08-17-0830

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english-old/2.1.3-ʌ.md

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+# 2.1.3. <span class="pho">ʌ/ɑː/aːr</span>
+
+从唇形上来看，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的唇形最小，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的唇形最大。
+
+In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> requires the lips to be the most open.
+
+![mouth shape of ʌ/ɑ](/images/vowels-mouth-ʌ-ɑ.svg)
+
+美音的 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 实际上非常接近于英音的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>听起来更接近于 <span class="pho alt">bət</span>。
+
+The American pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʌ</span> is actually quite similar to <span class="pho">ə</span>. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span>, often sounds more like <span class="pho alt">bət</span>.
+
+美国人还会再进一步，会把很多**非重读音节**内的元音简化为 <span class="pho">ə</span> —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>（长元音），还要将 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 变成 *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>……
+
+They even go a step further, simplifying many *unstressed vowel sounds* to <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is <span class="pho">ʌ</span> pronounced as <span class="pho">ə</span>, but the <span class="pho">ɪ</span> also turns into a *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>...
+
+在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以很多美式词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 标注。比如，*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
+
+The vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a <span class="pho">r</span> sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing <span class="pho">ɑː</span> with <span class="pho">ɑr</span>. For example, *card* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
+
+英音中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，在美音中读作 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>。比如，*hot*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
+
+The short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span> in British English, is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɑː</span>. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>in British English and <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>in American English.
+
+请注意，在 CEPD 中，对应着英音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 的美音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。按照 CEPD 的标注，可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。
+
+Please note that in CEPD, the American English sound <span class="pho">ɑː</span>, corresponding to the British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, is denoted with a long vowel symbol. However, its actual duration is akin to a **semi-long vowel** - slightly longer than a short vowel but shorter than a long vowel. Apart from CEPD, most dictionaries would transcribe *hot* as <span class="pho alt">/hɑt/</span>, without the long vowel symbol. In accordance with CEPD's notation, you can understand it this way: in American English, <span class="pho">ʌ</span> is the shortest, <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is a bit longer, and <span class="pho">ɑːr`</span> is the longest.
+
+英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
+
+In American English, the British <span class="pho">ɑː</span> sound is pronounced as <span class="pho">æ</span>. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>.
+
+## 拼写（Spellings）
+
+### <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
+
+* **u**
+  * sun <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sun-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sun-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * cup <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * but <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **o**
+  * son <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/son-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/son-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * comfort <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌm.fɚt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * money <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌn.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/money-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/money-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **ou**
+  * young <span class="pho alt">jʌŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/young-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/young-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * double <span class="pho alt">ˈdʌb.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/double-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/double-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * country <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌn.tri</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/country-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/country-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **oo**
+  * blood <span class="pho alt">blʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blood-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * flood <span class="pho alt">flʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flood-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ɑː</span> (equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)
+
+* **a**
+  * father <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * watch <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/watch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/watch-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * wasp <span class="pho alt">wɑːsp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wasp-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wasp-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **al**
+  * almond <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːl.mənd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/almond-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/almond-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * balm <span class="pho alt">bɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/balm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/balm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * palm <span class="pho alt">pɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/palm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/palm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **au**
+  * because <span class="pho alt">bɪˈkɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/because-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/because-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * clause <span class="pho alt">klɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/clause-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/clause-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * paunch <span class="pho alt">pɑːntʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/paunch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/paunch-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **aw**
+  * drawn <span class="pho alt">drɑːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drawn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drawn-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * awning <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.nɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/awning-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/awning-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * law <span class="pho alt">lɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/law-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/law-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **o**
+  * hot <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * log <span class="pho alt">lɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/log-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/log-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **ough**
+  * bought <span class="pho alt">bɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * fought <span class="pho alt">fɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
+
+* **ar**
+  * car <span class="pho alt">kɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/car-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/car-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * far <span class="pho alt">fɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/far-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/far-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * start <span class="pho alt">stɑːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/start-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/start-us-female.mp3"></span>