diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/awful-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/awful-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce9f5af6
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/awful-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/awful-us.mp3
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index 00000000..4581e20c
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/didn't-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/didn't-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9dfa289
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/didn't-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/didn't-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3274be41
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fear-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fear-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0185537
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fear-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fear-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21f347c3
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/fear-us.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fill-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fill-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea7b46e2
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fill-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fill-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc998ad2
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/little-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d599d2f
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1606341
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/rhythm-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/rhythm-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fe047b4
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/rhythm-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/rhythm-us.mp3
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index 00000000..f042cc68
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/seal-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/seal-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59e91766
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/seal-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/seal-us.mp3
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index 00000000..3b3e9b36
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/shall-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/shall-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4888aae4
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/shall-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/shall-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e426a42
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/tale-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/tale-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a0b5f6a
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/tale-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/tale-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e56ac29
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wear-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wear-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05250df2
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wear-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wear-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..549142e8
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/well-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/well-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..458d5613
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/well-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/well-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec7f98c2
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wouldn't-uk.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wouldn't-uk.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..feeb2deb
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/wouldn't-us.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/wouldn't-us.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c428ca84
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
index 23950edc..a29aaea2 100644
--- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
+++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 1,
+ "execution_count": 3,
"id": "9aad6634-e833-4ec4-b285-84e051329712",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
- "pygame 2.5.2 (SDL 2.28.3, Python 3.11.5)\n",
- "Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html\n",
"Files created!\n"
]
}
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@
"import pygame\n",
"\n",
"TEXT = \"\"\"\n",
- "academically\n",
