diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index f36efa2c..f63364aa 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes", }, { - text: "1.3. 音标", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics", + text: "1.3. 口音", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents", }, { text: "1.4. 器官", diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a6f0b1c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..428ad729 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fec11e37 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a4d360aa Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..25a21aa9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..74d8c089 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..139b682b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0fb4610c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0bb6b6ff Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5a1bd369 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e0433a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ecdab90e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a3a853f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6f38fd45 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8e6a49d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d2d32bd0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..04ef5444 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d5128dc Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57a1b3c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..462e48d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b100b3b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ad715231 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..16200e6b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..91723460 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fd2dd956 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b78eef20 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dd1c3418 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d7eebea3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc22b692 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f15e084 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5ea97062 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e9d69989 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..701f32c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd752c69 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5878527d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce33b3a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..084c7d6b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13397075 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82346b6a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bd419483 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..358168fd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..16e47d4d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..379b9bb3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e19c0658 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0dc21073 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c1171ee9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c019006b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..863c91bd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..031900e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f3ef0ff4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c256a44f Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29cff706 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a27633df Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..598836e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0dbfa1e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2ab54b18 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3b9e1d00 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a94d4c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4108e8e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a7ed9d50 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1c52c096 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9abd6d18 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3ae0f393 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f86198f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ad374a99 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a7633289 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e1126565 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2cd190e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..634478ee Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6693d0cf Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4a669ad2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..83754849 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ab27ce92 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..24454fcd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4bcd5a98 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c4d33946 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..62ef8f97 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..70d9e9ed Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29098ecb Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..823ab6c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d24165bc Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..36be7608 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..47961cad Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aea2e1af Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a27c133 