From cd6ef3a3ddf89f5e092372258179138b84125674 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xiaolai Date: Sun, 24 Mar 2024 21:58:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] keep updated --- 1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts | 4 +- .../public/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 9216 bytes 1000-hours/public/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 9216 bytes .../public/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 9936 bytes .../public/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 9936 bytes .../public/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 8784 bytes 1000-hours/public/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 8640 bytes 1000-hours/public/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 10800 bytes .../public/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 10656 bytes .../public/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 10944 bytes .../audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 12096 bytes .../audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3 | Bin 0 -> 12672 bytes .../edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb | 4 +- .../1.1-alphabet.md | 52 ++++----- .../1.2-phonemes.md | 104 +++++++++--------- .../sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md | 2 +- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md | 2 +- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md | 24 ++-- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md | 8 +- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md | 26 ++--- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md | 16 +-- .../sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md | 8 +- .../2.3.1-structure.md | 26 ++--- .../note-syllables.md | 22 ++-- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/02-syllables.md | 22 ++-- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ.md | 4 +- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/08-i.md | 2 +- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md | 2 +- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md | 2 +- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/17-td.md | 2 +- 1000-hours/sounds-of-english/merged.md | 34 +++--- 31 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 186 deletions(-) create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3 create mode 100644 1000-hours/public/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3 diff --git a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts index f63364aa..0ad0597f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts +++ b/1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue", }, { - text: "2.1.3. ʌ/ɑ", + text: "2.1.3. ʌ/ɑː/ar", link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ", }, { @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export default withMermaid( link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e", }, { - text: "2.1.5. ə/əː", + text: "2.1.5. ə/ɚ/ɝː", link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə", }, { diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c760f1319f64c98d89cc351aafbfcb3586ff585b GIT binary patch literal 9216 zcmeI0S5y<-!iGaNV1!VG7!X1c5s)rLl-_$Y^bQh1q)9jQ8hQW$>Agz#6QqV-L=fpk zqzVWEB1kbm`PSiFaee+9_Qkw2@0zvd+0U9ivu3dS)|~(VfI#tl15lMxlhf1F`%kp$ zs&jz>kx)bTxp^kKW&j}@0pQL90zoj>H<)`LX;Vwg+HaU7VI|iHx%3Gzv&fBh`82Df zH)og`m_taR{?|26>5(@@jJp_6r!{N;D5Q}#y{YZnJnXp>_GeM<^VMzQrvO+Z``XV~ z>CKZYaM`J<$Ugw=IgjrJ4_p#E3*6%*PAzq!TJeS$>k1UB!};{$K}*G_IW7vRs!wat zE#*L_vEAwwCdNBd1G2e%@BJDSqZrJ<2`n|frMnWvTtCr9jMD9=ek5+|y+>Oc{mGfG zAb8|yOP4jBG7dU$A7i$C4h$d1bHq5XK?tG? ztLQSK$?)sqfa+Tp#D(B@=ITD9YR9K1qARpbe#2YG8pN!EbV<>por=@XNg~SZ*=jblg$T)I zN8;#3zfAK9@|H;liJ0^l8#6w 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a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb index d9fff950..a721f89a 100644 --- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb +++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 32, + "execution_count": 37, "id": "00939422-fbf9-4842-b82a-b6106624c075", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ "import edge_tts\n", "import pygame\n", "\n", - "TEXT = \"ask\"\n", + "TEXT = \"boot,book\"\n", "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n", "\n", "for w in Wordlist:\n", diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md index 90e677e5..d5cba5d1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md @@ -10,32 +10,32 @@ Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowe | Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet | | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/` | -| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/` | -| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/` | -| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/` | -| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/` | -| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/` | -| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/` | -| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/` | -| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/` | -| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/` | -| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/` | -| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/` | -| **M** *m* | `/em/` | *Mike* `/maɪk/` | -| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/` | -| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/` | -| **P** *p* | `/piː/` | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/` | -| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/` | -| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/` | -| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/` | -| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/` | -| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/` | -| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/` | -| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌb·ᵊl·juː/` | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs·kiː/` | -| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/` | -| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/` | -| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/` | +| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/` | +| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/` | +| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/` | +| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/` | +| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/` | +| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/` | +| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/` | +| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/` | +| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/` | +| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/` | +| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/` | +| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/` | +| **M** *m* | `/em/` | *Mike* `/maɪk/` | +| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/` | +| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/` | +| **P** *p* | `/piː/` | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/` | +| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/` | +| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/` | +| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/` | +| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/` | +| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/` | +| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/` | +| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌb·ᵊl·juː/` | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs·kiː/` | +| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/` | +| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/` | +| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/` | 在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md index 427d70fa..77f8f3b1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md @@ -24,30 +24,30 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here | Vowels | Examples | | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | -| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | -| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | -| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | -| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | -| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` | -| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | -| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | -| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | -| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` | -| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | -| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | -| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | -| `u` | sit**u**ation `/fʊt/` | -| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | -| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | -| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | -| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | -| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | -| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | -| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | -| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | -| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | -| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` | +| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` | +| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | +| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` | +| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` | +| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` | +| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` | +| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` | +| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` | +| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` | +| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` | +| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` | +| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` | +| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` | +| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/` | +| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` | +| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` | +| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` | +| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` | +| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` | +| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` | +| `er` | h**air** `/her/` | +| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` | +| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` | +| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` | **注**：这个列表中，没有英音 `ɒ` 的对应音 `ɑ`，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/`。在 CEPD 中，*hot* 直接被标注为 `/hɑːt/`，实际上，*hot* 中的 `ɑ` 并没有那么长，虽然它比其它短元音相对更长一些。 @@ -57,31 +57,31 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here | Consonants | Examples | | ---------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | -| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | -| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | -| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/` | -| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | -| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | -| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | -| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | -| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/` | -| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | -| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | -| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | -| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | -| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | -| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | -| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | -| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | -| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | -| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` | -| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` | -| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` | -| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` | -| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` | -| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` | -| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` | +| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` | +| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` | +| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` | +| `t̬` | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/` | +| `d` | **d**ay `/deɪ/` | +| `k` | **c**at `/kæt/` | +| `g` | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/` | +| `f` | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/` | +| `v` | **v**ery `/ˈver·i/` | +| `s` | **s**ay `/seɪ/` | +| `z` | **z**oo `/zuː/` | +| `θ` | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/` | +| `ð` | **th**is `/ðɪs/` | +| `ʃ` | **sh**e `/ʃiː/` | +| `ʒ` | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | +| `h` | **h**and `/hænd/` | +| `tʃ` | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/` | +| `dʒ` | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/` | +| `m` | **m**oon `/muːn/` | +| `n` | **n**ame `/neɪm/` | +| `ŋ` | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/` | +| `l` | **l**ook `/lʊk/` | +| `r` | **r**un `/rʌn/` | +| `w` | **w**e `/wiː/` | +| `j` | **y**es `/jes/` | **注**：这个列表中，`ts` 和 `dz` 并未包括其中 —— 比如，*treats* `/triːts/`, *friends* `/frendz/`。 @@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here | Symbols | Functions | Examples | | ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | -| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` | -| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | +| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` | +| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` | +| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` | [^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD. [^2]: For better html rendering, a *middle dot* is used, rather than the *lower dot* used by CEPD official documents. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md index c18d3e2b..34ee4ebf 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md @@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ In reality, heavy regional accents can even stump native English speakers. Check 很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实大可不必，只要想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是美式英语。 -Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard. \ No newline at end of file +Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md index cca60b59..e9be2b04 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`. > 在美式英语中，`eə, ɪə, ʊə` 这 3 个双元音被标注成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`，分别读作 `eər, ɪər, ʊər`。 -> +> > In American English, the diphthongs `eə, ɪə, ʊə` are noted as `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`. 元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短，一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**（[2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)）混乱。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md index 0b28c397..30a3932f 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑ/ar` +# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑː/ar` -从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑ` 的唇形最大。 +从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，`ɑr` 的唇形最大。 -In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound `ɑ` requires the lips to be the most open. +In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound `ɑr` requires the lips to be the most open. ![mouth shape of ʌ/ɑ](/images/vowels-mouth-ʌ-ɑ.svg) -美国人的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。 +美音的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于英音的 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。 The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`. -美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `i` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… +美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`…… -They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ɪdʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `i` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... +They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/`, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝː·ədʒ/`. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`... -长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 替代 `ɑː`。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`, *mark* `/mɑrk/`。 +在美式英语中，长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* `/kɑrd/`, *mark* `/mɑrk/`。 -The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`. +The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`, including CEPD. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑrd/`, and *mark* as `/mɑrk/`. 在英音中，长元音 `ɑː` 对应的短元音是 `ʌ`。但，在美音中，长元音 `ɑr` 对应的更短版本是 `ɑː` —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 `ɒ`，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 `/hɒt/`，美音是 `/hɑːt/`。 @@ -26,8 +26,10 @@ In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel `ɑː` is `ʌ`. Howe In American English, the British `ɑː` sound is pronounced as `æ`. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as `/ɑːsk/`, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/æsk/`. -总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方，`ʌ` 相当于有三个版本，短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`），半长元音 `ɑ`（*hot* `/hɑt/`[^1]） 和长元音 `ɑr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`）。 +总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方： -To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English: the sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the half-long vowel `ɑ` as in *hot* `/hɑt/`, and the long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`. +> `ʌ` 相当于有三个版本 —— 短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`），半长元音 `ɑː`（*hot* `/hɑːt/`）和儿化的长元音 `ɑr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`）。 -[^1]: In the CEPD, *hot* is actually annotated as `/hɑːt/` — the long vowel symbol (`ː`) here is a bit perplexing. \ No newline at end of file +To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English: + +> The sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the half-long vowel `ɑː` as in *hot* `/hɑːt/`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md index 013d2831..b91c3af1 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Some dictionaries often use `ɛ` to annotate the American English sound of `e`. -`æ` 相当于是 `e` 的更长版本。虽然 `æ` 后面没有长元音符号 `ː`，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，其实应该算作**长元音**。 +`æ` 相当于是 `e` 的更长版本。虽然 `æ` 后面没有长元音符号 `ː`，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。 -`æ` can be deemed as a more extended version of `e`. Even though there's no long vowel symbol `ː` following `æ`, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and should be considered a **long vowel**. +`æ` can be deemed as a more extended version of `e`. Even though there's no long vowel symbol `ː` following `æ`, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and is a **half long vowel**. ![mouth shape e-æ](/images/vowels-mouth-e-æ.svg) @@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ There are two key points to pronouncing `æ`: > 1. Stretch the sound a little longer > 2. Open your mouth wider -其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæpəl/`，*banana* `/bəˈnænə/`，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。 +其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæp·əl/`，*banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。 -The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæpəl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnænə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer. +The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæp·əl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnæn·ə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md index be1ffa67..307985a5 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# 2.1.5. `ə`/`əː` +# 2.1.5. `ə`/`ɚ`/`ɝː` -有些词典，常常会用 `ɜ` 标注 `ə` 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，`ər` 会被写成 `ɚ`，`əːr` 会被写成 `ɜː` 或者 `ɝ`。 +`ə` 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 `ə`（schwa），儿化短元音 `ɚ` 和儿化长元音 `ɝː`。 -Some dictionaries often use `ɜ` to annotate the sound `ə`. Additionally, in American pronunciation, `ər` is written as `ɚ`, and `əːr` is written as either `ɜː` or `ɝ`. +In American English, there are three versions of the sound `ə`, including the schwa `ə`, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel `ɚ`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɝː`. -美国人在读这两个音的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，但，也不是每一次都会加上 `r`。初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到这两个音就加上 `r`，比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfəʊkəʳs/`。 +初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`。 -When Americans pronounce these sounds, they *often* rhotacize, *but not always*. Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfəʊkərs/`. +Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊ·kɚs/`. -`ər`（`ɚ`）这个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。 +`ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。 -The `ər` (or `ɚ`) sound, referred to as rhotacized sound, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with. +The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with. -由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舌尖保持原位，舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。 +由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。 ![articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ.svg) -Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves keeping the tongue tip in place, lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound. +Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound. -值得注意的是，美式英语的 `ɚ` 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。 +值得注意的是，美式英语的 `ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。 -It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge when making the rhotacized `ɚ` sound. +It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound. -注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl` —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。 +注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·ə·wəl` —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。 -Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `jʊ` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `ʊ` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation. +Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - `u` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `u` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md index 47029598..964a98b4 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# 2.1.6. `ɪ`/`iː` - -这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 - -This pair of vowels goes beyond just a difference of length. +# 2.1.6. `ɪ`/`i`/`iː` `ɪ` 并不是长元音 `iː` 的更短版本，它更像是 `e` 和 `i` 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 `eɪ`，从唇形上来看`ɪ` 更接近 `e` 。 @@ -10,12 +6,6 @@ The `ɪ` sound doesn't merely represent a shorter version of the long vowel `iː ![vowels-mouth-shape-ɪ-i](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-ɪ-i.svg) -另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/`. +另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间 —— 也就是说，`i` 是个半长元音。比如，*responsibility* `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`. -In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When `ɪ` appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel `iː` — `i`, with a length somewhere in between `ɪ` and `iː`. For instance, in the word *responsibility `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/`. - -> [!Note] -> -> Daniel Jones 去世之后，Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作，于 1977 年发布了 D.J. 音标第 14 版。引入 `ɪ ʊ ɒ ɜː` 等符号取代之前使用的 `i u ɔ əː`。1997 年，Peter Roach 再次接手，*English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*) 更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*)，并发布 D.J. 音标第 15 版。除了引入能够标注美式发音的 `ɝ, ɚ, t̬` 之外， 还特意修改了词汇末尾的 `ɪ`，将其统一改成了 `i`。也就是说，*happy* 不再被标注为 `/ˈhæpɪ/`，而是 `/ˈhæpi/` 。与此同时，大多数词典所配的真人发音示范，都相应第做了修订。 -> -> After Daniel Jones passed away, Alfred C. Gimson stepped into his shoes and published the 14^th^ edition of the D.J. phonetic symbols in 1977. He introduced symbols like `ɪ ʊ ɒ ɜː`, replacing the previously used `i u ɔ əː`. In 1997, Peter Roach took up the mantle. The *English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*) was renamed to the *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*) and the 15^th^ edition of D.J. phonetic symbols was released. Not only were symbols `ɝ, ɚ, t̬` introduced to transcribe American pronunciations, but the `ɪ` at the end of words was universally changed to `i`. This means that *happy* is no longer transcribed as `/ˈhæpɪ/`, but as `/ˈhæpi/`. Along with this, most dictionaries also revised their live pronunciation demonstrations to match. +In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When `ɪ` appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel `iː` — `i`, with a length somewhere in between `ɪ` and `iː`, which means `i` is a *half long vowel*. For instance, in the word *responsibility `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`. diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md index d44b9d3b..e22e4c35 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.7-u.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ -# 2.1.7. `ʊ/uː` +# 2.1.7. `ʊ/u/uː` -这一对元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。只有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 `uː` 相对于短元音 `ʊ` 嘴形缩得更小，嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。 +`u` 这个元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 `uː` 发声相对于短元音 `ʊ` 嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。