diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26732913
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8295def5
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-female.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..551f3ba4
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/frustrate-us-male.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a1dcb4c
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/school-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/school-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da465a19
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a174aa73
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1b2e3f3
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a7de0ec
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/speak-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/speak-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f792dc52
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/speak-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/speak-us-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..487a4d87
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/student-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/student-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd5ba108
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/student-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/student-us-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de7f539d
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..074b80d0
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae2d5340
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4db57f97
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49c346cc
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4195be08
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6b90c43
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-female.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-female.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e436dce
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diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94804796
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3 b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b21ad632
Binary files /dev/null and b/1000-hours/public/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3 differ
diff --git a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
index dc2f8b97..348bc141 100644
--- a/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
+++ b/1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 46,
+ "execution_count": 53,
"id": "00939422-fbf9-4842-b82a-b6106624c075",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
@@ -174,11 +174,13 @@
}
],
"source": [
+ "#American\n",
+ "\n",
"import asyncio\n",
"import edge_tts\n",
"import pygame\n",
"\n",
- "TEXT = \"ah-oh\"\n",
+ "TEXT = \"sink, think, zed, that\"\n",
"Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
"\n",
"for w in Wordlist:\n",
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 41,
+ "execution_count": 51,
"id": "474c3f39-11ed-4d0a-b039-63df8b270044",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
@@ -219,11 +221,13 @@
}
],
"source": [
+ "# British\n",
+ "\n",
"import asyncio\n",
"import edge_tts\n",
"import pygame\n",
"\n",
- "TEXT = \"take,water,fitness,witness,winter\"\n",
+ "TEXT = \"speak, student, school, frustrate\"\n",
"Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
"\n",
"for w in Wordlist:\n",
@@ -238,6 +242,78 @@
"print(\"Files created!\") "
]
},
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "id": "42ecfe3f-f3ac-4fb7-92d0-795d51972051",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Files created!\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Korean\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import asyncio\n",
+ "import edge_tts\n",
+ "import pygame\n",
+ "\n",
+ "TEXT = \"photo, video\"\n",
+ "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for w in Wordlist:\n",
+ " # for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural', 'en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n",
+ " for VOICE in ['ko-KR-InJoonNeural']:\n",
+ " w = w.strip()\n",
+ " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n",
+ " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('InJoonNeural', 'kr').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Female').replace('ko-KR', 'ko').lower()}.mp3\"\n",
+ " communicate = edge_tts.Communicate(w, VOICE)\n",
+ " await communicate.save(OUTPUT_FILE) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"Files created!\") "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "id": "95b12e63-f92d-49b4-bd51-a2b9d059fd52",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Files created!\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#Chinese\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import asyncio\n",
+ "import edge_tts\n",
+ "import pygame\n",
+ "\n",
+ "TEXT = \"very\"\n",
+ "Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for w in Wordlist:\n",
+ " # for VOICE in ['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-JennyNeural', 'en-GB-RyanNeural', 'en-GB-SoniaNeural']:\n",
+ " for VOICE in ['zh-CN-liaoning-XiaobeiNeural']:\n",
+ " w = w.strip()\n",
+ " # OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('EricNeural', 'Guy-Male').replace('JennyNeural', 'Jenny-Female').replace('RyanNeural', 'Ryan-Male').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Sonia-Female').lower()}.mp3\"\n",
+ " OUTPUT_FILE = f\"{w}-{VOICE.replace('liaoning-XiaobeiNeural', 'zh').replace('SoniaNeural', 'Female').replace('zh-CN', 'cn').lower()}.mp3\"\n",
+ " communicate = edge_tts.Communicate(w, VOICE)\n",
+ " await communicate.save(OUTPUT_FILE) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print(\"Files created!\") "
+ ]
+ },
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md
index dd4eef7f..4debbe02 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.1-alphabet.md
@@ -8,34 +8,34 @@ Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowe
[NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) has a system that uses common words to identify each letter, which is particularly helpful for military and civil aviation, emergency serivces, radio or phone communication, and many others to avoid confusion when spelling out words.
-| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
-| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/` |
-| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/` |
-| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/` |
-| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/` |
-| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/` |
-| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/` |
-| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/` |
-| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/` |
-| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/` |
-| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/` |
-| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/` |
-| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/` |
-| **M** *m* | `/em/` | *Mike* `/maɪk/` |
-| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/` |
-| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/` |
-| **P** *p* | `/piː/` | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/` |
-| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/` |
-| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/` |
-| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/` |
-| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/` |
-| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/` |
-| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/` |
+| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/` | *Alpha* `/ˈæl·fə/` |
+| **B** *b* | `/biː/` | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑː·voʊ/` |
+| **C** *c* | `/siː/` | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːr·liː/` |
+| **D** *d* | `/diː/` | *Delta* `/ˈdel·tə/` |
+| **E** *e* | `/iː/` | *Echo* `/ˈek·oʊ/` |
+| **F** *f* | `/ef/` | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːks·trɒt/` |
+| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/` | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/` |
+| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/` | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/` |
+| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/` | *India* `/ˈɪn·di·ə/` |
+| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/` | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/` |
+| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/` | *Kilo* `/ˈkiː·loʊ/` |
+| **L** *l* | `/el/` | *Lima* `/ˈliː·mə/` |
+| **M** *m* | `/em/` | *Mike* `/maɪk/` |
+| **N** *n* | `/en/` | *November* `/noʊˈvem·bər/` |
+| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/` | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːs·kɑːr/` |
+| **P** *p* | `/piː/` | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/` |
+| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/` | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/` |
+| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/` | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊ·miːˌoʊ/` |
+| **S** *s* | `/es/` | *Sierra* `/siˈer·ə/` |
+| **T** *t* | `/tiː/` | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋ·ɡoʊ/` |
+| **U** *u* | `/juː/` | *Uniform* `/ˈjuː·nɪ·fɔːrm/` |
+| **V** *v* | `/viː/` | *Victor* `/ˈvɪk·tər/` |
| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌb·ᵊl·juː/` | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪs·kiː/` |
-| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/` |
-| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/` |
-| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/` |
+| **X** *x* | `/eks/` | *X-ray* `/ˈeks·reɪ/` |
+| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/` | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋ·kiː/` |
+| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/` | *Zulu* `/ˈzuː·luː/` |
在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
index b9bd6b28..e3982e27 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
-英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。
+英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。
-In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation.
+In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.
-遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。
+我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD)](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。
-Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here, we use the notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
+Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
> [!Note]
>
@@ -22,37 +22,37 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here
## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
-| Vowels | Examples |
-| ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` |
-| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` |
-| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` |
-| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` |
-| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` |
-| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` |
-| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` |
-| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` |
-| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` |
-| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` |
-| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` |
-| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` |
+| Vowels | Examples |
+| ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `ʌ` | c**u**p `/kʌp/` |
+| `ɑː` | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` |
+| `e` | h**ea**d `/hed/` |
+| `æ` | h**a**t `/hæt/` |
+| `ə` | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/` |
+| `ɚ` | moth**er** `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/` |
+| `ɝː` | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/` |
+| `ɪ` | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/` |
+| `i` | happ**y** `/ˈhæp·i/` |
+| `iː` | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/` |
+| `ɔː` | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/` |
+| `ʊ` | f**oo**t `/fʊt/` |
| `u` | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/` |
-| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` |
-| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` |
-| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` |
-| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` |
-| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` |
-| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` |
-| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` |
-| `er` | h**air** `/her/` |
-| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` |
-| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` |
-| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` |
+| `uː` | bl**ue** `/bluː/` |
+| `eɪ` | d**ay** `/deɪ/` |
+| `aɪ` | **eye** `/aɪ/` |
+| `ɔɪ` | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/` |
+| `oʊ` | n**o**se `/noʊz/` |
+| `aʊ` | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/` |
+| `ɪr` | ear `/ɪr/` |
+| `er` | h**air** `/her/` |
+| `ʊr` | p**ure** `/pjʊr/` |
+| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/` |
+| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/` |
## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
-| Consonants | Examples |
-| ---------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Consonants | Examples |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `p` | **p**en `/pen/` |
| `b` | **b**ook `/bʊk/` |
| `t` | **t**own `/taʊn/` |
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here
## 1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols）
-| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
-| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
+| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒ·ən/` |
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/` |
| **·** | syllable division[^2] | **fa**ther `/ˈfɑː·ðɚ/` |
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md
index 34ee4ebf..3d167f63 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.3-accents.md
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ The team behind the show *[Little Big Shots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littl
In reality, heavy regional accents can even stump native English speakers. Check out this [YouTube link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jHfY0dDZxA) for a humorous example. It's a scene from a British Parliament session in October 2019, where a New Zealand-born member couldn't for the life of him understand what his Scottish colleague was saying!
