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a/1000-hours/public/audios/weight-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/weight-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..13f48dcd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/weight-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7f4932ae Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5d922c91 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/word-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/check-media.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/check-media.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8351415e --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/check-media.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "1980\n" + ] + }, + { + "ename": "TypeError", + "evalue": "can only concatenate list (not \"str\") to list", + "output_type": "error", + "traceback": [ + "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", + "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", + "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[4], line 18\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 16\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m line \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m lines:\n\u001b[1;32m 17\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124maudios/\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m line:\n\u001b[0;32m---> 18\u001b[0m audios_in_md \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mre\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfindall\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mr\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43maudios/(.*?).mp3\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mline\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m+\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m.mp3\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\n\u001b[1;32m 19\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mlen\u001b[39m(audios_in_md))\n\u001b[1;32m 20\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# remove duplicates\u001b[39;00m\n", + "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can only concatenate list (not \"str\") to list" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import os\n", + "md_path = \"../../sounds-of-american-english/\"\n", + "mp3_path = \"../audios/\"\n", + "# get md files in md_path\n", + "md_files = [f for f in os.listdir(md_path) if f.endswith('.md')]\n", + "# get all mp3 files in mp3_path\n", + "mp3_files = [f for f in os.listdir(mp3_path) if f.endswith('.mp3')]\n", + "print(len(mp3_files))\n", + "\n", + "# read md files, and get all sub-string between \"audios/\" and \".mp3\", using regex\n", + "import re\n", + "audios_in_md = []\n", + "for md_file in md_files:\n", + " with open(md_path + md_file, 'r') as f:\n", + " lines = f.readlines()\n", + " for line in lines:\n", + " if \"audios/\" in line:\n", + " audios_in_md += re.findall(r'audios/(.*?).mp3', line) + '.mp3'\n", + "print(len(audios_in_md))\n", + "# remove duplicates\n", + "audios_in_md = list(set(audios_in_md))\n", + "\n", + "for audio in audios_in_md:\n", + " if not f'{audio}.mp3' in mp3_files:\n", + " print(f'{audio}.mp3')\n", + "\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "base", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.12.2" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md index 8a592ba7..c4f8ce80 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md @@ -435,6 +435,7 @@ | ◌̅, ◌́, ◌̀ | 音节声调，平、升、降 | | ◌̂ | 音高被抬高的音节 | | · | 音节之间的停顿（*stop*） | +| ◌‿◌ | 连读符号 | | ｜ | 单词之间分割意群的暂停（*pause*） | diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.1-syllables.