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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english-old/2.3.2-stress.md

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+# 2.3.2. 重音（Stress）
+
+当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时，其中的某个音节可能带有重音（*stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˈ</span> 作为标记。
+
+When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˈ</span> in phonetic notation.
+
+一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˌ</span> 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>……
+
+In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˌ</span> in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on <span class="pho">oʊ</span>.
+
+在学习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 - 字”，而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成。
+
+What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables.
+
+*individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
+
+The word *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
+
+> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
+> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
+> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。
+> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
+
+这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。
+
+Recognizing this correlation is crucial as it fundamentally affects how we comprehend the flow of sounds in a sentence.
+
+另外一个重点在于，英文的音节有**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**的区别，这一点也和亚洲语言明显不同。
+
+Another crucial point is that English syllables have varying degrees of stress: *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, and the *unstressed*, which is noticeably different from Asian languages.
+
+5 个汉字（或者日文字、韩文字）排在一起大概是这样的：
+
+When 5 Chinese characters (or Japanese or Korean characters) are lined up, it might look like this:
+
+![5-chars](/images/5-chars.svg)
+
+但，由 5 个音节构成的词汇 *individual* 相应应该是这样的：
+
+However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely be represented like this:
+
+![5-syllables](/images/5-syllables.svg)
+
+英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外，还有**弱音**，比如被弱化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的 *schwa*。
+
+In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (<span class="pho">ə</span>) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
+
+细细体会 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl</span>…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span>里的元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 被弱化为 <span class="pho">ə</span>；另外，第 4 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> 里的元音 <span class="pho">ju</span> 也被弱化成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但保留了 <span class="pho">u</span> 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span>，之前自带着轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，于是连成了很轻的 <span class="pho">ʷᵊl</span>……
+
+Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> in the second syllable <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span> is reduced to the schwa sound, <span class="pho">ə</span>; likewise, the vowel <span class="pho">ju</span> in the fourth syllable <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> is also reduced to <span class="pho">ə</span>, but retains the coloration of <span class="pho">u</span>. The <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight <span class="pho">ə</span> sound, thus becomes a very light <span class="pho">ʷᵊl</span>...
+
+![5-syllables-individual](/images/5-syllables-individual.svg)
+
+英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是：当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候，该音节会自然而然读得更长一些，比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">s</span> 音拉得更长；再比如，*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">bɪg</span> 这个词（**音节**）的**音调**（pitch, [2.5.1](2.5.1-pitch)）拉高，或者干脆是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 这个**短元音**拉长……
+
+In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> may be extended due to the drawn-out <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable <span class="pho">bɪg</span> is raised or simply because the short vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> is stretched out.
+
+有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, <span class="pho alt">ˈædres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；<span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
+
+At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈæˌdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
+
+类似的还有很多，比如以下常见词汇[^1]：
+
+Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can change its part of speech. Consider the following common words as examples:
+
+| Noun                                                                                                              | Verb                                                                                                             |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| 'conduct <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːndʌkt</span>   <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span>    |
+| 'conflict <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict <span class="pho alt">kənˈflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
+| 'convert <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span>    | con'vert <span class="pho alt">kənˈvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span>    |
+| 'digest <span class="pho alt">ˈdaɪdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span>      | di'gest <span class="pho alt">daɪˈdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span>     |
+| 'permit <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝːmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span>      | per'mit <span class="pho alt">pɚˈmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span>      |
+| 'rebel <span class="pho alt">ˈrebəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span>         | re'bel <span class="pho alt">rɪˈbel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span>        |
+| 'subject <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span>    | sub'ject <span class="pho alt">səbˈdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
+
+在随后的章节里我们会涉及到重音音节的另外一个重点 —— 音调（*tone*，[2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)）。
+
+In the upcoming sections, we'll be covering another important aspect of stressed syllables — tone ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)).
+
+不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇，注意**重音**、**次重音**，以及**非重音**和**弱音** <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）：
+
+Let's practice the pronunciation of the following commonly used multi-syllable words one by one. Pay attention to the *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, as well as *unstressed*, or *weak* <span class="pho">ə</span> (schwa) sounds:
+
+> * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *appreciate* <span class="pho alt">əˈpriːʃieɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *beautiful* <span class="pho alt">ˈbjuːt̬əfəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *celebration* <span class="pho alt">ˌseləˈbreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *characteristic* <span class="pho alt">ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *determination* <span class="pho alt">dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *discovery* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌvɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *encouragement* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *entrepreneur* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *environment* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *exaggerate* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *examination* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *explanation* <span class="pho alt">ˌekspləˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *fascinating* <span class="pho alt">ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *government* <span class="pho alt">ˈɡʌvɚnmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *hospitality* <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *imagination* <span class="pho alt">ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *incredible* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkredəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *independent* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈpendənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *information* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *inspiration* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *interesting* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *international* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *knowledgeable* <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *opportunity* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *personality* <span class="pho alt">ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *photography* <span class="pho alt">fəˈtɑːɡrəfi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *professional* <span class="pho alt">prəˈfeʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *recognition* <span class="pho alt">ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *rehabilitation* <span class="pho alt">ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *relationship* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *revolutionary* <span class="pho alt">ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *satisfaction* <span class="pho alt">ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *spectacular* <span class="pho alt">spekˈtækjəlɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *temperature* <span class="pho alt">ˈtempɚətʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *transportation* <span class="pho alt">ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *unbelievable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *understand* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *understanding* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *unforgettable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *university* <span class="pho alt">ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *vegetarian* <span class="pho alt">ˌvedʒəˈteriən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+> * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+[^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).