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4ad7446e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ce1975c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22792a1d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4b06dfef Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d9bb775f Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..372ffccf Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0296279b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..57ab31ca Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02466e78 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5493715a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c60f7172 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f2c56c15 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bdcb495a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b31f62be Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d4ee395 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..aed59a33 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c05e7c2b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..82c421f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd1af4f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a034ad6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ca22845 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..942359d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8ab1c3f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..778d200c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c9b62c6e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..51bc56a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9273d82b Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..99ec2df7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9653e315 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2f4a5f2c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b5205eb4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c393d50a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..41f484fe Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49676ba6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6b5586b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d43ad8dd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0c6967d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e0e403c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f63237e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-ɔ-u.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-ɔ-u.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..15bffa05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/vowels-mouth-ɔ-u.svg @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + + vowels-mouth-ɔ-u + + + ɔ + + + u + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index 7701eb5c..d9fff950 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -86,16 +86,24 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 14, "id": "1e54069c-db63-45ba-86e8-726730b19255", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Files created!\n" + ] + } + ], "source": [ "import asyncio\n", "import edge_tts\n", "import pygame\n", "\n", - "TEXT = \"Jane,dramatic,young,girl,loves,to,read,books,at,leisure,in,rooms,or,play,on,a,sunny,day,outdoor,here,and,there,under,the,trees,with,boys,She,vowed,to,buy,a,red,ear,dog,She,thought,it,was,unique,for,sure,Now,she,feeds,it,dough,nuts,and,cheese,bar\"\n", + "TEXT = \"happy\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", @@ -154,7 +162,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 4, + "execution_count": 32, "id": "00939422-fbf9-4842-b82a-b6106624c075", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -171,15 +179,15 @@ "import edge_tts\n", "import pygame\n", "\n", - "TEXT = \"cup, father, head, hat, above, mother, bird, sheep, ship, horse, blue, foot, day, eye, boy, nose, mouth, ear, hair, pure, fire, hour\"\n", + "TEXT = \"ask\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", " # for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural', 'en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n", - " for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural']:\n", + " for VOICE in ['en-US-EricNeural', 'en-US-MichelleNeural']:\n", " w = w.strip()\n", - " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('GuyNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n", - " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('GuyNeural', 'Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n", + " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n", + " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Male').replace('MichelleNeural', 'Female').replace('en-', '').lower()}.mp3\"\n", " communicate = edge_tts.Communicate(w, VOICE)\n", " await communicate.save(OUTPUT_FILE) \n", "\n", @@ -199,13 +207,36 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, + "execution_count": 31, "id": "474c3f39-11ed-4d0a-b039-63df8b270044", "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Files created!\n" + ] + } + ], "source": [ - "import os\n", - "print(os.getcwd())" + "import asyncio\n", + "import edge_tts\n", + "import pygame\n", + "\n", + "TEXT = \"ask\"\n", + "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", + "\n", + "for w in Wordlist:\n", + " # for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural', 'en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n", + " for VOICE in ['en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n", + " w = w.strip()\n", + " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n", + " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('RyanNeural', 'Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Female').replace('en-GB-', 'uk-').lower()}.mp3\"\n", + " communicate = edge_tts.Communicate(w, VOICE)\n", + " await communicate.save(OUTPUT_FILE) \n", + "\n", + "print(\"Files created!