - -People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce tr and dr as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as tɤ.riː, with the t articulated as d, and the r as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as dɤ.raɪvə by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the r. - -## 拼写（Spellings） - -### tr - -* **tr** - * track træk - * tree triː - * trick trɪk - -### dr - -* **dr** - * drive draɪv - * dream driːm - * drink drɪŋk diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4826fba9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +# 3.2.10. ts/dz + +《剑桥英语发声词典》的 Pronunciation symbols 中没有收录 tr 和 dr。 + + +## 3.2.10.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
tscats kætstscats kæts
dzkids kɪdzdzkids kɪdz
+ +## 3.2.10.2. 舌尖起始位置 + +ts/dz 和 s/z 不一样的地方在于发声时舌尖起始位置，s/z 舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处（位置 ②）；但，ts/dz 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 t/d 发声时舌尖起始位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位（位置 ③）之后开始发声。 + + + + + + + + +
+ +可以用 *students* ˈstudənts 这个词反复体会 s、d、ts 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 st 会被读成 sd）…… + +ts 和 s 从音质上来看就很不一样，但，dz 和 z，即便是母语使用者，也很难听出区别 —— 他们只是习惯了用不同的舌尖起始位置发声而已。 + +## 3.2.10.3. 拼写（Spellings） + +### ts + +* **ts** + * clients ˈklaɪ.ənts + * students ˈstuː.dənts + * treats triːts + +### dz + +* **ds** + * deeds diːdz + * records rɪˈkɔːrdz + * words wɝːdz diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md similarity index 58% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md index efccbbcc..732d66c3 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md @@ -1,27 +1,59 @@ -# 2.2.13. m, n, ŋ +# 3.2.11. m/n/ŋ -m 和 n 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 m…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，ɑ 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 mɑ 称呼自己的母亲。 +## 3.2.11.1. 示例 -When m and n are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially m, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, ɑ is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why mɑ is a universal sound for *mother*. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
mmoon muːnmmoon muːn
nnose nəʊznnose noʊz
ŋthank θæŋkŋthank θæŋk
+ +## 3.2.11.2. 没有 ʊ + +m 和 n 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 m…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，ɑ 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 mɑ 称呼自己的母亲。 ŋ 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 ɪŋ 而已…… -Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce ŋ after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that ɪŋ is the most commonly used sounds in English. +麻烦在于 m 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 ʊ 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* ruːm 读成 ruːmʊ。 -麻烦在于 m 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 ʊ 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* ruːm 读成 ruːmʊ。 - -The tricky part comes when m is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra ʊ sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as ruːmʊ, instead of ruːm. +## 3.2.11.3. 音变 当 m/n 处于 f/v 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 f/v 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。 -When m/n precedes f/v, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of f/v requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip. - > * m + f/v = n + f/v, *comfort* ˈkəmfərt → ˈkənfərt > * n + f/v = ŋ + f/v, *conversation* ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən → ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən -另外，当 æ 在 m 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 ə 进去，比如，Sam sæm，会被他们读成 sæəm。 +## 3.2.11.4. 加音 ᵊ + +当 æ 在 m 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 ᵊ 进去，比如，Sam sæm，会被他们读成 sæᵊm —— 也有一定道理，因为 m 的确是音节辅音。 -Additionally, when the vowel sound æ comes before m, some native speakers add an extra ə sound. For example, *Sam* sæm can sometimes be pronounced as sæəm. ## 拼写（Spellings） diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md deleted file mode 100644 index b40b0e5f..00000000 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -# 2.2.12. ts/dz - -ts/dz 和 s/z 不一样的地方在于发声时舌尖起始位置，s/z 舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，ts/dz 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 t/d 发声时舌尖起始位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。 - -The difference between ts/dz and s/z lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For s/z, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for ts/dz, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing t/d. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*. - -![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) - -可以用 *students* ˈstudənts 这个词反复体会 s、d、ts 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 st 会被读成 sd）…… - -The word *students* ˈstudənts can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for s, d, and ts (note that the initial st is pronounced like sd). - -## 拼写（Spellings） - -### ts - -* **ts** - * clients ˈklaɪ.ənts - * students ˈstuː.dənts - * treats triːts - -### dz - -* **ds** - * deeds diːdz - * records rɪˈkɔːrdz - * words wɝːdz diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md similarity index 100% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md index c070ec06..d8c9fcf1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md @@ -1,41 +1,58 @@ -# 2.2.8. ʃ/ʒ +# 3.2.7. ʃ/ʒ -ʃ 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，ʒ 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)） +## 3.2.7.1. 示例 -The pronunciation of ʃ may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet ʒ can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
ʃshore ʃɔːrʃshore ʃɔːr
ʒvision ˈvɪʒ.ənʒvision ˈvɪʒ.ən