-很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实大可不必，只要想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是美式英语。
+很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实大可不必，只要想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是**美式英语**。
Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md
index e9be2b04..9078e824 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1-vowels.md
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
# 2.1. 元音（Vowels）
-英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的十几个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`。
+英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的十几个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr`。
-In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`.
+In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr`.
-> 在美式英语中，`eə, ɪə, ʊə` 这 3 个双元音被标注成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`，分别读作 `eər, ɪər, ʊər`。
+> 在英式英语中，`er, ɪr, ʊr` 这 3 个双元音分别读作 `eə, ɪə, ʊə`。
>
-> In American English, the diphthongs `eə, ɪə, ʊə` are noted as `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`.
+> In British English, the diphthongs `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`, are annotated as `eə, ɪə, ʊə`.
元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短，一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**（[2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)）混乱。
The crux of vowels lies in their *duration*. If you mess up the length of vowels, not only could it lead to errors or difficulties in understanding, but more importantly, it could disrupt the *rhythm* ([2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)).
-由于双元音由两个基础元音构成，所以**双元音**的长度与**长元音**相当。于是，英文**音节**的发声总体上倾向于比其它语言更长，因为 20 多个元音中只有 6 个是短的，与之相对的，有两倍以上的数量是长的。这是一个相当显著的差异 —— 尤其在与亚洲语言相比的时候尤为明显，因为在大多数亚洲语言中元音（可能被称为韵母、母音）总是等长的，没有长短之分。
+由于双元音由两个基础元音构成，所以**双元音**的长度与**长元音**相当。于是，英文**音节**的发声总体上倾向于比其它语言更长，因为 20 多个元音中只有 6 个是短的，与之相对的，剩余 2 倍以上的数量是长的。这是一个相当显著的差异 —— 尤其在与亚洲语言相比的时候尤为明显，因为在大多数亚洲语言中元音（可能被称为韵母、母音）总是等长的，没有长短之分。
Since diphthongs are composed of two basic vowels, their length is equivalent to that of long vowels. As a result, English syllables tend to be pronounced longer overall than in other languages, given that only 6 out of more than 20 vowels are short, while the remaining, more than double in quantity, are long. This is a rather noticeable difference, especially when compared to Asian languages, where vowels always have equal length, with no distinction between *long* and *short*.
+
+另外，美式英语与英式英语有一个显著的不同。英式英语的元音只有长短之分，美式英语里，有些元音是半长元音，比如，`æ` 或者 `i`。
+
+On the other hand, there's a notable difference between American and British English when it comes to vowel duration. In British English, vowels are either long or short. On the other hand, in American English, some vowels fall into a category of semi-long vowels, such as `æ` or `i`.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md
index dccd92fe..ce28a9a2 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.1-lips.md
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
# 2.1.1. 口型（Mouth shape）
-人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样，不仅都以元音为核心，并且，都有大致相同的基础元音音素，比如 `ɑ`、`i`、`ʊ`、`e`、`ɔ`…… 日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 `ə`；而韩文比英文还要多出一个 `ɤ`（韩文字符为 `ᅳ`） —— 这个音中文也有，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（`sī`）的韵母就是这个音。
+人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样，不仅都以元音为核心，并且，都有大致相同的基础元音音素，比如 `ɑ`、`i`、`ʊ`、`e`、`ɔ`…… 日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 `ə`；而韩文比英文还要多出一个 `ɤ`（韩文字符为 `ᅳ`） —— 这个音中文也有，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（`sī`）的韵母就是这个音。
-Human speech, at its core, is universal - the clearest example being that all languages share certain fundamental tenets. Every language places vowels at their heart and maintains a similar basic vowel phonemes such as `ɑ`, `i`, `ʊ`, `e`, `ɔ`, amongst others. Take Japanese for instance; it uses precisely these five vowels only. English includes one more: `ə`. Korean even outpaces English by adding another one —`ɤ` (represented in Hangul as `ᅳ`). Interestingly enough you can find this sound in Mandarin Chinese too — like in `sī` of "思念" `sīniàn`, meaning to miss or remember.