\") " ] }, { diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md index df5f83f7..427d70fa 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md @@ -1,42 +1,106 @@ -# 1.2 音素（Phonemes） +# # 1.2. 音素（Phonemes） 在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。 In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*. -## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels） +英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。 -英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。 +In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. -English approximately has 20 *vowels*. +遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。 -元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。 +Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here, we use the notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/). -Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*. +> [!Note] +> +> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]： +> +> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website: +> +> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html -| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs | -| ------------ | ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | -| Short vowels | `ʌ` `e` `ə` `ɪ` `ʊ` `ɒ` | | -| Long vowels | `ɑː` `æ` `əː` `iː` `uː` `ɔː` | `aɪ` `eɪ` `ɔɪ` `aʊ` `oʊ` `eə` `ɪə` `ʊə` | +## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels） -严格意义上来讲，`æ` 是半长元音，即，它比长元音短一点，但比短元音长一点。 +| Vowels | Examples | +| ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | +| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | +| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | +| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | +| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | +| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` | +| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | +| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | +| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | +| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` | +| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | +| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | +| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | +| `u` | sit**u**ation `/fʊt/` | +| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | +| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | +| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | +| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | +| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | +| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | +| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | +| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | +| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | +| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` | -To put it strictly, `æ` is a mid-length vowel. That means it's a bit shorter than long vowels but longer than short vowels. +**注**：这个列表中，没有英音 `ɒ` 的对应音 `ɑ`，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/`。在 CEPD 中，*hot* 直接被标注为 `/hɑːt/`，实际上，*hot* 中的 `ɑ` 并没有那么长，虽然它比其它短元音相对更长一些。 -## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants） +**Note**: In this list, the American English counterpart to the British English sound `ɒ`, as in *hot* `/hɑt/`, is not included. In CEPD, *hot* is directly marked as `/hɑːt/`. In reality, the `ɑ` sound in *hot* is not that long, although it is relatively longer than other short vowels. -英文总计 28 个辅音。 +## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants） -English approximately has 28 *consonants*. +| Consonants | Examples | +| ---------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | +| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | +| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | +| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/` | +| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | +| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | +| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | +| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | +| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/` | +| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | +| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | +| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | +| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | +| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | +| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | +| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | +| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | +| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | +| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` | +| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` | +| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` | +| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` | +| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` | +| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` | +| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` | -| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants | -| --------- | ------------- | ------------------- | -| Plosive | Voiceless | `p` `t` `k` | -| | Voiced | `b` `d` `g` | -| Fricative | Voiceless | `f` `s` `θ` `ʃ` `h` | -| | Voiced | `v` `z` `ð` `ʒ` `r` | -| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ` `tr` `ts` | -| | Voiced | `dʒ` `dr` `dz` | -| Nasal | Voiced | `m` `n` `ŋ` | -| Lateral | Voiced | `l` | -| Semivowel | | `j` `w` | +**注**：这个列表中，`ts` 和 `dz` 并未包括其中 —— 比如，*treats* `/triːts/`, *friends* `/frendz/`。 + +**Note**: This list does not include `ts` and `dz` — for instance, as in *treats* `/tri:ts/` and *friends* `/frendz/`. + +## 1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes） + +| Phonemes | Examples | +| -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `ɒ̃` | croiss**ant** | +| `x` | lo**ch** | + +## 1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols） + +| Symbols | Functions | Examples | +| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | +| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` | +| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | + +[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD. +[^2]: For better html rendering, a *middle dot* is used, rather than the *lower dot* used by CEPD official documents. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonetics-us.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonetics-us.md deleted file mode 100644 index a91da142..00000000 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonetics-us.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,104 +0,0 @@ -# # 1.2. 音标（Phonetics） - -英文的音标标注方式并不统一。我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。 - -> [!Note] -> -> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系，美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址： -> -> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html -> -> 另外，Github 上有一个 [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) 提供 CEPD 的 json 格式数据库。 - -以下是美英英语发音的音标标注及其例词： - -## 元音 - -| Phonemes | Examples | -| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | -| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | -| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | -| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | -| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | -| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` | -| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | -| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | -| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | -| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | -| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | -| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | -| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | -| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | -| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | -| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | -| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | -| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | -| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | -| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | -| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | -| `aʊr` | hour `/aʊr/` | - -## 辅音 - -| Phonemes | Examples | -| -------- | ----------- | -| `p` | **p**en | -| `b` | **b**ook | -| `t` | **t**own | -| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing | -| `d` | **d**ay | -| `k` | **c**at | -| `g` | **g**ive | -| `f` | **f**ish | -| `v` | **v**ery | -| `s` | **s**ay | -| `z` | **z**oo | -| `θ` | **th**ink | -| `ð` | **th**is | -| `ʃ` | **sh**e | -| `ʒ` | vi**si**on | -| `h` | **h**and | -| `tʃ` | **ch**eese | -| `dʒ` | **j**ump | -| `m` | **m**oon | -| `n` | **n**ame | -| `ŋ` | si**ng** | -| `l` | **l**ook | -| `r` | **r**un | -| `w` | **w**e | -| `j` | **y**es | - -## 其它音素 - -| | | | | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | -| | | | | - -These sounds are found in some unstressed syllables: - -| i | **UK** **US** | happ**y** | **UK** **US** | -| --- | -------------- | ------------- | -------------- | -| u | **UK** **US** | sit**u**ation | **UK** **US** | - -These sounds are found in some words that come from other languages: - -| ɒ̃ | **UK** **US** | croiss**ant** | **UK** **US** | -| --- | -------------- | ------------- | -------------- | -| x | **UK** **US** | lo**ch** | **UK** **US** | - -These syllables can be pronounced either with or without a vowel: - -| əl | **UK** **US** | lab**el** | **UK** **US** | -| --- | -------------- | -------------- | -------------- | -| əm | **UK** **US** | criticis**m** | **UK** **US** | -| ən | **UK** **US** | sudd**en** | **UK** **US** | -| ər | **UK** | diction**ar**y | **UK** | - -## Stress and syllable division - -| | | | | -| ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------ | ------------------------------------ | -| This symbol shows how the word can be divided into syllables: | | | | -| . | *syllable division* | system | /ˈsɪs.təm/ **UK** /ˈsɪs.təm/ **US** | -| | | | | \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c18d3e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# 1.3. 口音（Accents） + +英语也许是地球上地方口音最多的语言，除了英式英语和美式英语之外，还有加大大英语、澳大利亚英语、苏格兰英语、新西兰英语…… 即便是在英国之内，也有很多不同的口音，甚至伦敦南部和东部的口音都有可能并不相同。同样，在美国，各个区域的口音事实上有很大区别。 + +English may well be the language with the most regional accents on Earth. It's not just about British English and American English; there's also Canadian English, Australian English, Scottish English, New Zealand English, and so on. Even within the UK, there are countless different accents. You might find that the accent in South London is different from that in East London. Likewise, in the United States, accents can significantly vary depending on the region. + +![accents-eight](/images/accents-eight.png) + +上图来自于 [www.soundcomparisons.com](https://www.soundcomparisons.com/#/en/Englishes/map/eight/Lgs_Sln) —— 不妨去体会一下同一个英语单词在各地不同的口音…… + +The image above is from [www.soundcomparisons.com](https://www.soundcomparisons.com/#/en/Englishes/map/eight/Lgs_Sln). Feel free to explore and appreciate how the same English word can sound so different, depending on the regional accent. + +[Little Big Shots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Shots) 节目组曾经请来一位苏格兰小朋友 *Oscar*，听听他是怎么说 *fish* 这个词把主持人差点搞疯的： + + + +The team behind the show *[Little Big Shots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Shots)* once invited a Scottish youngster named *Oscar*. Listen to how he pronounces the word *fish* - it nearly drove the host crazy! + +事实上，较重的地方口音甚至会令英语母语使用者都束手无策。[这个 Youtube 链接](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jHfY0dDZxA)是 2019 年 10 月英国议会上演的一幕 —— 一位新西兰出生的议员死活听不懂他的苏格兰同事在说什么…… + +In reality, heavy regional accents can even stump native English speakers. Check out this [YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jHfY0dDZxA) for a humorous example. It's a scene from a British Parliament session in October 2019, where a New Zealand-born member couldn't for the life of him understand what his Scottish colleague was saying! + +很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实大可不必，只要想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是美式英语。 + +Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md deleted file mode 100644 index 29441af6..00000000 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-phonetics.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -# 1.3. 音标（Phonetics） - -## 1.3.1. 地方口音（Accents） - -英语也许是地球上地方口音最多的语言，除了英式英语和美式英语之外，还有加大大英语、澳大利亚英语、苏格兰英语、新西兰英语…… 即便是在英国之内，也有很多不同的口音，甚至伦敦南部和东部的口音都有可能并不相同。同样，在美国，各个区域的口音事实上有很大区别。 - -![accents-eight](/images/accents-eight.png) - -上图来自于 [www.soundcomparisons.com](https://www.soundcomparisons.com/#/en/Englishes/map/eight/Lgs_Sln) —— 不妨去体会一下同一个英语单词在各地不同的口音…… - -[Little Big Shots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Shots) 节目组曾经请来一位苏格兰小朋友 *Oscar*，听听他是怎么说 *fish* 这个词把主持人差点搞疯的： - - - -事实上，较重的地方口音甚至会令英语母语使用者都束手无策。[这个 Youtube 链接](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jHfY0dDZxA)是 2019 年 10 月英国议会上演的一幕 —— 一位新西兰出生的议员死活听不懂他的苏格兰同事在说什么…… - -很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实，想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是美式英语。 - -## 1.3.2. D.J. 音标（D.J. Phonetics） - -在上一节中，大致讲解英语音素的时候，所采用的实际上是 D.J. 音标体系 —— 不过，它最初是为了标注英式（标准）英语而设计的，无法完整标注美式英语发音。 - -[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 于 1917 年发布 *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。*CEPD*于 1997 年发布第 *15* 版，与**国际音标**（IPA）统一，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 *CEPD* 已经是[第 *18* 版](https://www.cambridge.org/gb/cambridgeenglish/catalog/dictionaries/cambridge-english-pronouncing-dictionary-18th-edition)。 - -## 1.3.3. 国际音标（IPA） - -国际音标（IPA）最初由法国语言学家 Paul Passy 带领的一群英法语言教师于 1886 年设计并提出。此后经过多次改版，以下是 2020 年的 IPA 官方字符集： - -![IPA_chart_2020.svg](/images/IPA_chart_2020.svg) - -CEPD (18^th^) 实际上采用的就是 IPA。在我们的教程里，采用的音标，是 [Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的**美式注音**。音标符号详解可以参照 CEPD 的官方链接： - -> https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html - -## 1.3.4. 美式英语音素及音标（American Phonemes and Phonetics） - -英语的地方口音绝大多数体现在**元音**的不同。 - -以下是美式英语的元音（及其重新分类）： - -| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs | -| ---------------- | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | -| Short vowels | `ʌ` `e` `ə` `ɚ` `ɪ` `ʊ` | | -| Half long vowels | `æ` `i` `ɑ` | | -| Long vowels | `ɑː` `ɝː` `iː` `uː` `ɔː` | `aɪ` `eɪ` `ɔɪ` `aʊ` `oʊ` `er` `ɪr` `ʊr` | - -不太一样的地方主要在于： - -* `æ` 在美式英语里是**半长元音**，即，比短元音长一点，比长元音短一点。式比较一下 *apple* `/ˈæp·əl/` 的英式发音和美式发音。 -* `ə` - * 非儿化短元音 `ə`，在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。比如，*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/` 或者 *develop* `/dɪˈvel·əp/`。在 CEPD 里，非重读音节的 `ɪ` 往往都直接被标注为 `ə`。比如，*individual*，英式音标为 `/ˌɪn·dɪˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`, 但，美式音标是 `/ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`。 - * `ə` 儿化音版本被标注为 `ɚ`。比如，*harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/` 或者 *teacher* `/ˈtiː·tʃɚ/`。 - * `ə` 对应的长元音 `əː` 写作 `ɜː`；但，在美式英语中，这个长元音总是被儿化，所以写作 `ɝː`。比如，*server* `/ˈsɝː·vɚ/` 或者 *worker* `/ˈwɝː·kɚ/`。 -* `i`，在英语中其实有三个版本，短元音 `ɪ`，半长元音 `i`，以及长元音 `iː`。半长元音 `i` 常常出现在词汇末尾，比如，*city* `/ˈsɪt·i/`, *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`。 -* 在美式英语中，短元音 `ɒ` 被读成半长元音 `ɑ`，在 CEPD 里干脆加上了长元音符号，比如，hot `/hɑːt/`。而长元音 `ɔː` 也常常被标注为 `ɑː`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`。但，美国人也不会把 *war* 读成 `/wɑːr/`，还是读作 `/wɔːr/` —— 只是比英式发音多了一个儿化的习惯。 -* 在美式英语中，双元音 `eə`、`ɪə`、`ʊə` 中的 `ə` 都会被儿化，所以都直接相应地被标注成了 `er`、`ɪr`、`ʊr`。 -* 另外，英式英语中还有两个**三元音**: `aɪə` 比如，*fire* `/faɪə/`；*hour* `/aʊə/`。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为双元音的更为明显的儿化音，`aɪə` → `aɪr`，比如，*fire* `/faɪr/`, *hour* `/aʊr/`。 - -来自辅音的主要区别是 `t`。 - -在美式英语里，家在两个元音之间的 `t` 会被浊化，形成弹舌音，用 `t̬` 来标注，比如，*water*，英式发音是 `/ˈwɔː·tə/`，美式发音是 `/ˈwɑː·t̬ɚ/`。 - - - - - diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.4-articulators.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.4-articulators.md index f613dc18..bf90291a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.4-articulators.