diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index 5f753954..396e1a51 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -132,32 +132,36 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips", }, { - text: "2.1.2. ʌ/ɑ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-ʌ", + text: "2.1.2. 舌位", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue", }, { - text: "2.1.3. e/æ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-e", + text: "2.1.3. ʌ/ɑ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ", }, { - text: "2.1.4. ə/əː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-ə", + text: "2.1.4. e/æ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e", }, { - text: "2.1.5. ɪ/iː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-i", + text: "2.1.5. ə/əː", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə", }, { - text: "2.1.6. ʊ/uː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-u", + text: "2.1.6. ɪ/iː", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i", }, { - text: "2.1.7. ɔ/ɔː", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-ɔ", + text: "2.1.7. ʊ/uː", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u", }, { - text: "2.1.8. aɪ... əʊ", - link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-aɪ", + text: "2.1.8. ɔ/ɔː", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ", + }, + { + text: "2.1.9. aɪ... əʊ", + link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ", }, ] }, diff --git a/1000-hours/public/images/tongue-positions-of-vowels.svg b/1000-hours/public/images/tongue-positions-of-vowels.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3eecf993 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/public/images/tongue-positions-of-vowels.svg @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ + + + tongue-positions-of-vowels + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ɪ + + + i + + + e + + + Central + + + æ + + + ə + + + ɝ + + + ʌ + + + ɔ + + + u + + + ɚ + + + ɛ + + + Front + + + Jaw + close + + + Jaw + open + + + Tongue Position + + + Back + + + a + + + ɑ + + + ʊ + + + o + + + High + + + Mid + + + Low + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/self-training/03-trials-and-errors.md b/1000-hours/self-training/03-trials-and-errors.md index 557f362b..0a119647 100644 --- a/1000-hours/self-training/03-trials-and-errors.md +++ b/1000-hours/self-training/03-trials-and-errors.md @@ -84,5 +84,4 @@ start([起点])----->|已流逝的时间越来越多|now([当下])-->|剩下时 绝大多数人的问题只不过是，对自己要求太低，对世界要求太高。特别擅长糊弄自己，然后也习惯了糊弄世界…… 这个世界说实话倒也挺宽容，一般不会马上反击，可它总有忍不住的时候，万一它反手一个耳光扇过来，没有人能承受得住。 -生学硬练也有技巧：**变着花样不断搞**。**试错**，总是需要不断地换新方式去尝试，然而，**重复**，也需要不断地换着方式重复，从各个角度、从各个层面去重复，变着花样去重复。只要你肯不断变花样，原本看起来无比枯燥的生学硬练就会变得趣味丛生，其乐无穷。 - +生学硬练也有技巧：**变着花样不断搞****。试错**，总是需要不断地换新方式去尝试，然而，**重复**，也需要不断地换着方式重复，从各个角度、从各个层面去重复，变着花样去重复。只要你肯不断变花样，原本看起来无比枯燥的生学硬练就会变得趣味丛生，其乐无穷。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md index 56232952..dccd92fe 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md @@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ Here are the mouth shapes (or, lips positions) during enunciation of five basic Certainly, besides the mouth, other articulators influencing vowel pronunciation include where tongue lies and what's happening with soft palate. But thanks to universal linguistic attributes in humans, no one really struggles when it comes down to these basic vowels. -另外，英文的 `ə` 口型与 `ɪ` 接近；而 `æ` 的口型比 `e` 的大一点、比 `ɑ` 的小一点。 +另外，英文的 `ə` 口型与 `e` 接近；而 `æ` 的口型比 `e` 的大一点、比 `ɑ` 的小一点。 Moreover, regarding English phonetics: the mouth shape for `ə` is similar to that for `ɪ`, whereas for `æ`, a slightly larger opening is formed than when saying `e`, but smaller one compared with pronouncing `ɑ`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fffc6413 --- /dev/null +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# 2.1.2. 舌位（Tongue Positions） + +![tongue-positions-of-vowels](/images/tongue-positions-of-vowels.svg)[^1] + +[^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: a practical guide for students* 5th Edition, by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55 + +Unrounded: `/i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ə, ʌ/` + +Rounded: `/u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɒ, ɚ, ɝ/` + +Tense: / i, e, u, o, :>, a, 3/ Lax: / r, e, re, u, a, A, o-/ + +Page 55 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md similarity index 99% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-ʌ.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md index c1fd6ccd..82e78335 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-ʌ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.2. `ʌ/ɑː` +# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑː` 从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑ` 的唇形最大。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md similarity index 98% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-e.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md index 5d512224..013d2831 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-e.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.3. `e`/`æ` +# 2.1.4. `e`/`æ` 有些词典，针对美式发音，常常会用 `ɛ` 标注 `e` 这个音。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-ə.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md similarity index 99% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-ə.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md index acf0c44a..4b6fe3c4 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-ə.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.4. `ə`/`əː` +# 2.1.5. `ə`/`əː` 有些词典，常常会用 `ɜ` 标注 `ə` 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，`ər` 会被写成 `ɚ`，`əːr` 会被写成 `ɜː` 或者 `ɝ`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-i.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md similarity index 99% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-i.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md index 5aea9d13..47029598 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-i.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.5. `ɪ`/`iː` +# 2.1.6. `ɪ`/`iː` 这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-u.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md similarity index 97% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-u.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md index a8bbeff7..d44b9d3b 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-u.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.6. `ʊ/uː` +# 2.1.7. `ʊ/uː` 这一对元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。只有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 `uː` 相对于短元音 `ʊ` 嘴形缩得更小，嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-ɔ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md similarity index 99% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-ɔ.