请试着比较一下 *boot* `/buːt/`和 *book* `/bʊk/`. -This pair of vowels is used in virtually every language on Earth, and it's used in almost exactly the same way, making it easy for everyone to pronounce. There's just one detail worth noting: in English, the long vowel `uː` requires a smaller mouth shape than the short vowel `ʊ`, and lips should protrude slightly more. +This pair of vowels is used in virtually every language on Earth, and it's used in almost exactly the same way, making it easy for everyone to pronounce. There's one detail worth noting: in English, the long vowel `uː` requires a smaller mouth shape than the short vowel `ʊ`, and lips should protrude slightly more. Try to compare *boot* `/buːt/`and *book* `/bʊk/`. + +另外，在 CEPD 中，这个音在非重音音节时被标注为 `u`，之前见到过的例子是 *situation* `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md index 0f55f65a..3878abc7 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.3.1-structure.md @@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ In a syllable, there is *only* one vowel, known as the *nucleus*, which forms th 英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）： -> * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` -> * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` -> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` -> * `vccc`： *axed* `/ækst/` -> * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` -> * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` -> * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` -> * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` -> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` -> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` -> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` -> * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` -> * `cccv`： *spray* `/spreɪ/` +> * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` +> * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` +> * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` +> * `vccc`： *axed* `/ækst/` +> * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` +> * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` +> * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` +> * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` +> * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` +> * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` +> * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` +> * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` +> * `cccv`： *spray* `/spreɪ/` > * `cccvc`: *spring* `/sprɪŋ/` > * `cccvcc`: *splashed* `/splæʃt/` > * `cccvccc`: *scrounged* `/skraʊnʤd/` diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/note-syllables.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/note-syllables.md index 8f5ef1ad..062f0cea 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/note-syllables.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/note-syllables.md @@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where `c` stands for consonant and `v` means vowel): -* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` -* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` -* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` -* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` -* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` -* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` -* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` -* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` -* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` -* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` -* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` +* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` +* `vc`： *add* `/æd/` +* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` +* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` +* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` +* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` +* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` +* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` +* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` +* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` +* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` 如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/02-syllables.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/02-syllables.md index 3e798536..5a39f5f4 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/02-syllables.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/02-syllables.md @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ 英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）： - * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` - * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` - * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` - * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` - * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` - * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` - * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` - * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` - * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` - * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` - * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` + * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` + * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` + * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` + * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` + * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` + * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` + * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` + * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` + * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` + * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` + * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` 如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ.md index 7533e5dd..f2831443 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ.md @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ 美国人在发 `ʌ` 这个音的时候，干脆完全是 `ə`。也就是说，对美国人来说，短元音只剩下了 *5* 个，而不是英国人习惯的 *6* 个。 -比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 `ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ` ，美国人读作 `ənˈkərɪdʒ` —— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 `ɪ` 读作 `ə`。 +比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 `ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ`，美国人读作 `ənˈkərɪdʒ` —— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 `ɪ` 读作 `ə`。 -美国人在这个长元音 `ɑː` 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，常常用 `ɑr` 或者 `ɑʳ` 标注。比如 *card* `/kɑːd, kɑrd/` 。 +美国人在这个长元音 `ɑː` 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，常常用 `ɑr` 或者 `ɑʳ` 标注。比如 *card* `/kɑːd, kɑrd/`。 另外，在大多数美国人的发音习惯中，`ɑː` 对应的短版本 `ɑ`，相当于是英式发音中的 `ɒ`，比如 *hot* `/hɒt, hɑt/`。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/08-i.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/08-i.md index 7add018c..2fd1d572 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/08-i.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/08-i.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ 这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 `ɪ` 常常被认为实际上并不完全是长元音 `iː` 的更短版本，它更像是 `e` 和 `i` 之间的一个音，发声时 “口腔内气流共鸣位置” 相对于 `iː` 略微靠后。听起来很像是更短版本的 `eɪ`…… -另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/` 。 +另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/`。 ::: info diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md index 2fda8ef3..8d099e38 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ 于是，老的习惯一不小心就会冲进新学的语言，总是不由自主地在这些音后面加上一个 `ə`…… 比如，很多人总是把 *please* 读得听起来像是 *police* 的第一个音节…… -如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ` —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。 +如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ` —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。 ::: tip 关于 `ɤ`，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md index fd50d365..db5a200d 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz.md @@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ 另外，美国人在说 `t` 这个辅音的时候，经常会把它读成**送气音**（*asperated*），即，发着 `h` 的音读出，比如 *time* `/tʰaɪm/`。 -对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。 \ No newline at end of file +对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/17-td.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/17-td.md index 0195c512..d6cfd155 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/17-td.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/17-td.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ `t` 和 `d` 之后直接跟着辅音的时候，它的舌尖动作完整，但，不送气流，所以我们听不到它。有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导 —— 听不到不意味着说没有，它是一个 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**。`t, d` 的那个位置会有个**细微的停顿** —— 有时，即便舌尖动作并不完整，但那个停顿依然在 —— 通常会被非母语使用者直接忽视。这种停顿，语音学里叫做**声门停顿** *(glottal stop, a momentary tight closure of the vocal cords, )*。 -*hotdog*, 不是`/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 `/ˈpɑrnər/` 而是 `/ˈpɑr·nər/` ；*hard-nosed*, 不是 `/ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd/`，而是 `/ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd/` 。 +*hotdog*, 不是`/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`—— 这里的 `·` 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 `/ˈpɑrnər/` 而是 `/ˈpɑr·nər/`；*hard-nosed*, 不是 `/ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd/`，而是 `/ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd/`。 ## 2.2.5.2. 叠音 diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/merged.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/merged.md index 308ae433..b8bb12dd 100644 --- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/merged.md +++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-english/merged.md @@ -171,17 +171,17 @@ Voice: Nova (US Female) 英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）： - * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` - * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` - * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` - * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` - * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` - * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` - * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` - * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` - * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` - * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` - * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` + * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` + * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` + * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` + * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` + * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` + * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` + * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` + * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` + * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` + * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` + * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` 如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。 @@ -253,9 +253,9 @@ Voice: Nova (US Female) 美国人在发 `ʌ` 这个音的时候，干脆完全是 `ə`。也就是说，对美国人来说，短元音只剩下了 *5* 个，而不是英国人习惯的 *6* 个。 -比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 `ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ` ，美国人读作 `ənˈkərɪdʒ` —— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 `ɪ` 读作 `ə`。 +比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 `ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ`，美国人读作 `ənˈkərɪdʒ` —— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 `ɪ` 读作 `ə`。 -美国人在这个长元音 `ɑː` 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，常常用 `ɑr` 或者 `ɑʳ` 标注。比如 *card* `/kɑːd, kɑrd/` 。 +美国人在这个长元音 `ɑː` 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，常常用 `ɑr` 或者 `ɑʳ` 标注。比如 *card* `/kɑːd, kɑrd/`。 另外，在大多数美国人的发音习惯中，`ɑː` 对应的短版本 `ɑ`，相当于是英式发音中的 `ɒ`，比如 *hot* `/hɒt, hɑt/`。 @@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ Voice: Nova (US Female) 这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 `ɪ` 常常被认为实际上并不完全是长元音 `iː` 的更短版本，它更像是 `e` 和 `i` 之间的一个音，发声时 “口腔内气流共鸣位置” 相对于 `iː` 略微靠后。听起来很像是更短版本的 `eɪ`…… -另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/` 。 +另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/`。 ::: info @@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ D.J. 音标最初的时候短元音用 `ɔ`，长元音用 `ɔː`；但后来短 于是，老的习惯一不小心就会冲进新学的语言，总是不由自主地在这些音后面加上一个 `ə`…… 比如，很多人总是把 *please* 读得听起来像是 *police* 的第一个音节…… -如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ` —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。 +如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ` —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。 ::: tip 关于 `ɤ`，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。 @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ D.J. 音标最初的时候短元音用 `ɔ`，长元音用 `ɔː`；但后来短 另外，美国人在说 `t` 这个辅音的时候，经常会把它读成**送气音**（*asperated*），即，发着 `h` 的音读出，比如 *time* `/tʰaɪm/`。 -对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。 +对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。 # 2.2.5. `t, d` `t` 和 `d` 在英文语音中出现频率实在太高，乃至于我们不得不格外注意有关它的细节。 @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ D.J. 音标最初的时候短元音用 `ɔ`，长元音用 `ɔː`；但后来短 `t` 和 `d` 之后直接跟着辅音的时候，它的舌尖动作完整，但，不送气流，所以我们听不到它。有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导 —— 听不到不意味着说没有，它是一个 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**。`t, d` 的那个位置会有个**细微的停顿** —— 有时，即便舌尖动作并不完整，但那个停顿依然在 —— 通常会被非母语使用者直接忽视。这种停顿，语音学里叫做**声门停顿** *(glottal stop, a momentary tight closure of the vocal cords, )*。 -*hotdog*, 不是`/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/` —— 这里的 `·` 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 `/ˈpɑrnər/` 而是 `/ˈpɑr·nər/` ；*hard-nosed*, 不是 `/ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd/`，而是 `/ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd/` 。 +*hotdog*, 不是`/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`—— 这里的 `·` 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 `/ˈpɑrnər/` 而是 `/ˈpɑr·nər/`；*hard-nosed*, 不是 `/ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd/`，而是 `/ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd/`。 ## 2.2.5.2. 叠音