+Human speech, at its core, is universal - the clearest example being that all languages share certain fundamental tenets. Every language places vowels at their heart and maintains a similar basic vowel phonemes such as `ɑ`, `i`, `ʊ`, `e`, `ɔ`, amongst others. Take Japanese for instance; it uses precisely these five vowels only. English includes one more: `ə`. Korean even outpaces English by adding another one —`ɤ` (represented in Hangul as `ᅳ`). Interestingly enough you can find this sound in Mandarin Chinese too — like in `sī` of "思念" `sīniàn`, meaning to miss or remember.
-元音发声时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使其均匀震动，而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔，无阻力地呼出。
+元音发声时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击**声带**，使其均匀震动，而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔，无阻力地呼出。
-For vowel pronunciation, the airflow from your lungs strikes against your vocal cords through the glottis. This produces a consistent vibration that is amplified as it travels unimpeded through your mouth - the resonator cavity - before being expelled freely.
+For vowel pronunciation, the airflow from your lungs strikes against your *vocal cords* through the glottis. This produces a consistent vibration that is amplified as it travels unimpeded through your mouth - the resonator cavity - before being expelled freely.
生成不同元音的主要器官是嘴唇，这也是婴幼儿在学说话时所能观察到的唯一发声器官。张嘴的另外一个器官是下巴，下巴拉开，口型变大。
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ Here are the mouth shapes (or, lips positions) during enunciation of five basic
-当然，除了嘴唇的形状之外，影响元音发声的器官还有舌面的位置、软腭的动作。不过，由于人类语言的相通属性，人们在这些基础元音的发声上都没有任何困难。
+当然，除了嘴唇的形状之外，影响元音发声的器官还有舌面的位置、软腭的动作 —— 影响口腔内气流共振的空间 —— 不过，由于人类语言的相通属性，人们在这些基础元音的发声上都没有任何困难。
-Certainly, besides the mouth, other articulators influencing vowel pronunciation include where tongue lies and what's happening with soft palate. But thanks to universal linguistic attributes in humans, no one really struggles when it comes down to these basic vowels.
+Certainly, besides the mouth, other articulators influencing vowel pronunciation include where tongue lies and what's happening with soft palate, forming a specific space that affects the resonance of airflow in the mouth. But thanks to universal linguistic attributes in humans, no one really struggles when it comes down to these basic vowels.
另外，英文的 `ə` 口型与 `e` 接近；而 `æ` 的口型比 `e` 的大一点、比 `ɑ` 的小一点。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md
index 3d99feea..26593b6c 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.2-tongue.md
@@ -6,4 +6,8 @@ The position of your tongue is crucial when pronouncing vowels. The following sh
[^1]
+舍身的位置决定口腔内气流共振空间的大小，进而可以配合不同的唇形发出不同的元音。
+
+The position of your tongue in your mouth determines the size of the resonance space for airflow, which, when paired with different mouth shapes, produces various vowel sounds.
+
[^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: a practical guide for students* 5th Edition, by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md
index 30a3932f..3f34c400 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.3-ʌ.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most c
-美音的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于英音的 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。
+美音的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于英音的 `ə`，比如，*but* `/bʌt/`听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。
The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`.
