08-17-0830

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english-old/draft.md

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+# Drafts
+
+辅音 <span class="pho">t</span> 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，<span class="pho">t̬</span>，例如，*cutting* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span>。
+
+The consonant <span class="pho">t</span> has a flapping variant, <span class="pho">t̬</span>, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span>.
+
+辅音 <span class="pho">l</span> 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 音，可能被标注为 <span class="pho">əl</span>、<span class="pho">ᵊl</span>（上标式 <span class="pho">ə</span>） 或者 <span class="pho">l̩</span>（注意 <span class="pho">l</span> 下的那根小竖线）。
+
+The consonant <span class="pho">l</span> is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes naturally comes with an <span class="pho">ə</span> sound before it. This may be annotated as <span class="pho">əl</span>, <span class="pho">ᵊl</span> (with a superscript <span class="pho">ə</span>), or <span class="pho">l̩</span> (note the small vertical line underneath the <span class="pho">l</span>).
+
+6 个基础元音中，<span class="pho">ə</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 有相对更多的变体（*allophone*）：
+In the 6 basic vowels, <span class="pho">ə</span> and <span class="pho">ɪ</span> have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
+
+* <span class="pho">ɪ</span>：
+  * 除了长元音版本 <span class="pho">iː</span> 之外，还有一个半长版本 <span class="pho">i</span>，例如 *happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span>[^1]；
+  * In addition to the long vowel version <span class="pho">i</span>ː, there's also a semi-long version <span class="pho">i</span>, as in *happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span>.
+* <span class="pho">ə</span>：
+  * 长元音版本 <span class="pho">əː</span> 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 <span class="pho">ɜː</span>，例如 *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɜːd</span> (UK)
+  * The long vowel version <span class="pho">əː</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɜː</span> in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɜːd</span> (UK).
+  * 儿化的短元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 被标注为 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>，例如 *mother* <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span>；
+  * The rhotacized short vowel <span class="pho">ə</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, as in *mother* pronounced <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span>.
+  * 儿化的长元音 <span class="pho">əː</span> 被标注为 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 例如 *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> (US)
+  * The rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">əː</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɝː</span>, like in *bird* pronounced <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> (US).
+
+英式英语中的 <span class="pho">eə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪə</span>、<span class="pho">ʊə</span>，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：<span class="pho">er</span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span>。
+
+The sounds represented by <span class="pho">eə</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə</span>, and <span class="pho">ʊə</span> in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: <span class="pho">er</span>, <span class="pho">ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">ʊr</span>.
+
+另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: <span class="pho">aɪə</span> 比如，*fire* <span class="pho alt">faɪə</span>；*hour* <span class="pho alt">aʊə</span>。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，<span class="pho">aɪə</span> → <span class="pho">aɪr</span>，比如，*fire* <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span>, *hour* <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span>。
+
+Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: <span class="pho">aɪə</span> as in *fire* pronounced <span class="pho alt">faɪə</span> and <span class="pho">aʊə</span> as in *hour* pronounced <span class="pho alt">aʊə</span>. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, <span class="pho">aɪə</span> → <span class="pho">aɪr</span>, for example, *fire* pronounced <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span>, and *hour* pronounced <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span>.
+
+[^1]: The middle dot `<span class="pho"> in </span>/ˈhæpi/<span class="pho"> is an annotation of syllable division. A dot </span>.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
+[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
+
+
+
+比较幸运的是，大多数的音标标注差异集中在**元音**标记上，尤其是美式英语的元音 —— 所以也不算是太难掌握。
+
+Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in *vowel* markings, especially American vowels, which makes it somewhat easier to master.
+
+关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：
+
+Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:
+
+> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 变得与 <span class="pho">ə</span> 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 <span class="pho">ə</span> 替代。比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> 可能直接被标注为 <span class="pho alt">bət</span>。
+> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ʌ</span> often sounds very similar to <span class="pho">ə</span> and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> would be transcribed as <span class="pho alt">bət</span>.