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md index 64a42e47..57954dea 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-ɔ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.7. `ɔ/ɔː` +# 2.1.8. `ɔ/ɔː` 这一对元音在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，要在嘴唇形成一个小的圆形之后才开始发音。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-aɪ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md similarity index 98% rename from 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-aɪ.md rename to 1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md index 333e8699..c2b4119d 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-aɪ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.8. `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə, ʊə, aʊ, əʊ` +# 2.1.9. `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə, ʊə, aʊ, əʊ` 亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样**长度**的**双元音**。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音**等长**的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的**两倍**。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md index 092487c3..ab94ca27 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr.md @@ -66,3 +66,7 @@ Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and ` `l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtəl/` In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`. + +英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。 + +Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md index 64b4c02f..0f55f65a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md @@ -6,17 +6,25 @@ > > `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/` +一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 nucleus），也是该音节的韵（rhyme）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。 + +In a syllable, there is *only* one vowel, known as the *nucleus*, which forms the *rhyme* of the syllable. This vowel is at the core of the syllable, and it can be surrounded by up to three consonants. + 英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）： > * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` > * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` +> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` +> * `vccc`： *axed* `/ækst/` > * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` > * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` -> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` -> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` > * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` -> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` -> * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/` -> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` > * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` +> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` +> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` +> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` > * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` +> * `cccv`： *spray* `/spreɪ/` +> * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/` +> * `cccvcc`: *splashed* `/splæʃt/` +> * `cccvccc`: *scrounged* `/skraʊnʤd/` diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md index 3ea2c4cc..ff437b6a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.2-stress.md @@ -58,3 +58,18 @@ Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌ 英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是：当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候，该音节会自然而然读得更长一些，比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 `/ˈsɪ/` —— 可能是因为 `s` 音拉得更长；再比如，*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 `bɪg` 这个词（**音节**）的**音调**（pitch, [3.5.1](3.5.1-pitch)）拉高，或者干脆是 `ɪ` 这个**短元音**拉长…… In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, `/ˈsɪ/` may be extended due to the drawn-out `s` sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable `bɪg` is raised or simply because the short vowel `ɪ` is stretched out. + +注意，同样一个单词，重音放在不同的音节，可能会改变其词性，比如以下常见词汇： + +Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can change its part of speech. Consider the following common words as examples: + +| Noun | Verb | +| ---- | ---- | +| 'conflict| con'flict | +| 'record| re'cord | +| 'digest| di'gest | +| 'convert| con'vert | +| 'permit| per'mit | +| 'subject| sub'ject | +| 'rebel| re'bel | +| 'conduct| con'duct | diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md index 944a9ed4..124b938d 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md @@ -24,17 +24,19 @@ Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it. Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the 't,' but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing '/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/' or '/ˈhɑˌdɔg/,' you hear '/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/' – the '·' represents a stop created by the 't' sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with 'network' – the 't' applies the same principle. -这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有 *4* 种： +这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种： -There are *4* main types of *stops*, in English: +There are several types of *stops* in English: > * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m` —— I just cannot *hel**p*** myself. 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。 -> * **Labial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop. +> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot *hel**p*** myself*, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop. > * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother. 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。 -> * **Dental stop:** `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop. +> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop. > * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。 > * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop. -> * 喉塞音：`k`、`g` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ` 标注。I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。另外一个喉塞音语 `k`、`g` 没有关系，*uh-oh*, `/ɑʔoʊ/`…… +> * 软腭塞音：`k`、`g` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个软腭塞音，`/θɪŋk ðæt/`。 +> * **Velar stop**: —— +> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— *uh-oh*, `/ɑʔoʊ/`…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` > * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g` - denoted as `ʔ` in IPA. *I don't think that is true*. The *k* at the end of the word *think* is a glottal stop, pronounced as `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example of a glottal stop which is not related to `k` or `g` is in the expression `uh-oh`, pronounced as `/ɑʔoʊ/`... 不管是哪一种，都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。