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ In American English, the British `ɑː` sound is pronounced as `æ`. The most co
To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English:
-> The sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the half-long vowel `ɑː` as in *hot* `/hɑːt/`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`.
+> The sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`, the semi-long vowel `ɑː` as in *hot* `/hɑːt/`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɑr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md
index b91c3af1..540f863d 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.4-e.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some dictionaries often use `ɛ` to annotate the American English sound of `e`.
`æ` 相当于是 `e` 的更长版本。虽然 `æ` 后面没有长元音符号 `ː`，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。
-`æ` can be deemed as a more extended version of `e`. Even though there's no long vowel symbol `ː` following `æ`, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and is a **half long vowel**.
+`æ` can be deemed as a more extended version of `e`. Even though there's no long vowel symbol `ː` following `æ`, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and is a *semi-long vowel*.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md
index 307985a5..725d6dd5 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md
@@ -18,9 +18,13 @@ The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Mo
Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
+另外，辅音 `ʃ/ʒ`、`tʃ/dʒ` 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
+
+Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants `ʃ/ʒ` ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and `tʃ/dʒ` ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
+
值得注意的是，美式英语的 `ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
-It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound.
+It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound.
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·ə·wəl` —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md
index 964a98b4..855ffff5 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.6-i.md
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ The `ɪ` sound doesn't merely represent a shorter version of the long vowel `iː
另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间 —— 也就是说，`i` 是个半长元音。比如，*responsibility* `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`.
-In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When `ɪ` appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel `iː` — `i`, with a length somewhere in between `ɪ` and `iː`, which means `i` is a *half long vowel*. For instance, in the word *responsibility `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`.
+In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When `ɪ` appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel `iː` — `i`, with a length somewhere in between `ɪ` and `iː`, which means `i` is a *semi-long vowel*. For instance, in the word *responsibility `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md
index 38cab6aa..e5389bbb 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.8-ɔ.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When pronouncing this pair of vowels, the lip movement is very noticeable. It's
在 CEPD 里，美音 `ɑː` 实际上对应的是英音里的短元音 `ɒ`。在美音里，`ɑː` 可以被理解为是个半长元音。
-In the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD), the American English vowel sound `ɑː` actually corresponds with the short vowel sound `ɒ` in British English. In American English, `ɑː` can be understood as a half ong vowel.
+In the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD), the American English vowel sound `ɑː` actually corresponds with the short vowel sound `ɒ` in British English. In American English, `ɑː` can be thought of as a *semi-long* vowel.
与英音的 `ɒ` 相比，美音的 `ɑː` 会嘴巴张得更大一点，读得更长一点，听起来更像 `ɑ`，但口型略圆。比如，*dog*, 英音是 `/dɒg/`, 美音却是 `/dɑːg/`；而 *God*, 英音是 `/gɒd/`，美音同样相对更长一点，`/gɑːd/`。
@@ -17,4 +17,3 @@ Compared to the British `ɒ`, the American `ɑː` is pronounced with a slightly
另外，在重读音节里，`ɔː` 可能会被美国人儿化，读成 `ɔːr` ，更像是双元音 `ɔər`。比如，*more* `/mɔːr/`。
Additionally, in *stressed* syllables, `ɔː` might be rhotacized by Americans to sound like `ɔːr`, resembling the diphthong `ɔər`, for example, *more* `/mɔːr/`.
-
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md
index cce22137..b6b259dc 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.9-aɪ.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
Essentially, Asian languages don't have *diphthongs* that are as *long* as those in English. Though Korean, Japanese, and Chinese vowels include a few compound sounds made of two basic vowel phonemes, they differ from English diphthongs. In these languages, the compound sounds are the *same length* as other vowels, not almost *double the length* like English diphthongs.
-比如，当中国人说 “太累了” 的时候，“太”（`tài`）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 `aɪ`；“累”（`lèi`）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 `eɪ`…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是相对更长。
+比如，当中国人说 “太累了” 的时候，“太”（`tài`）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 `aɪ`；“累”（`lèi`）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 `eɪ`…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是相对更长。
-For instance, when Chinese say *too tired* or "太累了," the syllable `tài` has a vowel sound that closely resembles the English diphthong `aɪ`, and the vowel in `lèi` mimics the English diphthong `eɪ`. Despite these similarities, they're not identical - English diphthongs tend to be *longer* in duration.
