diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index 140c74a8..b78e8274 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -531,9 +531,9 @@ export default withMermaid( md.use(mark); md.use(ins); }, - // toc: { - // level: [2, 3, 4] - // } + toc: { + level: [1, 2, 3] + } }, }) ); diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..072e5cf6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f2bf74b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/add-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-female.mp3 deleted file mode 100644 index 548396bc..00000000 Binary files a/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-female.mp3 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-male.mp3 deleted file mode 100644 index 511b78fd..00000000 Binary files a/1000-hours/public/audios/cat-us-male.mp3 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b18116d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef70a6fb Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/caught-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5b7d4595 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..810bb147 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/deed-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..29a056ec Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..da16fcb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2733b12a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fbfe369d Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..751c7e71 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d649e333 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12129f88 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..851437ee Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..76d005a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f55f5fad Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/liked-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32bebed6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c1606341 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/little-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fb26a0c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..19c0cbb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/matter-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3109b251 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0cc0632a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/need-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0c055933 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5198aaa7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/pad-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-female.mp3 deleted file mode 100644 index af937df3..00000000 Binary files a/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-female.mp3 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-male.mp3 deleted file mode 100644 index 9806fdc8..00000000 Binary files a/1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-male.mp3 and /dev/null differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1306aa7a Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9bc9bc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/riddle-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c06fdf46 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1043671c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/student-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d6e4bfd Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49e5cac2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/sudden-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e5509b12 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8124f4e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/taught-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..520ca845 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02cee547 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thames-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..baa4eef9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bfe9b0e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thomas-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..701774f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..97b2d96c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/thyme-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4eef08f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cf4163f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/tilt-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b777bbc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5cc2c370 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/top-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7a15afca Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4dbf2a0e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..12d0ad82 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d8c3a7a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/watched-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55ee8e1c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..85424a0c Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/water-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..25f16eab Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c2fd1350 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-optional-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dfbdb2a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88a2250e Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/winter-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f3594f38 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-female.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..86805216 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/witness-us-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b21ad632 Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3 differ diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index c0767eb8..72d9f81f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 9, + "execution_count": 19, "id": "71d35cd9", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -38,9 +38,12 @@ "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-AriaNeural']\n", - "big\n", - "../audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3 created\n", - "../audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3 created\n" + "manhatten\n", + "../audios/manhatten-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/manhatten-us-female.mp3 created\n", + " newton\n", + "../audios/newton-us-male.mp3 created\n", + "../audios/newton-us-female.mp3 created\n" ] } ], @@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ " print(voices)\n", "\n", "words = \"\"\"\n", - "big\n", + "\n", "\"\"\"\n", "\n", "for word in words.strip().split(','):\n", @@ -93,8 +96,8 @@ " for i, voice in enumerate(voices):\n", " w = word.strip().lower()\n", " if len(w) > 0:\n", - " filename = f'../audios/{w}-stop-{regions[i]}-{genders[i]}.mp3'\n", - " await generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice=voice, verbose=True, overwrite=False, play=True)\n" + " filename = f'../audios/{w}-{regions[i]}-{genders[i]}.mp3'\n", + " await generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice=voice, verbose=True, overwrite=True, play=True)\n" ] }, { diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md index c04f583d..b31723d2 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ * **a** * apple ˈæp.