diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index 3ed1c330..6a47cbd6 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export default withMermaid( collapsed: true, items: [ { - text: "1. 音素与音标", + text: "1. 音素音标", link: "/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes", }, { diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5e718526 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9cb5f209 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/borrow-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/call-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/call-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..58c8da55 Binary files /dev/null and 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b/1000-hours/public/audios/yoke-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ed19becc Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a2701a89 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/you-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md index 03faa7ad..f96776b8 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ British (24) -American (26) +American (27) D.J. @@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ - - + + diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md index ad5866e1..c0aa9660 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants.md @@ -4,26 +4,26 @@ 辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，s 是清辅音，z 是浊辅音。 -| | 辅音（consonants） | -| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 清辅音（voiceless） | p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃ, h, tʃ, tr, ts | +| | 辅音（consonants） | +| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 清辅音（voiceless） | p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃ, h, tʃ, tr, ts | | 浊辅音（voiced） | b, d, g, v, z, ð, ʒ, r, dʒ, dr, dz, m, n, ŋ, l | 注意：w 和 y 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。 辅音的另外一个划分，是根据口腔内**气流**振动的方式和位置。 -| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） | -| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- | -| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | p, t, k | -| | 浊辅音 | b, d, g | -| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | f, s, θ, ʃ, h | -| | 浊辅音 | v, z, ð, ʒ | -| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | tʃ, tr, ts | -| | 浊辅音 | dʒ, dr, dz | -| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | m, n, ŋ | -| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | l, r | -| 半元音（Semivowel） | | j, w | +| 气流振动方式（Airflow） | 清浊与否（Voiced or not） | 辅音（Consonants） | +| ----------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| 破擦音（Plosive） | 清辅音 | p, t, k | +| | 浊辅音 | b, d, g | +| 摩擦音（Fricative） | 清辅音 | f, s, θ, ʃ, h | +| | 浊辅音 | v, z, ð, ʒ | +| 塞擦音（Affricate） | 清辅音 | tʃ, tr, ts | +| | 浊辅音 | dʒ, dr, dz | +| 鼻音（Nasal） | 浊辅音 | m, n, ŋ | +| 边擦音（Lateral） | 浊辅音 | l, r | +| 半元音（Semivowel） | | j, w | 作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。 @@ -34,12 +34,11 @@ ![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) -| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants | -| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- | -| ① | θ, ð | -| ② | s, z | +| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants | +| :---------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| ① | θ, ð | +| ② | s, z | | ③ | t, d, l, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, tr, dr | -| ④ | r | - +| ④ | r | [^1]: *Uh-Oh* ˈʌ.oʊ 实际上有个隐藏的辅音，喉塞音 ʔ，完整的音标应该是 ˈʌʔ.oʊ…… diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md index 732d66c3..8b4ff3b9 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md @@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ ## 3.2.11.4. 加音 ᵊ -当 æ 在 m 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 ᵊ 进去，比如，Sam sæm，会被他们读成 sæᵊm —— 也有一定道理，因为 m 的确是音节辅音。 - +当 æ 在 m 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 ᵊ 进去，比如，Sam sæm，会被他们读成 sæᵊm —— 也有一定道理，因为 m 的确是音节辅音 —— 例如，*chasm* ˈkæzm̩，相当于 ˈkæzᵊm, *prism* ˈprɪzm̩，相当于 ˈprɪzᵊm。 ## 拼写（Spellings） diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md index eced3f45..d37cb7b5 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md @@ -1,76 +1,131 @@ -# 2.2.14. l, r +# 3.2.12. l, r -l 发声时舌尖起始位置与 t/d 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 +## 3.2.12.1. 示例 -When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). +
British (26)American (27)British (28)American (29)
D.J.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
llure luːllure luː
rredraw ˌriːˈdrɔːrredraw ˌriːˈdrɔː
-![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) +## 3.2.12.2. 舌尖起始位置 -r 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)） +l 发声时舌尖起始位置与 t/d 相同 —— 即，位置 ③： -For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). + + + + + + + +
-![articulator-tongue-tip-r](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-r.svg) +r 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④： + + + + + + + + +