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.1-syllables.md index 21d2538a..a58a2bcf 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.1-syllables.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.1-syllables.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ 在学习和练习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 ⭤ 字”，而不是 “英文单词 ⭤ 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成，但，英文的绝大多数单词由一个以上的音节构成。 -*individual* ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，所以，说出这个英文单词相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量： +*individual* ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，所以，说出这个英文单词相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量： > * 人们看法各不相同。[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng] —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。 > * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/7-whats-next.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/7-whats-next.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1bad5365 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/7-whats-next.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# 7. 从此之后 + +转眼，现在是 2024 年，距离我 2010 年写《人人都能用英语》已经是 14 年 —— 按我经常说的话，7 年就是一辈子，这就一晃两辈子过去了…… + +大环境发生了很大的变化。在 2010 年的时候，我认为一个人 “用” 英语的 “最少必要知识” 包括： + +> * 音标 +> * 拼写规则 +> * 具备一定的基础词汇量 +> * 会查词典 +> * 具备基础的语法知识 +> * 会查语法书 +> * 会用 Google + +—— 这就可以了，这样就可以开始用英语了。 + +2023 年前后，基于大语言模型的人工智能爆发…… 经过一段时间的使用之后，我觉得 “用” 英语的 “最少必要知识” 可以进一步简化了： + +> * 语音训练 +> * 音标 +> * 拼写规则 +> * 会用 AI（或 Enjoy App） + +而且，“学” 英语的重点应该彻底转移了 —— 应该、必须、且只能 “**以语音为重点**”。 + +从此之后，没有任何人任何机构在英语教学方面比 AI 更强…… 哪怕像我这样的人，也顶多是 “还算不错的助教” 而已。AI 不仅很强，还极便宜 —— 无论是从金钱成本来看，还是从时间成本、学习成本来看都是如此。 + +从此之后，爱用不用，用或不用，只不过是一个人的自由且任性的选择而已。 + +
+ +李笑来 + +第三版正式稿，2024 年 8 月 22 日，于北京 + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/training-tasks/predicaments.md b/1000-hours/training-tasks/predicaments.md index 79b1c5bb..8e76e11f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/training-tasks/predicaments.md +++ b/1000-hours/training-tasks/predicaments.md @@ -16,7 +16,34 @@ 成年人在说话的时候，除了发音过程中**音素**上的问题之外，其实还要面临并处理更多更复杂的问题。他们想要用更准确的词汇表达。比如，针对 “想” 这个动作，他们可能有很多选择，根据 Roget's Thesaurus，词汇丰富的人需要在以下 24 种说法里选择一个当时最为恰当的词汇： -> *appreciate consult fancy reason believe contemplate imagine reflect cerebrate deliberate meditate ruminate cogitate digest muse speculate conceive discuss ponder suppose consider dream realize weigh* +
+ +> * appreciate +> * believe +> * cerebrate +> * cogitate +> * conceive +> * consider +> * consult +> * contemplate +> * deliberate +> * digest +> * discuss +> * dream +> * fancy +> * imagine +> * meditate +> * muse +> * ponder +> * realize +> * reason +> * reflect +> * ruminate +> * speculate +> * suppose +> * weigh + +
不仅如此，他们拥有更多的语法知识，所以可能需要选择一个恰当的句型；他们能够识别应用环境，所以，在日常对话中使用一种腔调，但做学术报告的时候使用另外一种腔调；到最后，每个人都有不一样的风格，不同的词汇库，以及独特的表达法。也就是说，语言能力越强的人，在学外语的时候遇到的障碍越多，到最后有很多甚至可能是无法逾越的障碍。 @@ -44,3 +71,10 @@ 6 岁就已经出现这种情况了，16 岁呢？26 岁呢？36 岁呢？—— 当然，有些人 16 岁之后，我们之前提到过的那些能力从未真正进一步发展过，从另外一个角度来看，也不见得一定是坏事，起码，他们学外语的难度并没有增加，或者说相对较低…… 又当然，在那种情况下，学外语干嘛呢？ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/training-tasks/procedures.md b/1000-hours/training-tasks/procedures.md index c3d63d98..5c9d0f70 100644 --- a/1000-hours/training-tasks/procedures.md +++ b/1000-hours/training-tasks/procedures.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ 在挣扎着**读准**之前，**首先要避免读错**。这只是一个习惯，遇到任何不确定的词汇都要查词典 —— 当然，在有各种辅助工具的情况下（[GPT: Phonetic Transcriber](https://chat.openai.com/g/g-nWwuxUVqO-phonetic-transcriber)），甚至可以整句查询音标。 -望文生音非常可怕。