əl - * cat kæt + * pad pæt * glass ɡlæs * **al** * calf kæf diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md index 3641a056..10e43f3e 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) > * p̚，嘴唇闭上，而后并没有继续张开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 ɤ。比如 *cup* kʌp -> * g̚，小舌抵住喉咙，而后并没有继续张开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 ɤ。比如 *big* bɪg +> * g̚，舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭，而后并不离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 ɤ。比如 *big* bɪg > * t̚，舌尖顶到位置 ③，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 ɤ。比如 *but* bʌt > * θ̚，舌尖顶到位置 ①，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 ɤ。比如 *math* mæθ diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md index ad5aec32..f58f9301 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2.2.11. tr/dr -tr/dr 和 tʃ/dʒ 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，tr, dr 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 w，*tree* /triː/ 听起来是 tʃwiː，*dry* draɪ 听起来是 dʒwaɪ。 +tr/dr 和 tʃ/dʒ 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时舌尖起始位置相同，但，tr, dr 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 w，*tree* /triː/ 听起来是 tʃwiː，*dry* draɪ 听起来是 dʒwaɪ。 The difference between the sounds tr, dr and tʃ, dʒ lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with tr, dr, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a w blended in. So, the word *tree* triː can sound like tʃwiː, and *dry* draɪ can sound like dʒwaɪ. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md index c601d93d..b40b0e5f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2.2.12. ts/dz -ts/dz 和 s/z 不一样的地方在于发声时起始的舌尖位置，s/z 起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，ts/dz 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 t/d 发声时起始的舌尖位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。 +ts/dz 和 s/z 不一样的地方在于发声时舌尖起始位置，s/z 舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，ts/dz 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 t/d 发声时舌尖起始位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。 The difference between ts/dz and s/z lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For s/z, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for ts/dz, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing t/d. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md index e1ed6e7e..eced3f45 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 2.2.14. l, r -l 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 t/d 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 +l 发声时舌尖起始位置与 t/d 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). ![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) -r 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)） +r 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)） For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md index 4838cc2c..e2e18a10 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md @@ -1,49 +1,92 @@ -# 3.2.2. t/d +# 3.2.2. t/d -虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 t/d 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 +t 是清辅音，d 是浊辅音。d 相对简单；然而，t 却可能是美式英语里最复杂的音素，所以也是最需要专门练习的辅音之一。 -While every language has the consonants t and d, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*. +## 3.2.2.1. 示例 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BritishAmerican
D.J.例词（Example）IPA例词（Example）
ttake teɪkttake teɪk
t̬city ˈsɪt̬.i
ddog dɒɡddog dɑːɡ
+ +## 3.2.2.2. 舌尖起始位置 + +虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 t/d 的发声关键在于**舌尖起始位置** —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，即，位置 ③，而不是贴在牙齿上。 + +![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg) ![articulator-tongue-tip-td](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg) -在中文普通话里，t/d 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（wǒ tī sǐ nǐ）…… +在中文普通话里，t/d 这两个声母发声时舌尖起始位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（wǒ tī sǐ nǐ）…… -In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the t and d sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！) in Mandarin. +所以，对中国人来说，这其实是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地使用母语习惯贴到牙齿上（位置 ①）而不是龈脊上（位置 ③） —— 于是，只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。一个很经典的练习词汇是 *student* ˈstuː.dənt。 -对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。 +## 3.2.2.3. 并非 tə/də -For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit. +另外，就好像 p/b 一样，t/d 在发音的时候也会自然带着一个很轻的 ɤ，而不是 ə。若是依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 t(ɤ) 读作 tə，将 d(ɤ) 读作 də。还是需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。 -另外，就好像 p/b 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 ʊ 一样，t/d 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 ə 而是 ɤ —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（sī）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。 +## 3.2.2.3. t 的变体 -Additionally, just as the p and b sound naturally carries a slight ʊ sound in its pronunciation, the t and d sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's ɤ - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is sī. +t 这个音素 —— 当然也是最常用的一个 —— 也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个。t 只有在处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* teɪk。 -在中文拼音里，i 在 t/d 之后相当于英文音标中的 i；在 z/c/s 之后的 i 才会读成 ɤ…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 t(ɤ) 读作 tə，将 d(ɤ) 读作 də。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。 +除了正常音 t 之外，它有很多变体（*allophone*），比如，弹舌音 t̬，阻塞音 t̚，省略音/可选音 ᵗ，以及很多人不经讲解就完全注意不到的喉塞音 ʔ。 -In the Chinese phonetic system, i following t/d is similar to i in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, i after z/c/s is pronounced as ɤ. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce t(ɤ) as tə, and d(ɤ) as də. This calls for establishing a new habit. +### 3.2.2.3.1. 弹舌音 t̬ -t 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，t 的变体（allophone）至少有以下几种： +夹在两个元音中间的 t 会变成接近 d 的弹舌音 t̬，比如，*water* ˈwɑːt̬ɚ。《剑桥英语发声词典》中的美式音标专门为此做了优化，增加了弹舌音 t̬ 的标注 —— 大多数词典并非如此。 -The t sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, several variations, or *allophones*, of t exist: +### 3.2.2.3.2. 