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00000000..2b7d02f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/ten-cups-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f7d560d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d2e82376 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index 766f7a6b..ccad89f8 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 1, + "execution_count": 17, "id": "cecefa85-b37d-457e-9e99-e582dabdfb9f", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -205,8 +205,6 @@ "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ - "pygame 2.5.2 (SDL 2.28.3, Python 3.12.1)\n", - "Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html\n", "Files created!\n" ] } @@ -218,13 +216,13 @@ "import edge_tts\n", "import pygame\n", "\n", - "TEXT = \"city\"\n", + "TEXT = \"I am,He is,She is,They are,Go away,Do all,Do it,Throw it\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", " # for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural', 'en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n", " for VOICE in ['en-US-EricNeural', 'en-US-MichelleNeural']:\n", - " w = w.strip()\n", + " w = w.strip().replace(' ', '-')\n", " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n", " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Male').replace('MichelleNeural', 'Female').replace('en-', '').lower()}.mp3\"\n", " communicate = edge_tts.Communicate(w, VOICE)\n", diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md index d3c4c9e7..b852d899 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md @@ -22,66 +22,64 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin ## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels） -| Vowels | Examples | -| ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | -| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/` | -| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | -| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | -| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | -| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/` | -| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | -| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | -| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/` | -| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | -| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | -| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | +| Vowels | Examples | +| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | +| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/` | +| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | +| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | +| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | +| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/` | +| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | +| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | +| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/` | +| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | +| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | +| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | | `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/` | -| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | -| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | -| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | -| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | -| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | -| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | -| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | -| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | -| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | -| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | -| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` | +| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | +| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | +| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | +| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | +| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | +| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | +| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | +| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | +| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | +| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | +| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` | ## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants） -| Consonants | Examples | -| ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | -| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | -| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | +| Consonants | Examples | +| ---------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | +| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | +| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | | `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/` | -| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | -| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | -| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | -| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | +| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | +| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | +| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | +| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | | `v` | **v**ery `/ˈveri/` | -| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | -| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | -| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | -| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | -| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | +| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | +| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | +| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | +| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | +| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | | `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/` | -| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | -| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | -| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | -| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` | -| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` | -| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` | -| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` | -| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` | -| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` | -| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` | - -**注**：这个列表中，`ts` 和 `dz` 并未包括其中 —— 比如，*treats* `/triːts/`, *friends* `/frendz/`。 - -**Note**: This list does not include `ts` and `dz` — for instance, as in *treats* `/tri:ts/` and *friends* `/frendz/`. +| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | +| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | +| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | +| `ts` | trea**ts** `/triːts/` | +| `dz` | frien**ds** `/frendz/` | +| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` | +| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` | +| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` | +| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` | +| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` | +| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` | +| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` | ## 1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes） @@ -92,9 +90,9 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin ## 1.2.4. 重音符号（Stress symbols） -| Symbols | Functions | Examples | -| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/` | -| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/` | +| Symbols | Functions | Examples | +| ------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/` | +| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/` | [^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md index 26593b6c..b0723f57 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md @@ -10,4 +10,8 @@ The position of your tongue is crucial when pronouncing vowels. The following sh The position of your tongue in your mouth determines the size of the resonance space for airflow, which, when paired with different mouth shapes, produces various vowel sounds. +虽然舍身位置很重要，但 “控制舍身位置” 对绝大多数人来说并不现实 —— 你试试就知道了。幸运的是，练习美式发音的时候，只有一种情况需要我们主动控制舍身位置并专门练习 —— `ə` 的儿化音（`ɚ` 和 `ɝː`），参见 [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)。 + +While the position of the vocal cords is crucial, trying to consciously control it isn't realistic for most people - just give it a go and you'll see. Fortunately, when practicing American pronunciation, there's only one situation where we need to actively control and practice the position of the vocal cords - the r-colored vowel sound in `ə` (represented as `ɚ` and `ɝː`). Please refer to section [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə) for more information. + [^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: a practical guide for students* 5th Edition, by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.3-cc.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.3-cc.md index 6a92adcd..478aff02 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.3-cc.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.3-cc.md @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ The combination of "consonant + consonant" often requires more attention. ## 2.4.3.1 省音（elision） -“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* 和 *network*，再比如，*hard-nosed*, *partner*…… +“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* `/ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ/` 和 *network* `/ˈnetwɝːk/`，再比如，*hard-nosed* `/hɑːrd-noʊzd/`, *partner* `/ˈpɑːrtnɚ/`…… -A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* and *network*, as well as *hard-nosed*, *partner*, and so on. +A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* `/ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ/` and *network* `/ˈnetwɝːk/`, as well as *hard-nosed* `/hɑːrd-noʊzd/`, *partner* `/ˈpɑːrtnɚ/`, and so on. 有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导，因为音的确是省了，但，动作却没省，不仅没有省，**动作还很完整**。 @@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ Within a meaning group, it's common for a word to end with a consonant and the f When the same consonant ends one syllable and begins the next, this pair of identical consonants is known as *geminates*. In fluid, natural speech, these two consonants are vocalized only once— yet, you might sense a slight *stop* due to the presence of the previous consonant, and its completion of articulating action. Mechanically, this is similar to *elision* ([2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)). This phenomenon also occurs even when two neighboring consonants are just similar, not identical. -比如，*at that time*, 不是 `/ət ðæt taɪm/`，而是 `/ə·ðæt̬aɪm/` —— 第一个 `t` 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 `·` 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 `t` 与第三个 `t` 是**叠音**，这两个 `t` 只发声一次。又比如，*a bad day*, 不是 `/ə bæd deɪ/`，而是 `/ə bæ·deɪ/`。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，而是 `/wɪ·ðɪs/`。 +比如，*that time*, 不是 `ðæt taɪm/`，而是 `/ðæ·t̬aɪm/` —— 第一个 `t` 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 `·` 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 `t` 与第三个 `t` 是**叠音**，这两个 `t` 只发声一次。又比如，*bad day*, 不是 `/bæd deɪ/`，而是 `/bæ·deɪ/`。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，而是 `/wɪ·ðɪs/`。 -For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as `/ət ðæt taɪm/`, but as `/ə·ðætaɪm/`. Here, the first `t` is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by `·`. Then, the second `t` and the third `t` form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *a bad day* is not pronounced as `/ə bæd deɪ/`, but as `/ə bæ deɪ/`; *with this*, is not `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，but `/wɪ·ðɪs/`. +For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as `/ðæt taɪm/`, but as `/ðæ·t̬aɪm/`. Here, the first `t` is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by `·`. Then, the second `t` and the third `t` form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *bad day* is not pronounced as `/bæd deɪ/`, but as `/bæ·deɪ/`; *with this*, is not `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，but `/wɪ·ðɪs/`. ## 2.4.3.3. 同化（assimilation） @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ Assimilation, in English pronunciation, primarily happens in two key scenarios: > * `t` + `j` = `tʃ` > * `d` + `j` = `dʒ` -最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/dəʊn tʃju?/`；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/` 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。 +最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/doʊn tʃju?/`；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/` 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。 -For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as `/dəʊn tʃju?/`; and *Would you?* as `/wʊ dʒju?/`. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing `t, d`. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by `/ju/`. +For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as `/doʊn tʃju?/`; and *Would you?* as `/wʊ dʒju?/`. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing `t, d`. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by `/ju/`. 同化主要发生在 `j` 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 `j` 前面遇到 `t` 和 `d` 时会产生同化之外， @@ -48,19 +48,19 @@ Assimilation mainly happens when a word ends in `j`. Besides the explained cases > * `s` + `j` = `ʃ` > * `z` + `j` = `ʒ` -比如，`s+j` 可能会被读成 `ʃ`，`z+j` 可能会被读成 `ʒ`。再比如，*Miss you so much.* `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`；*It was your job.* `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./` +比如，`s+j` 可能会被读成 `ʃ`，`z+j` 可能会被读成 `ʒ`。再比如，*Miss you so much.* `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`；*It was your job.* `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./` -For instance, the combination `s+j` might be pronounced as `ʃ`, and `z+j` might be pronounced as `ʒ`. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`; *It was your job* can be pronounced as `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./` +For instance, the combination `s+j` might be pronounced as `ʃ`, and `z+j` might be pronounced as `ʒ`. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`; *It was your job* can be pronounced as `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./` 请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。 However, it's important to note that these are possibilities, not certainties. Not all English native speakers pronounce words this way. -另外一个细节是，`k/g` 之前的 `n`，会被同化为 `ŋ`: +另外一个细节是，`k/g` 之前的 `n`，可能会被同化为 `ŋ`: -> * *ten cups*, `/ten kʌps/` → `/teŋ kʌps/` -> * *increase*, `/ˌɪnˈkris/` → `/ˌɪŋˈkris/` -> * *brown gate*, `/braʊn geɪt/` → `/braʊŋ geɪt/` +> * *ten cups*, `/ten kʌps/` → `/teŋ kʌps/` +> * *increase*, `/ˌɪnˈkris/` → `/ˌɪŋˈkris/` +> * *brown gate*, `/braʊn geɪt/` → `/braʊŋ geɪt/` ## 2.4.3.4. 击穿（dropping） @@ -68,20 +68,20 @@ However, it's important to note that these are possibilities, not certainties. N In a "consonant + consonant" combination, where the second is `h`, the `h` sound often gets *dropped*, simply due to its soft nature. This is because the *vocal cords* don't vibrate when pronouncing `h`, and it naturally gets overshadowed by the louder sounds before and after. -比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 `/wɒz hi həːt/` 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 `/wɒzi həːt/` —— 听不到 `h`，它被击穿了。 +比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 `/wɒz hi həːt/` 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 `/wɒzi həːt/` —— 听不到 `h`，它被击穿了。 -For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be `/wɒz hi həːt/`. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like `/wɒzi həːt/`; the `h` becomes unnoticeable. +For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be `/wɒz hi həːt/`. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like `/wɒzi həːt/`; the `h` becomes unnoticeable. -很多美国人在 `t` 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，`t` 跟在 `n` 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 `t`，也就是说，`t` 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`，没有 `t`。 +很多美国人在 `t` 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，`t` 跟在 `n` 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 `t`，也就是说，`t` 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`，没有 `t`。 -Many Americans have a unique habit with the `t` sound, especially when it follows `n`. Their way of speaking often causes the `t` to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`, without the `t`. +Many Americans have a unique habit with the `t` sound, especially when it follows `n`. Their way of speaking often causes the `t` to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`, without the `t`. -另外，`ð` 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* `/lɛt ðəm/`, 变成了 `/lɛt-əm/`，由由于 `ð` 被击穿了之后，`t` 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 `t̬`，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 `/lɛt̬əm/`…… 所以，在自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上没有任何区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。 +另外，`ð` 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* `/let ðəm/`, 变成了 `/let-əm/`，由由于 `ð` 被击穿了之后，`t` 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 `t̬`，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 `/let̬əm/`…… 所以，在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。 -In addition, the `ð` sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* `/lɛt ðəm/` might become `/lɛt-əm/`. When the `ð` is dropped, the `t` ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap `t̬`. So, what you say or hear becomes `/lɛt̬əm/`. Therefore, in natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*. +In addition, the `ð` sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* `/let ðəm/` might become `/let-əm/`. When the `ð` is dropped, the `t` ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap `t̬`. So, what you say or hear becomes `/let̬əm/`. Therefore, in fast natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound almost identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*. ## 2.4.3.5 其它（others） -值得一提的是，`m/n` + `f/v` 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* 和 *conversation* 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 `/sten frəm/`…… +值得一提的是，`m/n` + `f/v` 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* `/ˈkʌmfɚt/` 和 *conversation* `/ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən/` 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 `/sten frəm/`…… -It's worth mentioning the situation with `m/n` followed by `f/v`. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* and *conversation*. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as `/sten frəm/`. +It's worth mentioning the situation with `m/n` followed by `f/v`. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* `/ˈkʌmfɚt/` and *conversation* `/ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən/`. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as `/sten frəm/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.4-vv.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.4-vv.md index df2df1ec..f9bfba09 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.4-vv.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.4-vv.md @@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ In combinations of "vowel + vowel", an *intrusion* sound may occur. When the first vowel ends in `ɪ/i/iː`, an intrusive `j` sound emerges: -> - *I am* - `/ˈaɪ ˈæm/` ⭢ `/ˈaɪjæm/` -> - *He is* - `/ˈhiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈhiːjɪz/`. -> - *She is* - `/ˈʃiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈʃiːjɪz/`. -> - *They are* - `/ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr/` ⭢ `/ˈðeɪjɑːr/`. +> - *I am* - `/ˈaɪ ˈæm/` ⭢ `/ˈaɪjæm/` +> - *He is* - `/ˈhiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈhiːjɪz/` +> - *She is* - `/ˈʃiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈʃiːjɪz/` +> - *They are* - `/ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr/` ⭢ `/ˈðeɪjɑːr/` -前一个音节以 `ʊ` 结尾，比如 `ʊ/uː/aʊ/əʊ`，会出现加音 `w`： +前一个音节以 `ʊ` 结尾，比如 `ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ`，会出现加音 `w`： -Similarly, when the preceding syllable ends in `ʊ`, such as `ʊ/uː/aʊ/əʊ`, an intrusive `w` sound appears: +Similarly, when the preceding syllable ends in `ʊ`, such as `ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ`, an intrusive `w` sound appears: -> - *Go away* - `/ˈɡəʊ əˈweɪ/` ⭢ `/ˈɡəʊwəˈweɪ/` -> - *Do all* - `/ˈduː ˈɔːl/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɔːl/` -> - *Do it* - `/ˈduː ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɪt/` -> - *Throw it* - `/ˈθrəʊ ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈθrəʊwɪt/` +> - *Go away* - `/ˈɡoʊ əˈweɪ/` ⭢ `/ˈɡoʊwəˈweɪ/` +> - *Do all* - `/ˈduː ˈɔːl/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɔːl/` +> - *Do it* - `/ˈduː ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɪt/` +> - *Throw it* - `/ˈθroʊ ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈθroʊwɪt/` diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch.md index 373abdd2..548d9c87 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.1-pitch.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ If you can sing $\frac{4}{4}$ | 3 2 1 - | - indeed, anyone could sing these thre 那你就可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来，`/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)`，你就能体会到自然语音中的**音高**变化了。 -Then you can voice *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... in three different pitches, /fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-), and you will then feel the *pitch* changes in natural speech. +Then you can voice *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... in three different pitches, `/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)`, and you will then feel the *pitch* changes in natural speech. **音高**（*pitch*）的控制，主要靠**喉部**（*larynx*）；而**声调**（*tone*, [2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)），由于涉及到音高的变化（**从高到低**或者**从低到高**），所以，也由喉部控制。如果有个人在我们面前讲话，在我们听到她声调明显变化的时候，就可以看得到她的喉咙部位的明显动作……[^1] diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-fluency.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-fluency.md index 0523f774..2bc5769c 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-fluency.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1-fluency.md @@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ One of the most important and often overlooked *differences* is: > > English syllables, in most cases, are pronounced *much longer* than the individual characters in Asian languages... -首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` 是短元音之外，剩下的 *14* 个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。 +首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` 是短元音之外，剩下的十几个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。 -Firstly, English vowels have variations in length. Aside from the *6* basic short vowels `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`, the remaining *14* vowels are relatively longer. In contrast, vowels in Asian languages are all of equal length. +Firstly, English vowels have variations in length. Aside from the *6* basic short vowels `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`, the remaining more than dozen vowels are relatively longer. In contrast, vowels in Asian languages are all of equal length. -除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 `/biːg/`，而不是 `/bɪg/`，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 `/sɪ/` 也会稍微变长一点点…… +除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 `/biːg/`，而不是 `/bɪg/`，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 `/sɪ/` 也会稍微变长一点点（你可以把 `s` 拉长）…… -In English, a short vowel in a stressed syllable can *elongate* when emphasized. For example, try saying, *This is a **big** **city**!* You'll notice that to emphasize *big*, you naturally stretch it into a long-sounding `/biːg/`, instead of the short `/bɪg/`. If you stress *city*, the first `/sɪ/` will also lengthen slightly. +In English, a short vowel in a stressed syllable can *elongate* when emphasized. For example, try saying, *This is a **big** **city**!* You'll notice that to emphasize *big*, you naturally stretch it into a long-sounding `/biːg/`, instead of the short `/bɪg/`. If you stress *city*, the first `/sɪ/` will also lengthen slightly - you can stretch the `s` sound. 而英文的音节构成也相对更为复杂，元音前有可能是两个辅音。亚洲语言的**音节**（字）几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，*flexed*, `/flekst/`，虽然整体上只是一个音节（`ccvccc` 的结构），可即便这个音节中的元音 `e` 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。 @@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ All these nuances combined result in a particularly common phenomenon: > > **Asian people often speak English too quickly...** -常常把**长元音**和**双元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 `æ`），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席…… +常常把**长元音**和**双元音**，以及美式英语特有的**半长元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 `æ`），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席…… -Asian speakers often shorten long vowels and diphthongs, especially the `æ` sound. Many consonants aren't clearly pronounced, and subtle stops that should be there are often overlooked. Sometimes, vowels are added where they don't exist, yet, ironically, added sounds that should be present are often missing. +Asian speakers often shorten long vowels and diphthongs, as well as the unique half-long vowels in American English, especially the `æ` sound. Many consonants aren't clearly pronounced, and subtle stops that should be there are often overlooked. Sometimes, vowels are added where they don't exist, yet, ironically, added sounds that should be present are often missing. 整体结果就是，同样一句话，亚洲人总是能够做到更快、很快、甚至太快地讲完。可问题在于，从理解的角度来看，在英文母语使用者耳中，几乎所有的韵律和节奏全都是错的。用错误的韵律节奏，讲的速度越快，就越难以被理解。 @@ -80,15 +80,15 @@ Another subtle factor that often makes beginners speak English unnaturally fast However, this perception is nothing but an illusion born out of misunderstanding. The reason we perceive foreign speakers as speaking quickly is simply because we don't understand what they're saying. When we listen to our native language, our brain can process information on the sentence level. Suddenly, when faced with a foreign language, we're thrust back to the syllable level. With unfamiliar phonemes, prosody and rhythms, we, of course, need more mental effort... If we don't understand, we certainly can't remember. As a result, our brains struggle more, enhancing this illusion of rapid speech. -其实，全世界的人在说话的时候，不管使用任何语言都一样，都会不由自主地**划分意群**，下意识地**选择轻重**，并且都会有意无意地**适当停顿**，不仅是在句子之间，句子之内也有可以换气的停顿，甚至连单词之内音节之间也都有可能存在也许不需要换气的停顿。没有人说话不喘气。正常语速从来都不可能过快。 +其实，全世界的人在说话的时候，不管使用任何语言都一样，都会不由自主地**划分意群**，下意识地**选择轻重**，并且都会有意无意地**适当停顿**，不仅是在句子之间，句子之内也有。 -In reality, all speakers, regardless of the language they're using, instinctively chunk phrases, choose stress levels subconsciously, and take deliberate pauses. These pauses are not only between sentences but also within them, for breathing, and even potentially between syllables within words, without breathing pauses. Nobody talks without taking a breath. A normal speech rate is never excessively fast. +In reality, all speakers, regardless of the language they're using, instinctively chunk phrases, choose stress levels subconsciously, and take deliberate pauses. These pauses are not only between sentences but also within them. 可是，突然之间，只是因为听不懂、记不住，大脑就像一台同时运行了太多软件的电脑， CPU 过热，内存溢出，恨不得当场死机。于是，不知不觉之间产生了幻觉，就是觉得对方说话快，即便对方正在以再正常不过的语速讲话。 But then, all of a sudden, just because you can't understand or remember, your brain starts working like a computer running too many apps at once. The CPU overheats, memory overflows, and it feels like it's about to crash right there and then. Without realizing it, you start to imagine that the other person is speaking too quickly, even though they're speaking at a perfectly normal pace. -基于上面这个普遍误解的下一个误解，同样微妙，人们常常误以为**语速够快**就能构成**讲得足够流利**。其实，**流利**的构成与**语速快慢**几乎全无关系**。是否流利**更多是发音是否正确，措辞是否准确，句法和用法是否符合习惯，逻辑是否顺畅，等等等等 —— 以及，很多人可能并未意识到的另外一个很重要的东西，叫做**节奏**。 +基于上面这个普遍误解的下一个误解，同样微妙，人们常常误以为**语速够快**就能构成**讲得足够流利**。其实，**流利**的构成与**语速快慢**几乎全无关系。是否流利**更多是发音是否正确，措辞是否准确，句法和用法是否符合习惯，逻辑是否顺畅，等等等等 —— 以及，很多人可能并未意识到的另外一个很重要的东西，叫做**节奏**。 Building on the common misconception mentioned above, there's another subtle misperception often held: people tend to equate *speaking fast* with *being fluent*. In reality, *fluency* has almost nothing to do with *the speed of speech*. True fluency hinges on accurate pronunciation, precise choice of words, adherence to customary syntax and usage, smooth logical presentation, and so on. What's more, something many people may not fully realize is the crucial role *rhythm* plays in fluent speech.