l 和 r 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* lɑːt 或者 *rot* rɑːt…… -Pronouncing l and r at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' lɑːt or *rot* rɑːt… +## 3.2.12.3. 加音 ᵊ l 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。 -The difficulty with l often arises when it's at the end of a syllable. - 不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* mɪlk…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 mjʊk…… -Feel free to give the word *milk* mɪlk a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like mjʊk... +l 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 l 之前会有一个加音，轻微的 ᵊ。 -l 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 l 会掺杂着一个轻微的 ə 的元音音色。 - -There's a hidden motion when the l is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the l at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound ə mixed in. 说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。 -Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected. - > * 先反复说 ə... əl... ə... əl... 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 ʊ 的音色**；从 ə 到 l 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成…… -> * Start by repeating ə... əl... ə... əl... Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of ʊ caused by lip changes. During the transition from ə to əl, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest... > * 接着直接反复说 əl... əl... -> * Next, repeating əl... əl... > * 再反复说 əlk... əlk... -> * Follow with repeating əlk... əlk... -> * 现在反复说 mɪəlk... mɪəlk... 现在需要格外注意：为了 m 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 ʊ 的音色**…… -> * Now, keep saying mɪəlk... mɪəlk.... Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the m sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary ʊ sound. +> * 现在反复说 mɪəlk... mɪəlk... 现在需要格外注意：为了 m 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 ʊ 的音色**……（另外一个需要注意的是，不要把 ɪ 读成 i。） 再用同样的方式练练 *girl* ɡɝːl（常常会被误读成 gəʊ）, *world* wɝːld（常常会被误读成 wəʊd）。 -Practice pronouncing *girl* ɡɝːl (often mispronounced as gəʊl) and *world* wɝːld (often mispronounced as wəʊd) the same way. - 以 l 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 ə，比如： -There are many common words where l ends the syllable. Be sure to include the ə sound when pronouncing them. For example: +> * *fail* feɪl +> * *file* faɪl +> * *sell* sel +> * *sale* seɪl +> * *tell* tel +> * *tale* teɪl +> * *trail* treɪl +> * *drill* drɪl -> *fail* feɪl, *file* faɪl, *sell* sel, *sale* seɪl, *tell* tel, *tale* teɪl, *trail* treɪl, *drill* drɪl... +> [!Note] +> +> ʌl 没有 ᵊ 的加音，因为 ʌ 和 ə 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* ˈʌltɪmət，或者 *result* rɪˈzəlt。另外，在自然语音中，iːl 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 rɪˈviːl， 但它的确读做 rɪˈviːᵊl，有加音 ᵊ，但，*revealing*，读作 rɪˈviːlɪŋ，没有加音 ᵊ，可能是因为 l 被挪到后面和 ɪŋ 构成了第三个音节 lɪŋ…… -注意，ʌl 没有 ᵊ 的加音，因为 ʌ 和 ə 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* ˈʌltɪmət，或者 *result* rɪˈzəlt。另外，在自然语音中，iːl 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 rɪˈviːl， 但它的确读做 rɪˈviːᵊl，有加音 ᵊ，但，*revealing*，读作 rɪˈviːlɪŋ，没有加音 ᵊ，可能是因为 l 被挪到后面和 ɪŋ 构成了第三个音节 lɪŋ…… +l 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**（l, r, m, n, 都是音节辅音），就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 ᵊ 的音色。比如，*little* ˈlɪtl̩ —— l 下面多出的那一个点 l̩ 的意思是说，这里的 l̩ 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 ᵊl…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 ˈlɪtᵊl 或者 ˈlɪtəl。《剑桥英语发声词典》中没有音节辅音符号，也没区分 ᵊ 和 ə，标注的是 ˈlɪt̬əl（另外要注意：因为 t 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 t̬）。 -Note that ʌl doesn't have ᵊ sound added, since ʌ and ə are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* ˈəltəmət, or *result* rɪˈzəlt. Also, pay attention to iːl in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as rɪˈviːl in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as rɪˈviːᵊl, with ᵊ sound, *revealing* is pronounced as rɪˈviːlɪŋ, without ᵊ. This change might be due to the fact that the l sound has been moved to form a third syllable with ɪŋ as lɪŋ. +## 3.2.12.4. 舌尖起始位置比较 -l 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 ᵊ 的音色。比如，*little* ˈlɪtl̩ —— l 下面多出的那一个点 l̩ 的意思是说，这里的 l̩ 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 ᵊl…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 ˈlɪtᵊl 或者 ˈlɪtəl。CEPD 里标注的是 ˈlɪt̬əl，因为 t 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 t̬。 +比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同： -In linguistics, the letter l has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound ᵊ naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* ˈlɪtl̩, the dot under the l (l̩) indicates that this l is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to ᵊl. And many dictionaries simply denote it as ˈlɪtəl. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is ˈlɪt̬əl, for the t is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped t̬. +![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) -英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 m。例如，*chasm* ˈkæzm̩，相当于 ˈkæzᵊm, *prism* ˈprɪzm̩，相当于 ˈprɪzᵊm。 +> * t/d 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③； +> * s/z 要相对于 t/d 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②； +> * θ/ð 要相对于 s/z再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①； +> * ʃ/ʒ 和 t/d 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③； +> * tʃ/dʒ 和 t/d 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③； +> * l 和 t/d 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③； +> * r 相对于 ʃ/ʒ 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④…… -Another *syllabic consonant* in English is m. For example, *chasm* ˈkæzm̩，equivalent to ˈkæzᵊm, and *prism* ˈprɪzm̩，equivalent to ˈprɪzᵊm. +| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants | +| :---------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| ① | θ, ð | +| ② | s, z | +| ③ | t, d, l, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, tr, dr | +| ④ | r | -## 拼写（Spellings） + +## 3.2.12.5. 