+> - 长短元音不统一使用 <span class="pho">ː</span> 区分，而是<span class="pho">ə/ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ə/ɜ</span>、<span class="pho">ɚ/ɝ</span>、 <span class="pho">e/æ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ/i</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ/u</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ/ɔ</span>。
+> - Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using <span class="pho">ː</span>, but by pairs such as <span class="pho">ə/ɑ</span>, <span class="pho">ə/ɜ</span>, <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝ</span>, <span class="pho">e/æ</span>, <span class="pho">ɪ/i</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ/u</span>, <span class="pho">ɒ/ɔ</span>.
+> - 短元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 有时用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注。
+> - The short vowel <span class="pho">e</span> is sometimes transcribed as <span class="pho">ɛ</span>.
+> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> ，由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>；不带有 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音的时候，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɜ</span>。
+> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ə</span>, often accompanied by the rhotic <span class="pho">ʳ</span>, is commonly transcribed as <span class="pho">ɚ</span>. When the rhotic sound is absent, <span class="pho">ə</span> is often transcribed as <span class="pho">ɜ</span>.
+> - 长元音 <span class="pho">əː</span>，同样由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɝ</span>。
+> - The long vowel <span class="pho">əː</span>, due to its frequent association with <span class="pho">ʳ</span>, is generally transcribed as <span class="pho">ɝ</span>.
+> - <span class="pho">ə</span> 结尾的双元音，都用 <span class="pho">r</span>：<span class="pho">ɪə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɪr</span>，<span class="pho">eə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">er</span>，<span class="pho">ʊə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ʊr</span>。
+> - Diphthongs ending in <span class="pho">ə</span> are represented with <span class="pho">r</span>: <span class="pho">ɪə</span> becomes <span class="pho">ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">eə</span> becomes <span class="pho">er</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə</span> becomes <span class="pho">ʊr</span>.
+> - 非重音音节中的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 可能会被标注为 <span class="pho">ə</span>。
+> - The <span class="pho">ɪ</span> in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as <span class="pho">ə</span>.
+> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 在美式发音中读作 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>，也如此标注，比如，*hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 比 <span class="pho">ʌ/ə</span> 略长一些，比 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 短。
+> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɑ</span> in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, *hot* is transcribed as <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span>. <span class="pho">ɑ</span> is slightly longer than <span class="pho">ʌ/ə</span> but shorter than <span class="pho">ɑr</span>.
+> - <span class="pho">t</span> 的弹舌音用 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 标注。
+> - The flapping <span class="pho">t</span> sound in American English is represented by <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
+
+### <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
+
+*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span>, *chum* <span class="pho alt">tʃʌm</span>, *cut* <span class="pho alt">kʌt</span>, *drum* <span class="pho alt">drʌm</span>, *duck* <span class="pho alt">dʌk</span>, *fun* <span class="pho alt">fʌn</span>, *gun* <span class="pho alt">ɡʌn</span>, *hut* <span class="pho alt">hʌt</span>, *jump* <span class="pho alt">dʒʌmp</span>, *luck* <span class="pho alt">lʌk</span>, *mud* <span class="pho alt">mʌd</span>, *nut* <span class="pho alt">nʌt</span>, *pup* <span class="pho alt">pʌp</span>, *run* <span class="pho alt">rʌn</span>, *shut* <span class="pho alt">ʃʌt</span>, *sun* <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span>, *thug* <span class="pho alt">θʌɡ</span>, *thus* <span class="pho alt">ðʌs</span>, *truck* <span class="pho alt">trʌk</span>, *tut* <span class="pho alt">tʌt</span>, *vulgar* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlɡɚ</span>, *won* <span class="pho alt">wʌn</span>, *yum*  <span class="pho alt">jʌm</span>
+
+
+### <span class="pho">e</span>
+