我曾经在很多年里把 *facade* 读成 ˈfækeɪd （其实是 fəˈsɑːd）把 *specific* 读成 ˈspesɪfɪk （其实是 spəˈsɪfɪk）…… 不妨再猜猜 *plaid* 这个词怎么读？我在很长一段时间里误以为是 pleɪd …… 后来才发现并非如此 —— 其实是 plæd：。 +望文生音非常可怕。我曾经在很多年里把 *facade* 读成 ˈfækeɪd —— 其实是 fəˈsɑːd）；我也曾把 *specific* 读成 ˈspesɪfɪk —— 其实是 spəˈsɪfɪk）…… 不妨再猜猜 *plaid* 这个词怎么读？我在很长一段时间里误以为是 pleɪd …… 后来才发现并非如此 —— 其实是 plæd 。 如果不养成这个习惯，那么读错的单词会越来越多，等于时时刻刻在为自己的牢墙添砖加瓦，到最后再也无法逃脱 —— Github 上有个[常见中国程序员发音错误的单词列表](https://github.com/shimohq/chinese-programmer-wrong-pronunciation)，不妨去看看，当作自己的警钟。 @@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ 要慢速听**很多遍**。从 2 大层面总计 7 个方面分别去分析，详情参见《[语音塑造](/sounds-of-american-english/0-intro)》： > * 韵律节奏 -> * 停顿（[2.4.1](/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop)） -> * 高低（[2.5.1](/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch)） -> * 起伏（[2.5.2](/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.2-tone)） -> * 轻重（[2.5.3](/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.3-emphasis)） -> * 缓急（[2.5.4](/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.4-pace)） +> * 停顿（[4.2](/sounds-of-american-english/4.3-grouping#_4-2-1-意群)） +> * 高低（[4.5.4](/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences#_4-5-4-音高变化)） +> * 起伏（[4.5.5](/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences#_4-5-5-声调变化)） +> * 轻重（[4.5.3](/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences#_4-5-3-强读式与弱读式的区别)） +> * 缓急（[4.5.6](/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences#_4-5-6-语速)） > * 音素变化 -> * 元音（[2.1](/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels)） -> * 辅音（[2.2](/sounds-of-american-english/2.2-consonants)） +> * 元音（[3.1](/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-vowels)） +> * 辅音（[3.2](/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants)） **仔细听**的意思是说，按照以上的顺序，逐条分析，直至每个**音素**都认真分析过、认真体会过、认真尝试过。这一步最需要**注意力集中**，也是整个训练中最关键的部分 —— 这场训练，从另外一个角度来看，实际上都是**注意力训练**。 如果这一点没做到、没做好的话，就会出现 “**明明听到的是一回事，脑子里反应的却是另外一回事**”。 -比如，假设过去你一直习惯于把 *recent* ˈrisənt 里的 s 读成了 z，而后在这一步中你并没有做到**仔细听并分析到音素级别**的话…… 那么接下来弄不好无论听多少遍，无论跟读多少遍，你都有可能依然**无法发现**你有一个音竟然读错了 —— 你的大脑会固执地用原有的连接和网络，乃至于自己毫无察觉。如果有人提醒，你会感觉特别奇怪，感觉上那么**明显**的差异，自己怎么就**竟然**一直没注意到？这里有个示例，（*recent health tips*）—— 这是某位同学被发现之前完全没有意识到的错误。 +比如，假设过去你一直习惯于把 *recent* ˈrisənt 里的 s 读成了 z，而后在这一步中你并没有做到**仔细听并分析到音素级别**的话…… 那么接下来弄不好无论听多少遍，无论跟读多少遍，你都有可能依然**无法发现**你有一个音竟然读错了 —— 你的大脑会固执地用原有的连接和网络，乃至于自己毫无察觉。如果有人提醒，你会感觉特别奇怪，感觉上那么**明显**的差异，自己怎么就**竟然**一直没注意到？这里有个示例，（*recent health tips*）—— 这是某位同学被发现之前完全没有意识到的错误。 在这一步，每个单词都可以跟读一下，通过试验感觉自己的声音，认真找自己需要调整的地方。 @@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ > * 在**音高**（*pitch*）被拔高的音节上标注一个 ^； > * 在**重读**的单词可用加重字体作为标注； > * 需要读长的**元音**在下面或者上面画一段直线； -> * 用箭头标注**声调**，比如，→、↗、↘ 或 ⤻； -> * 在**连起来读得很快的几个词汇**下画波浪线； +> * 在必要的重读音节的元音上标注**声调**，◌̅, ◌́, ◌̀ +> * **连读**用 ◌‿◌ 符号做出标记 +> * 在**读得很快的几个词汇**下画波浪线； > * 格外需要注意并调整的**音素**，引出一个箭头之后写上各种必要的笔记…… 这一步的仔细分析很重要，是后面所有练习步骤的必要前提。请注意，这一步分析，弄上半小时甚至一小时都不过分…… 因为**你不知道的你就注意不到**。 @@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ 可即便放慢速度了也不行…… 于是，只能一小节一小节地练，练熟了一小节再去练下一小节，两个小节都练熟了之后吧，还得拼起来重复很多遍才能做到两个小节之间衔接自然…… 如此这般，一小节一小节地终于 “**爬**” 完之后，才算有资格可以进行**正式练习**了…… -自然语音中有**可换气停顿**的地方，就相当于是乐谱里的小节分界线。分段练习，实在难的小节，还可以继续拆分…… +自然语音中有**暂停**（*pause*）的地方，就相当于是乐谱里的小节分界线。分段练习，实在难的小节，还可以继续拆分…… 在跟读的时候，有必要**夸张**一点。声音也要正常地**大** —— 确实不用喊，嗓子的确需要保护。实际上，我们主要需要练的是嘴唇、舌头、气流振动的配合，主要练的还真不是声带。 @@ -118,4 +119,4 @@ TED 上有一个讲座，Benjamin Zander 讲 [The transformative power of classi 一天至少三个小时，每周最多可以中止一天。 -每天结束之前，要花 5～10 分钟做一下**复盘**，回忆并记录一下自己今天遇到的困难、已经克服的困难、尚未克服的困难、以及面对那些困难时所采用的方法…… 想一想还有什么方法可以试试？这些都要写下来。相信我，记录这个东西 ，总是会以想象不到的方式起想象不到的作用。 \ No newline at end of file +每天结束之前，要花 5～10 分钟做一下**复盘**，回忆并记录一下自己今天遇到的困难、已经克服的困难、尚未克服的困难、以及面对那些困难时所采用的方法…… 想一想还有什么方法可以试试？这些都要写下来。相信我，记录这个东西 ，总是会以想象不到的方式起想象不到的作用。