+For instance, when Chinese say *too tired* or "太累了", the syllable `tài` has a vowel sound that closely resembles the English diphthong `aɪ`, and the vowel in `lèi` mimics the English diphthong `eɪ`. Despite these similarities, they're not identical - English diphthongs tend to be *longer* in duration.
英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音**滑**向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；**节奏**在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个音素更长一些，后一个音素相对较短。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.1-categorization.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.1-categorization.md
index 30fb46f2..1d3fae55 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.1-categorization.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.1-categorization.md
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ Consonants can be classified into two categories based on whether or not the voc
| voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k`, `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h`, `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
| voiced | `b`, `d`, `g`, `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r`, `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`, `m`, `n`, `ŋ`, `l` |
-`w` 和 `y` 这两个辅音被称为半元音 —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
+`w` 和 `y` 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
-The consonants `w` and `y` are referred to as semi-vowels - they can't be categorized based on whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
+The consonants `w` and `y` are referred to as *semi-vowels* - they can't be categorized based on whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
-辅音的另外一个划分，是根据**气流**震动的方式和位置。
+辅音的另外一个划分，是根据**气流**振动的方式和位置。
Another way to categorize consonants is based on the method and location of airflow vibration.
@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ Another way to categorize consonants is based on the method and location of airf
| Lateral | Voiced | `l`, `r` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
-作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流震动方式和位置**。
+作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。
As a beginner, **there's no need for you to try and memorize these categories, and terms** — unless you find some extra time and energy in the future. These linguistic concepts won't pose any learning obstacles. What you need to understand are the *criteria* used for classifications: *whether the vocal cords vibrate or not*, as well as *the method and location of airflow vibration*.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md
index fd9522cb..bbf4eb2e 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
# 2.2.3 `t/d`
-虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上。
+虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
-While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, not the *teeth*.
+While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge* position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
-在中文普通话里，`t/d` 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`）……
+在中文普通话里，`t/d` 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`）……
-In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the `t` and `d` sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！) in Mandarin.
+In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the `t` and `d` sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！) in Mandarin.
对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
-另外，就好像 `p/b` 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 `ʊ` 一样，`t/d` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ` —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（`sī`）的韵母。
+另外，就好像 `p/b` 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 `ʊ` 一样，`t/d` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ` —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（`sī`）的韵母。
-Additionally, just as the `p` and `b` sound naturally carries a slight `ʊ` sound in its pronunciation, the `t` and `d` sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's `ɤ` - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is `sī.`
+Additionally, just as the `p` and `b` sound naturally carries a slight `ʊ` sound in its pronunciation, the `t` and `d` sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's `ɤ` - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is `sī.`
在中文拼音里，`i` 在 `t/d` 之后相当于英文音标中的 `i`；在 `z/c/s` 之后的 `i` 才会读成 `ɤ`…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 `t(ɤ)` 读作 `tə`，将 `d(ɤ)` 读作 `də`。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg.md
index 29a85a18..0767a879 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg.md
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ Firstly, to pronounce these two sounds, the back part of the tongue must be rais
-就好像 `t/d` 在发音的时候一样，`k/g` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ`。
+就好像 `t/d` 在发音的时候一样，`k/g` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ`，但只有气流通过，没有声带振动。
-Moreover, much like the `t/d` sounds, `k/g` also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not `ə` but `ɤ`.
+Moreover, much like the `t/d` sounds, `k/g` also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not `ə` but `ɤ`, where the air is flowing through without any vocal cord vibration.
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv.md
index 138edf2c..d4f3d858 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv.md
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Unlike `k/g`, the articulation of `f/v` is actually visible: the *lower lip* ret
-韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 `p` 替代 `f`，用 `b` 替代 `v`；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/`，把 *video* 说成 `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`……
+韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 `p` 替代 `f`，用 `b` 替代 `v`；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/`，把 *video* 说成 `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`……
-The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace `f` with `p` and `v` with `b`. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *photo* as `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/` and *video* as `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`...