+*bet* <span class="pho alt">bet</span>, *check* <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span>, *desk* <span class="pho alt">desk</span>, *dress* <span class="pho alt">dres</span>, *fed* <span class="pho alt">fed</span>, *get* <span class="pho alt">ɡet</span>, *hen* <span class="pho alt">hen</span>, *jet* <span class="pho alt">dʒet</span>, *kept* <span class="pho alt">kept</span>, *let* <span class="pho alt">let</span>, *met* <span class="pho alt">met</span>, *net* <span class="pho alt">net</span>, *pet* <span class="pho alt">pet</span>, *red* <span class="pho alt">red</span>, *set* <span class="pho alt">set</span>, *shed* <span class="pho alt">ʃed</span>, *test* <span class="pho alt">test</span>, *theft* <span class="pho alt">θeft</span>, *trek* <span class="pho alt">trek</span>, *vet* <span class="pho alt">vet</span>, *wet* <span class="pho alt">wet</span>, *yet* <span class="pho alt">jet</span>, *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ə</span>
+
+*ago* <span class="pho alt">əˈɡoʊ</span>, *button* <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬ən</span>, *develop* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈveləp</span>, *dramatic* <span class="pho alt">drəˈmæt̬ɪk</span>, *expression* <span class="pho alt">ɪkˈspreʃən</span>, *onion* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌnjən</span>, *realize* <span class="pho alt">ˈriːəlaɪz</span>, *standard* <span class="pho alt">ˈstændɚd</span>, *system* <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪstəm</span>, *telegram* <span class="pho alt">ˈteləɡræm</span>
+
+注意：没有儿化的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
+
+### <span class="pho">ɚ</span>
+
+*danger* <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪndʒɚ</span>, *freezer* <span class="pho alt">ˈfriːzɚ</span>, *harder* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrdɚ</span>, *larger* <span class="pho alt">lɑːrdʒɚ</span>, *paper* <span class="pho alt">ˈpeɪpɚ</span>, *server* <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝːvɚ</span>, *teacher* <span class="pho alt">ˈtiːtʃɚ</span>, *water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span>, *worker* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːkɚ</span>
+
+注意：儿化的短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 只出现在非重读音节中。
+
+### <span class="pho">ɪ</span>
+
+*bit* <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span>, *chip* <span class="pho alt">tʃɪp</span>, *did* <span class="pho alt">dɪd</span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span>, *gig* <span class="pho alt">ɡɪɡ</span>, *gin* <span class="pho alt">dʒɪn</span>, *his* <span class="pho alt">hɪz</span>, *if* <span class="pho alt">ɪf</span>, *kick* <span class="pho alt">kɪk</span>, *lip* <span class="pho alt">lɪp</span>, *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span>, *nil* <span class="pho alt">nɪl</span>, *pick* <span class="pho alt">pɪk</span>, *rip* <span class="pho alt">rɪp</span>, *ship* <span class="pho alt">ʃɪp</span>, *sit* <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span>, *thick* <span class="pho alt">θɪk</span>, *this* <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span>, *tip* <span class="pho alt">tɪp</span>, *trick* <span class="pho alt">trɪk</span>, *vivid* <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪvɪd</span>, *wit* <span class="pho alt">wɪ</span>, *zip* <span class="pho alt">zɪp</span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
+
+*book* <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span>, *cook* <span class="pho alt">kʊk</span>, *foot* <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span>, *good* <span class="pho alt">ɡʊd</span>, *put* <span class="pho alt">pʊt</span>, *should* <span class="pho alt">ʃʊd</span>, *wood* <span class="pho alt">wʊd</span>
+
+### <span class="pho">æ</span>
+
+*add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span>, *bad* <span class="pho alt">bæd</span>, *cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span>, *chat* <span class="pho alt">tʃæt</span>, *dad* <span class="pho alt">dæd</span>, *dad* <span class="pho alt">dæd</span>, *drag* <span class="pho alt">dræɡ</span>, *jack* <span class="pho alt">dʒæk</span>, *fat* <span class="pho alt">fæt</span>, *gag* <span class="pho alt">ɡæɡ</span>, *has* <span class="pho alt">hæz</span>, *lab* <span class="pho alt">læb</span>, *mad* <span class="pho alt">mæd</span>, *nap* <span class="pho alt">næp</span>, *pad* <span class="pho alt">pæd</span>, *rat* <span class="pho alt">ræt</span>, *shall* <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span>, *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span>, *thank* <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span>, *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span>, *trash* <span class="pho alt">træʃ</span>, *vast* <span class="pho alt">væst</span>, *wag* <span class="pho alt">wæɡ</span>, *zag* <span class="pho alt">zæɡ</span>