拼写（Spellings） ### l * **l** * feel fiːl + * file faɪl * like laɪk + +* **ll** * mill mɪl + * call kɔːl + * thrill θrɪl + ### r @@ -78,3 +133,7 @@ Another *syllabic consonant* in English is m. For examp * read riːd * road roʊd * ring rɪŋ +* **rr** + * borrow ˈbɑːr.oʊ + * carry ˈker.i + * hurry ˈhɝː.i diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md index 7a6cbffd..e6650dc2 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md @@ -1,22 +1,48 @@ -# 2.2.15. j, w +# 3.2.13. j/w -j 和 w 是半元音。 +## 3.2.13.1. 示范 -The sounds represented by j and w are semivowels in English. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
wworker ˈwɜː.kəwworker ˈwɝː.kɚ
jyes jesjyes jes
-j 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 ɪ，比如 *you* juː，读音上相当于是 iuː。 +## 3.2.13.2. 半元音 + +w 和 j 是半元音。 -When j is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an ɪ sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* juː, pronounced the same as ɪuː. w 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 ʊ，比如 *way* weɪ，读音上相当于是 ʊeɪ。 -Similarly, when w is paired with a vowel, it's as if a ʊ sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* weɪ, pronounced the same as ʊeɪ. +j 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 ɪ，比如 *you* juː，读音上相当于是 iuː。 -w 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：sw、tw、dw、kw、skw、gw…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 kw，尤其是 kwɒ 和 kwɔː，比如，*quart* kwɔːrt，常常会被误读为 kɔːrt（听起来和 *court* kɔːrt 同音）；再比如，*quality* ˈkwɔːlɪti 常常会被误读为 ˈkɔːlɪti —— 关键在于，k 的音之后有一个发出 ʊ 的嘴唇动作，否则 kw 就变成了 k —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。 +## 3.2.13.3. 辅音 + w -The letter w can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as sw, tw, dw, kw, skw, gw… The most common and often mispronounced combination is kw, specifically kwɒ and kwɔː. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced kwɔːrt, but it is often misconstrued as kɔːrt, which sounds like *court* kɔːrt, or *quality* ˈkwɔːlɪti as ˈkɔːlɪti. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the ʊ sound after the k sound; otherwise, kw just becomes k. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers. +w 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：sw、tw、dw、kw、skw、gw…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 kw，尤其是 kwɒ 和 kwɔː，比如，*quart* kwɔːrt，常常会被误读为 kɔːrt（听起来和 *court* kɔːrt 同音）；再比如，*quality* ˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i 常常会被误读为 ˈkɔːlɪti —— 关键在于，k 的音之后有一个发出 ʊ 的嘴唇动作，否则 kw 就变成了 k —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。 -## 拼写（Spellings） +## 3.2.13.4. 拼写（Spellings） ### w diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md index 675454aa..c465dc42 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md @@ -1,22 +1,41 @@ -# 2.2.9. h +# 3.2.14. h 不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 h 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 h 的发音有什么困难。 -No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the h sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce h. +## 3.2.14.1. 示例 -不过有一个细节需要注意。在日常对话中，不能么正式或者速度较快的时候，h 会被 “击穿”。比如，*Did he do that?* 这句话，更可能被说成 dɪ diː duː ðæt ，而不是正式的那样 dɪd hiː duː ðæt。 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
hhow haʊhhow haʊ
-However, there's one detail to keep in mind. In everyday conversations, especially when speaking informally or quickly, the h sound can get "dropped." For example, the sentence *Did he do that?* is more likely to be pronounced as dɪ diː duː ðæt rather than the formal one as dɪd hiː duː ðæt. +## 3.2.14.2. 击穿 + +不过有一个细节需要注意。在日常对话中，不那么正式或者速度较快的时候，h 会被 “击穿”。比如，*Did he do that?* 这句话，更可能被说成 dɪ diː duː ðæt ，而不是正式的那样 dɪd hiː duː ðæt。 更多的例子比如： -For more examples: - -* I heard him singing. -* Has he arrived yet? -* He helped her with the project. -* His house is over there. -* He's holding the door. +> * I heard him singing. +> * Has he arrived yet? +> * He helped her with the project. +> * His house is over there. +> * He's holding the door. ## 拼写（Spellings） diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md index 86f54be3..5b7ee54f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md @@ -49,20 +49,7 @@ > * ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... > * tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... -## 3.2.8.3.多个舌尖起始位置比较 - -比较一下以下的辅音发声时**舌尖起始位置**的不同： - -![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) - -> * t/d 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③； -> * s/z 要相对于 t/d 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②； -> * θ/ð 要相对于 s/z再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①； -> * ʃ/ʒ 和 t/d 一样，接近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③； -> * tʃ/dʒ 和 t/d 一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ③； -> * r 相对于 ʃ/ʒ 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④…… - -## 3.2.8.4. 拼写（Spellings） +## 3.2.8.3. 拼写（Spellings） ### ʧ