+The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace `f` with `p` and `v` with `b`. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *video* as `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/` and *video* as `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`...
-中国南方有些方言里也没有 `f`，所以，他们可能会用 `hw` 替代 `f`，比如，把 *fight* 读成 `/hwaɪt/`；中文的普通话里没有 `v`，所以，中国人经常把用 `w` 替换 `v`，比如，把 *very* 读成 `/ˈwɛri/`……
+中国南方有些方言里也没有 `f`，所以，他们可能会用 `hw` 替代 `f`，比如，把 *fight* 读成 `/hwaɪt/`；中文的普通话里没有 `v`，所以，中国人经常把用 `w` 替换 `v`，比如，把 *very* 读成 `/ˈwɛri/`……
-Some dialects in southern China also lack the `f` sound, so speakers might substitute `f` with `hw`. For instance, they might pronounce `fight` as `/hwaɪt/`. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a `v` sound, so Chinese speakers often replace `v` with `w`, like pronouncing `very` as `/ˈwɛri/`...
+Some dialects in southern China also lack the `f` sound, so speakers might substitute `f` with `hw`. For instance, they might pronounce `fight` as `/hwaɪt/`. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a `v` sound, so Chinese speakers often replace `v` with `w`, like pronouncing `very` as `/ˈwɛri/`...
另外需要注意的是，与 `p/b`、`t/d`、`k/g` 不一样，`f/v` 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz.md
index 8060066d..bc9c2ee2 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
# 2.2.6. `s/z`
-`s/z` 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。`s/z` 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处。
+`s/z` 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。`s/z` 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
-The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums.
+The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing t
It's important to note that following an `s`, `p/t/tr/k` are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like `b/d/dr/g` respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged.
-> * *speak* `/spiːk/` → `/sbiːk/`
-> * *student* `/ˈstudənt/` → `/ˈsdudənt/`
-> * *school* `/skuːl/` → `/sguːl/`
-> * *frustrate* `/ˈfrʌˌstreɪt/` → `/ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt/`
+> * *speak* `/spiːk/` → `/sbiːk/`
+> * *student* `/ˈstudənt/` → `/ˈsdudənt/`
+> * *school* `/skuːl/` → `/sguːl/`
+> * *frustrate* `/ˈfrʌˌstreɪt/` → `/ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt/`
另外，英文的辅音并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的，虽然亚洲语言基本都没有这种差别。然而，英文的 `f/v`、`s/z`、`ʃ` 是可以拉长的，尤其是 `s/z`。
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð.md
index 9d5d884d..ddcfc483 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð.md
@@ -2,13 +2,24 @@
对很多人来说，`θ/ð` 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。
-虽然英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显……
+For many people, producing the sounds `θ/ð` can be a challenge. This is primarily because these sounds aren't present in many languages. For instance, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are all languages that don't have these sounds.
-不过，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 `θ/ð` 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 `θ/ð`, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
+虽然，英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显……
+
+English teachers often emphasize that to produce these sounds, you should lightly bite the tip of your tongue with your teeth before vocalizing it - meaning, the tip of your tongue should slightly stick out past your teeth. Utilizing this technique undoubtedly makes your pronunciation clearer, especially when articulating individual syllables or words.
+
+但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 `θ/ð` 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 `θ/ð`, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
+
+However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the `θ/ð` that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when `θ/ð` phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize.
最初练习的时候，可以借助 `s/z` 作为辅助:
-> * 先发 `s` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `s` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `θ`；然后分别说两个词 *sink* 和 *think*……
-> * 先发 `z` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `z` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `ð`；然后分别说两个词 *zed* 和 *that*……
+> * 先发 `s` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `s` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `θ`；然后分别说两个词 *sink* `/sɪŋk/` 和 *think* `/θɪŋk/`……
+> * 先发 `z` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `z` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `ð`；然后分别说两个词 *zed* `/zed/` 和 *that* `/ðæt/`……
+
+When you first start practicing, you can use the sounds of `s/z` as guides to help:
+
+>* Begin by making the `s` sound. Then, gently push the tip of your tongue forward until it touches your teeth. After this, produce the sound in the same way as `s`, and you should hear the `θ`. Practice this with words like *sink* `/sɪŋk/` and *think* `/θɪŋk/`...