+ "didn't,wouldn't,rhythm\n",
"\"\"\"\n",
"\n",
"Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes.md
index 6692491d..31340218 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：
-> * 短元音 `ʌ` 变得与 `ə` 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 `ə` 替代。比如，but `/bʌt/` 直接被标注为 `/bət/`。
+> * 短元音 `ʌ` 变得与 `ə` 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 `ə` 替代。比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 直接被标注为 `/bət/`。
> * 长短元音不统一使用 `ː` 区分，而是`ə/ɑ`、`ə/ɜ`、`ɚ/ɝ`、 `e/æ`、`ɪ/i`、`ʊ/u`、`ɒ/ɔ`。
> * 短元音 `e` 有时用 `ɛ` 标注。
> * 短元音 `ə` ，由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɚ`；不带有 `ʳ` 音的时候，被标注为 `ɜ`。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md
index 8054b2a1..2fda8ef3 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md
@@ -9,5 +9,11 @@
如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ` —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。
::: tip
-关于 `ɤ`，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。词典里，它的音标标注一般是：`/ˌækəˈdemɪk(ə)li/`—— `k` 后面的 `ə` 带着括号的意思是说，它 “可有可无” —— 所以，你可以把它读成 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkli/` 或者 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəli/`。未经矫正的带有明显中国口音的人，可能会把 `ə` 误读成 `əu`，也就是 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəuli/`…… 不过，无论哪种情况，如果你把 `ə` 直接改成很轻的 `ɤ` —— `/ˌækəˈdemɪkɤli/` —— 听起来就是全无口音的状态。甚至，你还可以试试 `/ˌækɤˈdemɪkɤli/`，也就是说，把两个 `ə` 都变成 `ɤ`，再感觉一下。
-:::
\ No newline at end of file
+关于 `ɤ`，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。
+
+词典里，它的音标标注一般是：`/ˌækəˈdemɪk(ə)li/`—— `k` 后面的 `ə` 带着括号的意思是说，它 “可有可无” —— 所以，你可以把它读成 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkli/` 或者 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəli/`。未经矫正的带有明显中国口音的人，可能会把 `ə` 误读成 `əu`，也就是 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəuli/`…… 不过，
+
+无论哪种情况，如果你把 `ə` 直接改成很轻的 `ɤ` —— `/ˌækəˈdemɪkɤli/` —— 听起来就是全无口音的状态。甚至，你还可以试试 `/ˌækɤˈdemɪkɤli/`，也就是说，把两个 `ə` 都变成 `ɤ`，再感觉一下。
+:::
+
+`ɤ` 和 `ə` 的重点差别在于，`ɤ` 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置很靠前，且相当轻微；`ə` 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置靠后，相对声音略大且更为清楚。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/15-mn.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/15-mn.md
index 95b586ca..c14b6b5f 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/15-mn.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/15-mn.md
@@ -17,3 +17,8 @@
> * *wrong idea* ⭢ `/rɔn aɪˈdiə/`
> * *thinking of* ⭢ `/ˈθɪŋkɪn əv/`
+另外，`m`、`n` 常常会使之前的辅音，尤其是 `d`、`t` 变成**音节辅音**（*syllabic consonant*），比如，*didn't* `/ˈdɪd̩nt/`, *wouldn't* `/ˈwʊd̩nt/` —— 独自构成音节的那个辅音，例如这里的 `d`，下面多了个竖线作为标注，`d̩`。再比如，*rhythm* `/ˈrɪð̩m/`。
+
+有些词典会直接将 *didn't* 标注为 `/ˈdɪdənt/`，将 *wouldn't* 标注为 `/ˈwʊdənt/`，将 *rhythm* 标注成 `/ˈrɪðəm/`…… 但是，音节辅音内的元音音素，更准确地讲，更接近 `ɤ`（[2.2.1](13-pbmnfkgh)）而不是 `ə` —— 这个细微差异，竟然会使美国人轻易地听出外国口音[^1]。
+
+[^1]: *Manual of Amewrican English Pronuciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. Betty Wallace Robinett.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md
index 00de0553..0e8cfffc 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md
@@ -12,4 +12,6 @@
而 `t, d, s, z` 这四个辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**，同样影响基于它们的另外三个辅音，`ʃ, tʃ, dʒ`…… 比较有趣的是，中文的普通话里恰好有对应的**卷舌音**，`sh, ch, zh`。找对发这三个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置，从那里开始读英文的 `t, d, s, z` 就对了。只不过，有一点点的区别，中文的 `sh, zh` 舌尖顶着上颚，同样的方式读出来的是英文的 `ʃ, dʒ`。而英文的 `s, z` 离上颚还有一点距离，但，不像中文的 `s, z` 那样靠近牙齿。
+另外，美国人在说 `t` 这个辅音的时候，经常会把它读成**送气音**（*asperated*），即，发着 `h` 的音读出，比如 *time* `/tʰaɪm/`。
+
对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的 “舌尖位置”。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/22-r.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/22-r.md
index 82c05866..7ca55d99 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/22-r.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/22-r.md
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
+与 `l` 一样（[2.2.11](23-l)），处于元音之后的 `r` 由于有完整的舌尖动作，会使之前的元音附加一个音标标注里看不到的 `ə`，比如：
-
-####
\ No newline at end of file
+> * *fear* `/fɪr/` → `/fɪər/`
+> * *wear* `/wer/` → `/weər/`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/23-l.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/23-l.md
index 2ee075b1..391d9a7f 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/23-l.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/23-l.md
@@ -10,4 +10,16 @@
所以，要格外注意 `l` 在元音之后的情况，注意舌尖位置正确，动作完整，不能有嘴唇动作 —— 否则就会出现 `ʊ` 音。
-
\ No newline at end of file
+
+
+格外需要注意的是，由于处于音节末尾的 `l` 有这个完整的舌尖动作，于是，它之前的`ɪ`、`iː`、`eɪ`、`e`、`æ` 都会附加这一个未标注音标的 `ə` 音 —— 完整舌尖动作的自然结果。
+
+> * seal `/siːl/` → `/siːəl/`
+> * fill `/fɪl/` → `/fɪəl/`
+> * tale `/teɪl/` → `/teɪəl/`
+> * well `/wel/` → `/weəl/`
+> * shall `/ʃæl/` → `/ʃæəl/`
+
+注意，`r` 之前也常常有同样的现象（[2.2.10](22-r)）。
+
+另外，`l` 和 `m`、`n` 一样，有时也会使之前的辅音变成**音节辅音**（[2.2.3](15-mn)）。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪt̩l/`，*awful* `/ˈɔf̩l/`。
\ No newline at end of file