-![articulator-tongue-tip-sh](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sh.svg) +## 3.2.7.2. 舌尖起始位置 -比较一下以下的辅音： +再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置，龈脊附近 —— 即，位置 ③。 -Let's compare following consonants: +ʃ 和 ʒ 都是舌尖起始位置**接近但没有接触**龈脊（位置 ③）。 -> * t/d 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③； -> * For t/d, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③; -> * s/z 要相对于 t/d 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②； -> * For s/z, it's closer to the front compared to t/d, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②; -> * θ/ð 要相对于 s/z再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①； -> * For θ/ð, it's even more forward than s/z, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①; -> * ʃ/ʒ 和 t/d 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③； -> * For ʃ/ʒ, it's almost same as t/d, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③; -> * r 相对于 ʃ/ʒ 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④…… -> * For r, it's further back than ʃ/ʒ, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④... +ʃ 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，因为 ʃ 的舌尖起始位置其实和汉语拼音的 [sh] 是一样的。 -![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) + + + + + + + +
-除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 ʒ 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。 +然而，ʒ 却可能非常难 —— 虽然它其实只不过是 ʃ 这个清辅音的浊辅音版本。舌尖起始位置相同，清辅音 ʃ 没有声带振动，而浊辅音 ʒ 有声带振动。 -Apart from English, most languages do not have the ʒ consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound. - -中国学生会不由自主地用 dʒ 替代 ʒ —— 因为 dʒ 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 zh。ʒ 和 dʒ 的区别在于，ʒ 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 dʒ 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 ʒ 同一个位置 ③）。 - -Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute ʒ with dʒ - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the zh in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between ʒ and dʒ is that, when pronouncing ʒ, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for dʒ, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as ʒ ③). +除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 ʒ 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。中国学生会不由自主地用 dʒ 替代 ʒ —— 因为 dʒ 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 zh。ʒ 和 dʒ 的区别在于，ʒ 发声时**舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊**；而 dʒ 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 ʒ 同一个位置 ③）。 少数人知道 dʒ 替代 ʒ 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 ʒ 听起来更接近 r —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— r ④ 发声时舌尖起始位置相对于 ʒ ③ 要更靠后一点。 -A few understand that substituting dʒ for ʒ isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their ʒ sound often ends up sounding more like r - they retract their tongue tip too far - r ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to ʒ ③ . - -## 拼写（Spellings） +## 3.2.7.3. 拼写（Spellings） ### ʃ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md similarity index 59% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md index f6df9115..86f54be3 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md @@ -1,21 +1,68 @@ -# 2.2.10. tʃ/dʒ +# 3.2.8. tʃ/dʒ -ʃ/ʒ 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，tʃ/dʒ 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊，和 t/d 一样；但，无论是 ʃ/ʒ 还是 tʃ/dʒ 发声时舌背都抬得较高，舌尾抵到后牙。 +## 3.2.8.1. 示例 -When pronouncing ʃ/ʒ, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the alveolar ridge. For tʃ/dʒ, however, you need to touch the alveolar ridge with your tongue tip, same as when pronouncing t/d. However, when pronouncing either the sounds ʃ/ʒ or tʃ/dʒ, the tongue roof should arch higher in the mouth, with the back of it touching back teeth. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
tʃcheck tʃektʃcheck tʃek
dʒjet dʒetdʒjet dʒet
-![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-chzh.svg) +## 3.2.8.2. 舌尖起始位置 + +ʃ/ʒ 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，tʃ/dʒ 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊（位置 ③），和 t/d 一样；但，无论是 ʃ/ʒ 还是 tʃ/dʒ 发声时舌背后部都抬得较高，舍的两侧抵到后牙。 + + + + + + + + +
为了让舌尖适应那个部位，不妨反复练习： -To get your tongue used to this position, it's a good idea to practice repeatedly: - > * ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... > * ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... > * ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... > * tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... -## 拼写（Spellings） +## 3.2.8.3.多个舌尖起始位置比较 + +比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同： + +![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) + +> * t/d 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③； +> * s/z 要相对于 t/d 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②； +> * θ/ð 要相对于 s/z再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①； +> * ʃ/ʒ 和 t/d 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③； +> * tʃ/dʒ 和 t/d 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③； +> * r 相对于 ʃ/ʒ 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④…… + +## 3.2.8.4. 拼写（Spellings） ### ʧ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..521a943b --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +# 3.2.9. tr/dr + +不知道为什么《剑桥英语发声词典》的 Pronunciation symbols 中并没有收录 tr 和 dr。 + +## 3.2.9.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
trtree triːtrtree triː
drdry draɪdrdry draɪ
+ +## 3.2.9.2. 舌尖起始位置 + + + + + + + + +
+ +虽然发声时舌尖起始位置相同，但，tr/dr 与 tʃ/dʒ 不一样的地方在于，tr/dr 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 ʷ，*tree* /triː/ 听起来是 tʃʷiː，*dry* draɪ 听起来是 dʒʷaɪ。 + +很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 tr 和 dr 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 tɤ.riː，其中的 t 干脆读成 d，并且 r 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 dɤ.raɪvə，其中的 r 同样会用齿龈颤音。 + +## 3.2.9.3. 拼写（Spellings） + +### tr + +* **tr** + * track træk + * tree triː + * trick trɪk + +### dr + +* **dr** + * drive draɪv + * dream driːm + * drink drɪŋk