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.4-articulators.md @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ Despite speaking different languages, humans share the same structure of brain a -我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**舌尾**（*back of tongue*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。 +我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲，我们说话的时候动用的器官实际上很多，包括但不限于：**下巴**（*lower jaw*）、**嘴唇**（*lips*）、**牙齿**（*teeth*）、**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）、**舌尖**（*tongue tip*）、**舍背**（*tongue roof*）、**舌尾**（*back of tongue*）、**软腭**（*soft palate*）、**咽**（*pharynx*）、**喉**（*larynx*）、**声带**（*vocal cords*）等等。 ![Speech Tract (zh-CN)](/images/articulators-cn.svg) -We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To be more precise, when speaking English, key components of speech production include: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; *hard palate* and *soft palate*, and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.* +We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To elaborate, when we speak, many parts of our body are actually involved, including but not limited to: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; *hard palate* and *soft palate*, and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.* ![Speech Tract (zh-CN)](/images/articulators-en.svg) -另外一个重要的方面是**呼吸**（*breathe*）—— 呼吸不仅影响声音，也影响节奏；因为换气的必要，自然语流中总是存在**停顿**（*pause*）。 +另外一个重要的方面是**呼吸**（*breathe*）—— 也就是说，肺也可以算作是发声器官 —— 呼吸不仅影响声音，也影响节奏；因为换气的必要，自然语流中总是存在**停顿**（*pause*）。 -The act of breathing also plays a vital role — it not only affects speech sound quality but rhythm too due to natural *pauses* for airflow regulation during continuous speech flow. +The act of breathing also plays a vital role — in other words, the lungs can also be considered as one of articulators - the breath not only affects speech sound quality but rhythm too due to natural *pauses* for airflow regulation during continuous speech flow. 以下的 X 光视频展示了一个歌手在演唱歌曲时发声器官的活动情况[^2]： @@ -37,9 +37,15 @@ Here's a 3D illustration showcasing the activity of articulators when pronouncin When you think about it, speaking or singing is like oral gymnastics, but the real workout is for the neurons in your brain and the connections among them. -练习英语的时候，最需要注意的发声器官之一是**舌头**，很多辅音都需要**舌尖**从**正确的位置**开始发声…… 以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 *4* 个位置： +英文**元音发声**时最需要注意的发声器官是**嘴唇**，有两个元音（及其它们各自的长短版本）被称作 *rounded vowels*，`u` 和 `ɔ`，必须将嘴唇略微凸出并缩成一个小圆形。 -When practicing English, one of the most critical articulators is your *tongue*. Many consonants require *the tongue tip* to start making a sound from the *right position*... What follows are the *4* most common positions of the tongue tip in English: +When pronouncing English *vowels*, the most critical articulators to pay attention to is *lips*. There are two vowels, along with their long and short versions, known as *rounded vowels*, which are `u` and `ɔ`. For these, you must slightly protrude your lips and form them into a small circle. + +![vowels-mouth-ɔ-u](/images/vowels-mouth-ɔ-u.svg) + +而英文**辅音发声时**最需要注意的发声器官之一是**舌头**，很多辅音都需要**舌尖**从**正确的位置**开始发声…… 以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 *4* 个位置： + +When pronouncing English *consonants*, one of the most critical articulators is your *tongue*. Many consonants require *the tongue tip* to start making a sound from the *right position*... What follows are the *4* most common positions of the tongue tip in English: ![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md index 610ef86a..cca60b59 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md @@ -1,13 +1,17 @@ # 2.1. 元音（Vowels） -英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的 14 个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`。要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`。 +英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的十几个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`。 -In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining 16 vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`. +In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`. -元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短，一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**混乱。 +> 在美式英语中，`eə, ɪə, ʊə` 这 3 个双元音被标注成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`，分别读作 `eər, ɪər, ʊər`。 +> +> In American English, the diphthongs `eə, ɪə, ʊə` are noted as `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`. -The crux of vowels lies in their *duration*. If you mess up the length of vowels, not only could it lead to errors or difficulties in understanding, but more importantly, it could disrupt the *rhythm*. +元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短，一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**（[2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)）混乱。 -由于双元音由两个基础元音构成，所以**双元音**的长度与**长元音**相当。于是，英文**音节**的发声总体上倾向于比其它语言更长，因为 20 个元音中只有 6 个是短的，与之相对的，有 14 个是长的。这是一个相当显著的差异 —— 尤其在与亚洲语言相比的时候尤为明显，因为在大多数亚洲语言中元音（可能被称为韵母、母音）总是等长的，没有长短之分。 +The crux of vowels lies in their *duration*. If you mess up the length of vowels, not only could it lead to errors or difficulties in understanding, but more importantly, it could disrupt the *rhythm* ([2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)). -Since diphthongs are composed of two basic vowels, their length is equivalent to that of long vowels. As a result, English syllables tend to be pronounced longer overall than in other languages, given that only 6 out of 20 vowels are short, while the remaining 14 are long. This is a rather noticeable difference, especially when compared to Asian languages, where vowels always have equal length, with no distinction between long and short. +由于双元音由两个基础元音构成，所以**双元音**的长度与**长元音**相当。