+>* Start with the `z` sound. Again, push the tip of your tongue forward until it contacts your teeth. Create the sound as you would with `z`, and you should notice the `ð`. Try this with words such as *zed* `/zed/` and *that* `/ðæt/`...
diff --git a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ.md b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ.md
index a7cf4a2f..6fd613e9 100644
--- a/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ.md
+++ b/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ.md
@@ -1,30 +1,36 @@
# 2.2.8. `ʃ/ʒ`
-`ʃ` 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，`ʒ` 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置。
+`ʃ` 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，`ʒ` 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
-The pronunciation of `ʃ` may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet `ʒ` can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound.
-
-> * `t/d` 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部；
-> * For `t/d`, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge*;
-> * `s/z` 要相对于 `t/d` 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；
-> * For `s/z`, it's closer to the front compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums;
-> * `θ/ð` 要相对于 `s/z`再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点；
-> * For `θ/ð`, it's even more forward than `s/z`, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit;
-> * `ʃ/ʒ` 相对于 `t/d` 往后一些，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位；
-> * For `ʃ/ʒ`, it's towards the back compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge*;
-> * `r` 相对于 `ʃ/ʒ` 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位……
-> * For `r`, it's further back than `ʃ/ʒ`, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge*...
+The pronunciation of `ʃ` may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet `ʒ` can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
+比较一下以下的辅音：
+
+Let's compare following consonants:
+
+> * `t/d` 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
+> * For `t/d`, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
+> * `s/z` 要相对于 `t/d` 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
+> * For `s/z`, it's closer to the front compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
+> * `θ/ð` 要相对于 `s/z`再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
+> * For `θ/ð`, it's even more forward than `s/z`, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
+> * `ʃ/ʒ` 和 `t/d` 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
+> * For `ʃ/ʒ`, it's almost same as `t/d`, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
+> * `r` 相对于 `ʃ/ʒ` 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
+> * For `r`, it's further back than `ʃ/ʒ`, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
+
+
+
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 `ʒ` 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
Apart from English, most languages do not have the `ʒ` consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
-中国学生会不由自主地用 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` —— 因为 `dʒ` 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 `zh`。`ʒ` 和 `dʒ` 的区别在于，`ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊后部；而 `dʒ` 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊后部（与 `ʒ` 同一个位置）。
+中国学生会不由自主地用 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` —— 因为 `dʒ` 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 `zh`。`ʒ` 和 `dʒ` 的区别在于，`ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 `dʒ` 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 `ʒ` 同一个位置 ③）。
-Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute `ʒ` with `dʒ` - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the `zh` in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between `ʒ` and `dʒ` is that, when pronouncing `ʒ`, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the back of the *alveolar ridge* while for `dʒ`, the tongue tip starts at the back of the *alveolar ridge* (same position as `ʒ`).
+Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute `ʒ` with `dʒ` - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the `zh` in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between `ʒ` and `dʒ` is that, when pronouncing `ʒ`, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for `dʒ`, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as `ʒ` ③).
-少数人知道 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 `ʒ` 听起来更接近 `r` —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— `r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 `ʒ` 要更靠后一点。
+少数人知道 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 `ʒ` 听起来更接近 `r` —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— `r` ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 `ʒ` ③ 要更靠后一点。
-A few understand that substituting `dʒ` for `ʒ` isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their `ʒ` sound often ends up sounding more like `r` - they retract their tongue tip too far - `r` is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to `ʒ`.
+A few understand that substituting `dʒ` for `ʒ` isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their `ʒ` sound often ends up sounding more like `r` - they retract their tongue tip too far - `r` ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to `ʒ` ③ .