08-18-1449, chapter 3.1.3

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md

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+# 3.1.2. <span class="pho">ʌ</span>/<span class="pho">ɑː</span>/<span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
+
+在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 有 *3* 个版本，短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>，和长元音的儿化版 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>。其中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的口型最小，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的口型最大。
+
+![vowels-mouth-shape-ʌ-ɑ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ʌ-ɑ.svg)
+
+## 3.1.2.1. 示例
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>D.J.</td>
+<td>例词（Example）</td>
+<td>IPA</td>
+<td>例词（Example）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><span class="pho">ʌ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>b<b>u</b>t <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/father_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/father_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>f<b>a</b>ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="pho">ɒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_sock_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog_uk_female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog_uk_male.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><span class="pho">ɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>d<b>o</b>g <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><span class="pho">ɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_card_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td>c<b>ar</b>d<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card_us_male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+## 3.1.2.2. 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
+
+在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 略有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，甚至有些美国词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个符号替代 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> —— 比如韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster）中 *but* 这个词的音标被写成 <span class="pho alt">bət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but_us_female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but_us_male.mp3"></span>。另外，英国人说 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的时候，口型相对美国人更大一些。
+
+## 3.1.1.3. 半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>
+
+在 CEPD 中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。
+
+另外，CEPD 里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。但是CEPD 会标注成 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3"></span>。所以，按照 CEPD 的标注，我们可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。
+
+## 3.1.1.4. 儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
+
+<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音。
+
+## 3.1.1.5. <span class="pho">ɑː</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">æ</span>
+
+除了CEPD 里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
+
+## 3.1.1.6. 拼写（Spellings）
+
+### <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
+
+* **u**
+  * sun <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sun-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sun-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * cup <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cup-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * but <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **o**
+  * son <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/son-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/son-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * comfort <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌm.fɚt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * money <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌn.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/money-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/money-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **ou**
+  * young <span class="pho alt">jʌŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/young-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/young-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * double <span class="pho alt">ˈdʌb.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/double-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/double-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * country <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌn.tri</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/country-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/country-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **oo**
+  * blood <span class="pho alt">blʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blood-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * flood <span class="pho alt">flʌd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flood-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ɑː</span> (also equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)
+
+* **a**
+  * father <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑː.ðɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/father-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * watch <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watch-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * wasp <span class="pho alt">wɑːsp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wasp-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wasp-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **al**
+  * almond <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːl.mənd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/almond-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/almond-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * balm <span class="pho alt">bɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/balm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/balm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * palm <span class="pho alt">pɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **au**
+  * because <span class="pho alt">bɪˈkɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/because-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/because-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * clause <span class="pho alt">klɑːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clause-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clause-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * paunch <span class="pho alt">pɑːntʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paunch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paunch-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **aw**
+  * drawn <span class="pho alt">drɑːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drawn-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drawn-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * awning <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.nɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/awning-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/awning-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * law <span class="pho alt">lɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/law-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/law-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **o**
+  * hot <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * log <span class="pho alt">lɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/log-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/log-us-female.mp3"></span>
+* **ough**
+  * bought <span class="pho alt">bɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * fought <span class="pho alt">fɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fought-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+### <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
+
+* **ar**
+  * car <span class="pho alt">kɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/car-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/car-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * far <span class="pho alt">fɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/far-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/far-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * start <span class="pho alt">stɑːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/start-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/start-us-female.mp3"></span>