于是，英文**音节**的发声总体上倾向于比其它语言更长，因为 20 多个元音中只有 6 个是短的，与之相对的，有两倍以上的数量是长的。这是一个相当显著的差异 —— 尤其在与亚洲语言相比的时候尤为明显，因为在大多数亚洲语言中元音（可能被称为韵母、母音）总是等长的，没有长短之分。 + +Since diphthongs are composed of two basic vowels, their length is equivalent to that of long vowels. As a result, English syllables tend to be pronounced longer overall than in other languages, given that only 6 out of more than 20 vowels are short, while the remaining, more than double in quantity, are long. This is a rather noticeable difference, especially when compared to Asian languages, where vowels always have equal length, with no distinction between *long* and *short*. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md index fffc6413..3d99feea 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md @@ -1,13 +1,9 @@ # 2.1.2. 舌位（Tongue Positions） +元音发声时舍身的位置很重要。以下展示的是每个元音发声时对应的舍身位置。我们靠移动下巴控制口型的大小，下巴张开得越大，舍身位置相对越低，同时舍身位置也越靠后。 + +The position of your tongue is crucial when pronouncing vowels. The following shows the corresponding tongue position for each vowel sound. We control the shape of our mouth by moving our jaw. The wider we open our jaw, the lower and further back the tongue position will be. + ![tongue-positions-of-vowels](/images/tongue-positions-of-vowels.svg)[^1] [^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: a practical guide for students* 5th Edition, by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55 - -Unrounded: `/i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ə, ʌ/` - -Rounded: `/u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɒ, ɚ, ɝ/` - -Tense: / i, e, u, o, :>, a, 3/ Lax: / r, e, re, u, a, A, o-/ - -Page 55 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md index 82e78335..0b28c397 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑː` +# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑ/ar` 从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑ` 的唇形最大。 @@ -6,22 +6,28 @@ In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most c ![mouth shape of ʌ/ɑ](/images/vowels-mouth-ʌ-ɑ.svg) -美国人会把 `ʌ` 读成 `ə`，比如，*but* 会被读成 `/bət/`。 +美国人的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。 -Americans often pronounce the `ʌ` sound as `ə`, turning words like *but* into `/bət/`. +The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`. -美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkərədʒ/` —— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ə`，还要将 `i` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… +美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `i` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… -They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkərədʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `i` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... +They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ɪdʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `i` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... -长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 替代 `ɑː`。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`, *mark* `/mɑrk/`。 +长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 替代 `ɑː`。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`, *mark* `/mɑrk/`。 -The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`. +The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`. -在英音中，长元音 `ɑː` 对应的短元音是 `ʌ`。但，在美音中，长元音 `ɑr` 对应的更短版本是 `ɑ`；不过，它实际上是英音中的短元音 `ɒ`。比如，*hot*, 英音是 `/hɒt/` ，美音是 `/hɑt/`。 +在英音中，长元音 `ɑː` 对应的短元音是 `ʌ`。但，在美音中，长元音 `ɑr` 对应的更短版本是 `ɑː` —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 `ɒ`，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 `/hɒt/`，美音是 `/hɑːt/`。 -In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel `ɑː` is `ʌ`. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel `ɑr` is `ɑ`, which is actually similar to the British short vowel `ɒ`, yet a little bit longer. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced `/hɒt/` in British English and `/hɑt/` in American English. +In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel `ɑː` is `ʌ`. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel `ɑr` is `ɑː`, which is actually similar to the British short vowel `ɒ`, yet a little bit longer - don't be misled by the long vowel sign `ː` following `ɑ`. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced `/hɒt/`in British English and `/hɑːt/`in American English. -这是美音比较特殊的地方，`ɑ` 要比短元音 `ə` 略长一点，但比真正的长元音 `ɑː` 要略短一点。 +英音中的 `ɑː` 在美式英语中读作 `æ`，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 `/ɑːsk/`，美音是 `/æsk/`。 -Here's an interesting quirk of American English: the vowel sound `ɑ` is a tad longer than the short vowel `ə`, yet slightly shorter than the true long vowel `ɑː`. +In American English, the British `ɑː` sound is pronounced as `æ`. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as `/ɑːsk/`, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/æsk/`. + +总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方，`ʌ` 相当于有三个版本，短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`），半长元音 `ɑ`（*hot* `/hɑt/`[^1]） 和长元音 `ɑr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`）。 + +To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English: the sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the half-long vowel `ɑ` as in *hot* `/hɑt/`, and the long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`. + +[^1]: In the CEPD, *hot* is actually annotated as `/hɑːt/` — the long vowel symbol (`ː`) here is a bit perplexing. \ No newline at end of file