阻塞音 t̚ -> * 正常音 t - 通常是 t 处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* teɪk。 -> * Standard t - This is the typical pronunciation, when t begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* teɪk. -> * 阻塞音 t - 处于音节末尾的 t，有时只是舌尖动作完整，却没有发出声音。即，舌尖顶到龈脊之后并没有送出气流。比如，*cat* kæt。IPA 里有一个专门的标记符号（◌̚）用来标注发声器官动作完整却没有发声因而产生停顿（*stop*）的辅音（包括 t/d/p/b/k/g）。比如，*cat* kæt 会被标注成 kæt̚。 -> * Stop t - This refers to when the t is at the end of a syllable, often the tongue completes the movement but no sound is actually made. In other words, the tongue touches the ridge of the alveolar ridge but doesn't release a flow of air. An example of this can be found in the word *cat* kæt. And in IPA, there's a specific notation symbol, represented as ◌̚, used to mark consonants like t/d/p/b/k/g that are fully articulated but not voiced, resulting in a *stop*. For instance, the word *cat*, pronounced as kæt, would be notated as kæt̚. -> * 弹舌音 t̬ - 夹在两个元音中间的 t 会变成接近 d 的弹舌音 t̬，比如，*water* ˈwɑːt̬ɚ。 -> * Flaping t̬: When t is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping t̬, sounding like d, as in water ˈwɑːt̬ɚ. -> * 喉塞音 ʔ - m/n/l 之前的 t 有可能变成喉塞音 ʔ，比如，*utmost* ˈʌʔˌmoʊst, *fitness* ˈfɪʔnəs, *witness* ˈwɪʔnəs, 或 *fruitless* ˈfruːtləs。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* —— ʌʔoʊ…… -> * Glottal Stop ʔ - The t before m/n/l might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* ˈʌʔˌmoʊst, *fitness* ˈfɪʔnəs, *witness* ˈwɪʔnəs, or *fruitless* ˈfruːtləs. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* —— ʌʔoʊ... -> * 省略音/可选音 ᵗ - 非重读音节末尾 n 之后的 t 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* ˈwɪnᵗɚ —— 当然，若是读成 ˈwɪntɚ也没错……[^1] 。 -> * Optional ᵗ - The t following n at the end of an unstressed syllable might be omitted, as in *winter* ˈwɪnᵗɚ - of course, ˈwɪntɚis also correct.[^2] +处于音节末尾的 t，有时只是舌尖动作完整，却没有发出声音。即，舌尖顶到龈脊之后并没有送出气流。比如，*but* bʌt̚。 -美式发音中，相对最特殊也需要最多注意和练习的辅音是 t，元音是 ɚ/ɝː（[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）。 +### 3.2.2.3.3. 省略音/可选音 ᵗ -In American English pronunciation, the consonant t and the vowel sound ɚ/ɝː ([2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)) deserve special attention and practice due to their unique characteristics. +非重读音节末尾 n 之后的 t 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* ˈwɪnᵗɚ —— 当然，若是读成 ˈwɪntɚ也没错……[^1] 。 -[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 d 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 ən，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ。甚至，ntʃ 也常常被读成 nᵗʃ，比如，*adventure* /ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/, 或者 *French* /frenᵗʃ/ —— 在 nᵗʃ 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。 +### 3.2.2.3.4. 喉塞音 ʔ -[^2]: In American English, the d in "*nd*" at the end of an unstressed syllable also often goes silent. For example, "*and*" is usually pronounced as ən. Another instance is "*a second offer*," which sounds like ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ. Even ntʃ is often pronounced as nᵗʃ. For example, adventure /ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/ or French /frenᵗʃ/. In this respect, nᵗʃ, American English and British English are the same. +喉塞音 ʔ 又是一个英语音标体系中都没有收录的国际音标符号。 + +喉塞音 ʔ 相当于是 g 这个音的阻塞音 g̚, 就好像用阻塞音说 big 时一样，舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭，而后并不离开，所以没有气流输出，感觉声音被卡住了一小下…… 再反复听听 *Uh-Oh!* ʌʔoʊ 就明白了。 + +m/n/l 之前的 t 有可能变成喉塞音 ʔ，比如，*utmost* ˈʌʔˌmoʊst, *fitness* ˈfɪʔnəs, *witness* ˈwɪʔnəs, 或 *fruitless* ˈfruːtləs —— 当然，所有词典都一样，都统一标注成 t 而不是 ʔ。 + +### 3.2.2.3.5. t 的浊化 + +t 处于 s 之后的时候会**浊化**，会被读成 d —— 虽然词典里的音标标注还是 t，比如 *student*，字典里的标注依然是 ˈstuː.dənt，但读出来的却是 ˈsduː.dənt +。 + +## 3.2.2.4. d 的清化 + +t 有可能**浊化**…… 与之相对地，d 也可能**清化**。*ed* 在清辅音 p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th 之后的时候，读作 t，其他的时候读作 d。比如，*hoped* hoʊpt ，*laughed* læft ，*liked* laɪkt ，*watched* wɑːtʃt 。 ## 拼写（Spellings） @@ -81,3 +124,5 @@ In American English pronunciation, the consonant t and * add æd * riddle ˈrɪd.əl * sudden ˈsʌd.ən + +[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 d 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 ən，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ。甚至，ntʃ 也常常被读成 nᵗʃ，比如，*adventure* /ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/, 或者 *French* /frenᵗʃ/ —— 在 nᵗʃ 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md index a647f4b7..6b56995b 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2.2.6. s/z -s/z 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。s/z 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 +s/z 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。s/z 发声时舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。 The s/z sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md index 751aee53..7211c283 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ For many people, producing the sounds θ/ð can be a ch English teachers often emphasize that to produce these sounds, you should lightly bite the tip of your tongue with your teeth before vocalizing it - meaning, the tip of your tongue should slightly stick out past your teeth. Utilizing this technique undoubtedly makes your pronunciation clearer, especially when articulating individual syllables or words. -但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 θ/ð 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 θ/ð, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。 +但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 θ/ð 发声时舌尖起始位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 θ/ð, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。 However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the θ/ð that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when θ/ð phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md index 410e73d4..c070ec06 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Apart from English, most languages do not have the ʒ c Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute ʒ with dʒ - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the zh in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between ʒ and dʒ is that, when pronouncing ʒ, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for dʒ, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as ʒ ③). -少数人知道 dʒ 替代 ʒ 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 ʒ 听起来更接近 r —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— r ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 ʒ ③ 要更靠后一点。 +少数人知道 dʒ 替代 ʒ 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 ʒ 听起来更接近 r —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— r ④ 发声时舌尖起始位置相对于 ʒ ③ 要更靠后一点。 A few understand that substituting dʒ for ʒ isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their ʒ sound often ends up sounding more like r - they retract their tongue tip too far - r ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to ʒ ③ .