diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9eb51f39 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9956a07f Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4073f664 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b3771c39 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..39a379f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/goal-of.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.2-cv.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.2-cv.md index 8d302fb1..22d4ea7e 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.2-cv.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.2-cv.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2.4.2 辅音 + 元音(Consonant + Vowel) -在词汇内部,“辅音 + 元音” 当然可以构成一个音节;在同一个**意群**(meaning group)中,如果**以辅音结尾的词汇**遇到**以元音开头的词汇**的话,那么前一个词末尾的**辅音**和后一个词开头的**元音**很可能会连起来读,听起来构成一个**音节**,这种方式叫做**连读**。 +在词汇内部,“辅音 + 元音” 当然可以构成一个音节;在同一个**意群**(thought group)中,如果**以辅音结尾的词汇**遇到**以元音开头的词汇**的话,那么前一个词末尾的**辅音**和后一个词开头的**元音**很可能会连起来读,听起来构成一个**音节**,这种方式叫做**连读**。 -A syllable can be formed by a "consonant + vowel" combination within a word. Within the same *meaning group*, if a word *ending in a consonant* meets a word *beginning with a vowel*, the final consonant of the first word and the initial vowel of the second word *may well* blend together when spoken, sounding as if they form a single *syllable*, which is often referred to as *linking*. +A syllable can be formed by a "consonant + vowel" combination within a word. Within the same *thought group*, if a word *ending in a consonant* meets a word *beginning with a vowel*, the final consonant of the first word and the initial vowel of the second word *may well* blend together when spoken, sounding as if they form a single *syllable*, which is often referred to as *linking*. -比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.* 在这句话中,*People's* 末尾的 `z` 和 *opinions* 开头的 `ə` 会连在一起,`/pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/` —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样…… +比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.* 在这句话中,*People's* 末尾的 `z` 和 *opinions* 开头的 `ə` 会连在一起,`/piː·pəl·zə·ˈpɪ·njənz/` —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样…… For instance, when saying *People's opinions vary from individual to individual*, the `s` at the end of *People's* and the `ə` at the start of *opinions* seamlessly connect, making it sound like a five-syllable word: /pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/. It feels as if you're pronouncing a single, lengthy word. @@ -18,12 +18,24 @@ It is previously mentioned that in American English, the `t` sound has a unique 在自然语流里,同一个意群中,经常会出现以 `t` 结尾的词汇后面跟着一个以元音开头的词汇,并且,`t` 的前面是元音的概率也很高,所以,词汇之间出现 `t` 的浊化弹舌音 `t̬` 的情况非常普遍。比如,*Get it done.* `/ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn/` -In natural speech flow, it's common to find a word ending with `t` closely followed by a word beginning with a vowel within the same meaning group. Furthermore, there's a high possibility that the `t` is preceded by a vowel. Therefore, the occurrence of the flapped `t̬` between words is incredibly prevalent. For example: *Get it done.* `/ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn/` +In natural speech flow, it's common to find a word ending with `t` closely followed by a word beginning with a vowel within the same thought group. Furthermore, there's a high possibility that the `t` is preceded by a vowel. Therefore, the occurrence of the flapped `t̬` between words is incredibly prevalent. For example: *Get it done.* `/ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn/` `l` 构成的连读,对绝大多数人来说,难点在于,如果前一个单词末尾的 `l` **舌尖动作不够完整**的话(即,结束的时候舌尖没有贴到龈脊)那么,`l` 这个弹舌音就发不出来,无法与后面的元音连上…… 尤其是在没有纠正掉用嘴唇动作替代舌尖动作的错误(乃至于有 `ʊ` 的音色)的情况下。 The challenge of linked speech involving `l` lies in the tongue's movement. If the tip of the tongue does not make complete contact with the roof of the mouth at the end of a word ending in `l`, it's difficult to produce the appropriate sound for the subsequent flapping `l` with the following vowel. This is especially true if the habit of substituting the movement of the lips for the action of the tongue hasn't been corrected, leading to a sound colored by `ʊ`. +请仔细听一遍以下的录音,注意所有以 `l` 作为末尾的音节: + +Please listen carefully to the following recording, pay special attention to words ending with `l`: + +> Whether the *goal of* an insurgency has been to establish the Christian religion in the days of the Roman Empire, to create an interstate commerce commission in nineteenth-century America, or to promote civil rights for minorities in the twentieth century, what a *successful insurgency* does in *institutional or* process terms is to change the incentives and constraints facing others, as well as the incentives and constraints facing themselves and their successors.[^1] + +在以上这段录音中,*goal~of*, *successful~insurgency*, *as well~as*, 都有前一个单词末尾的 `l` 与后一个单词开头的元音之间轻微的连读。但,*institutional or* 之间却没有 —— 因为这两个词汇实际上分别属于前后不同的意群。 + +In the audio clip above, the phrase *goal~of*, *successful~insurgency*, and *as well~as* all exhibit slight linking between the ending `l` of the first word and the vowel at the beginning of the following word. However, there's no such linking between *institutional* and *or*. That's because these two words belong to separate thought groups. + 初学者容易矫枉过正,想把一切自己遇到的词汇间 “辅音 + 元音” 的组合连起来读…… 请注意,是**很可能**连起来读,但**并不一定**。首先,这多少与个人讲话的习惯有关。更为重要的是,讲话的时候要划分**意群**,意群之间要有**暂停**(*pause*)—— 前一个意群末尾的辅音和下一个意群开头的元音,不应该连读。 Beginners often overcorrect when learning English, trying to merge all "consonant + vowel" combinations they encounter. Remember, it's *possible* to connect sounds, but it's not always *necessary*. This largely depends on personal speaking habits. More importantly, when speaking, one should divide their speech into *thought groups*, pausing between each group. Do not blend the ending consonant of one thought group with the beginning vowel of the next. + +[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell.