08-22-1342 finished.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.1-ə.md

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 
 另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
 
-## 3.1.1.4. 拼写
+## 3.1.1.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ə</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.2-ɑ.md

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
 除了《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 还对应着英式英语中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 之外，另外一个值得注意的是，英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
 
-## 3.1.1.6. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.1.6. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 
 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的儿化音 <span class="pho">ɪr</span>，其实相当于英音中的 <span class="pho">ɪə</span>，相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 <span class="pho">ɪᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">ɪɚ</span>，比如，*ear* <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 不过要小心，不是所有的末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都是儿化的，比如 *idea* <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdiː.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/idea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/idea-us-female.mp3"></span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 就没有儿化。 
 
-## 3.1.3.6. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.3.6. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ɪ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.4-u.md

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 
 美音的儿化音 <span class="pho">ʊr</span> 对应着英音的 <span class="pho">ʊə</span>，比如 *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 不过请注意，这个词的英音可不是 <span class="pho alt">pʊə</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">pɔː(r)</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/poor-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/poor-uk-female.mp3"></span>。
 
-## 3.1.4.5. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.4.5. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 美音中 <span class="pho">e</span> 的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air-us-male.mp3"></span>，相当于英音中的双元音 <span class="pho">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/air-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/air-uk-male.mp3"></span>，可以理解为 <span class="pho">eᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">eɚ</span>…… 说的时候，请仔细体会 <span class="pho">r</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
 
 
-## 3.1.5.5. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.5.5. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">e</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 另外，<span class="pho">ɔːl</span> 的组合也很常见，比如，palsy <span class="pho alt">ˈpɔːl.zi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palsy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palsy-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *wall* <span class="pho alt">wɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wall-us-female.mp3"></span>。
 
 
-## 3.1.5.5. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.5.5. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ɑː</span> (equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.7-aɪ.md

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 
 除了双元音之外，还有另外两个**三元音**：<span class="pho">aɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_fire_2023feb.mp3"></span> 和 <span class="pho">aʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hour_2023feb.mp3"></span> —— 同样要刻意拉长。
 
-## 3.1.7.3. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.7.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">aɪ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 > * <span class="pho">θ̚</span>，舌尖顶到位置 ①，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *math* <span class="pho alt">mæθ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/math-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/math-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
 
 
-## 3.1.2.4. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.1.2.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">p</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 
 <span class="pho">ts</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 从音质上来看就很不一样，但，<span class="pho">dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">z</span>，即便是母语使用者，也很难听出区别 —— 他们只是习惯了用不同的舌尖起始位置发声而已。
 
-## 3.2.10.3. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.10.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ts</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-mnŋ.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæᵊm</span> —— 也有一定道理，因为 <span class="pho">m</span> 的确是音节辅音 —— 例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.11.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">m</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
 |            ④            | <span class="pho">r</span>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
 
 
-## 3.2.12.5. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.12.5. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">l</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
 <span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɑː.lə.t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
 
-## 3.2.13.4. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.13.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">w</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-h.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 > * His house is over there. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-house-is-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-house-is-nova.mp3"></span>
 > * He's holding the door. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-holding-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-holding-the-nova.mp3"></span>
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.14.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">h</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 
 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能**浊化**…… 与之相对地，<span class="pho">d</span> 也可能**清化**。*ed* 在清辅音 <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">sh</span>, <span class="pho">ch</span>, <span class="pho">th</span> 之后的时候，读作 <span class="pho">t</span>，其他的时候读作 <span class="pho">d</span>。比如，*hoped* <span class="pho alt">hoʊpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3"></span>，*laughed* <span class="pho alt">læft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3"></span>，*liked* <span class="pho alt">laɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/liked-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/liked-us-female.mp3"></span>，*watched* <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watched-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watched-us-female.mp3"></span>。
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.2.5. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">t</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg.md

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 另外，夹在两个元音之间的 <span class="pho">k</span> 也会出现像 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间时那样的浊化现象，听起来更接近 <span class="pho">g</span>。比如，*look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/look-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/look-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seek-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seek-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/woke-up-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/woke-up-us-female.mp3"></span>。
 
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">k</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv.md

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 
 另外需要注意的是，与 <span class="pho">p/b</span>、<span class="pho">t/d</span>、<span class="pho">k/g</span> 不一样，<span class="pho">f/v</span> 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色，哪怕是那个若有若无的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.4.4. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">f</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
   * *garages* <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/garages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/garages-us-female.mp3"></span>
   * *cages* <span class="pho alt">keɪdʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cages-us-female.mp3"></span>
 
-## 3.2.5.6. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.5.6. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">s</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 > * 先发 <span class="pho">s</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">s</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">θ</span>；然后分别说两个词 *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>……
 > * 先发 <span class="pho">z</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">z</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">ð</span>；然后分别说两个词 *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/that-us-female.mp3"></span>……
 
-## 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.6.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">θ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
 少数人知道  <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 听起来更接近 <span class="pho">r</span> —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— <span class="pho">r</span> ④ 发声时舌尖起始位置相对于 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ 要更靠后一点。
 
-## 3.2.7.3. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.7.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-tʃdʒ.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 > * <span class="pho">ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...</span>
 > * <span class="pho">tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...</span>
 
-## 3.2.8.3. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.8.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">ʧ</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-trdr.md

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
 很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 干脆读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，并且 <span class="pho">r</span> 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
 
-## 3.2.9.3. 拼写（Spellings）
+## 3.2.9.3. 常见拼写
 
 ### <span class="pho">tr</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.2-words.md

@@ -154,33 +154,6 @@
 
 我们其实已经用了一些英文词典里的音标中并不存在的符号才能把一些细节讲清楚，比如，阻塞音符号 <span class="pho">◌̚</span>，比如，比央元音更弱的一个音， <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，再比如喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>…… 可即便如此，英文有那么多的单词（几十万个），有至少 7,000 个左右构成独特的音节，于是，无论如何都不大可能用一个并不完美的音标系统完美地标注任何自然语音。
 
-## 4.2.4. 背单词的方法
-
-在第三章《音素详解》中，在每个小节，针对每个音素都罗列出了 “常见拼写” —— 这才是未来扩充词汇的时候，最有效的辅助记忆手段和工具。
-
-英文的词汇构成，主要分为 “表音” 和 “表意” 两种。
-
-```mermaid
-flowchart LR
-spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| syllables(音节) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
-spellings <--> sounds
-spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| parts(含义) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
-```
-
-*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span> 就是一个表音构成的词汇，这是两个音节的词汇，app 对应着第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈæp</span>，le 对应着第二个音节 <span class="pho alt">əl</span>。所以，记忆它的时候，不是一个字母一个字母地背，说，“*a、p、p、l、e…… apple!*”。而是，<span class="pho alt">æ</span> 对应着 a；app，<span class="pho alt">p</span> 的拼写是两个叠加的 *pp*，而后是 *le* 读作 <span class="pho alt">əl</span> —— 这样的拼写很常见，比如，*double*, *impossible*……
-
-而 *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词里，就有表意的构成，*im*- 是个常见词头（prefix），和 *un*- *ir*- 一样，表示否定的含义，*possible* 是 “可能的”，*impossible* 就是 “不可能的”。进而，*possible* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/possible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/possible-us-female.mp3"></span> 就可以把它完全当作只有表音构成的词汇，*po* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span>，或者反过来，<span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span> 写作 *po*，*ssi* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sə</span>，*ble* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">bəl</span>…… 反正不应该是 “*p、o、s、s、i、b、l、e…… possible!*”…… 生硬地按顺序记住 7 个字母，显然不如 “只记三个音节” 来的容易 —— 这其中，需要多注意一下的，不过是 ss（double s）而已。
-
-词根词缀，在词汇量没达到一定程度之前，实际用处不大 —— 但，到了一定地步，比如，词汇量超过 5,000 的时候，在这样扎实的基础上，稍微研究一下词根词缀，对快速且大量地做大词汇量是很有帮助的。
-
-举个例子，*ichthyosaur* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-female.mp3"></span>，这个一看就知道并非常用的词汇，其实很简单，先从表音构成去看，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θi.ə.sɔːr</span> —— 剑桥词典把它划分成了 4 个音节…… 但感觉上，第二第三个音节可以合并，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span>，*ich* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk</span>, *thyo* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">θiə</span>, *saur* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span>…… 而从表意的角度去看呢？前半部 *ichthyo*- 的意思是 “与鱼有关的”…… 后半部 -*saur* 是什么意思呢？各种恐龙的 “龙” 都是 -*saur* 结尾，于是，这个词的意思是 “鱼龙”……
-
-刚开始的时候，记忆单词无论如何都是吃力的。这是一个真诚的忠告，谁不信谁吃亏，爱信不信：
-
-> 千万不要尝试用任何手段去提速……
-
-—— 因为事实上谁都不可能提速，无论什么手段都不可能提速…… 真正提速的方法只有一个，**积累**。原理上，你掌握的词汇越多，记忆新词的难度就越低…… 整个看似来是个复利曲线一样有加速度的过程，到最后，真的能做到 “看一眼就记住了” 的地步。
-
 [^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
 [^2]: *literally* 在该软件里的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtɚːəli</span> —— 虽然和《剑桥英语发声词典》略有不同，但我们依然看得懂……
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/5-above-ground.md

@@ -1,5 +1,111 @@
-# 3. 收官（Wrapping up）
+# 5. 基础之上
 
-最后，还有一些需要注意的地方，可能更为重要 —— 其障碍竟然往往来自主观感受，而非客观事实。
+语音是基础的基础，在此之上，路漫漫其修远。
+
+## 5.1 流利
+
+学习另外一种语言，总是要处理很多与母语**不一样**的细节。
+
+> **凡是和母语发声方式不一样的地方，都是语音塑造的重点**。
+
+在语音中，最重要且最普遍被忽视的**差异**是：
+
+> 英文的**音节**在**绝大多数情况下**读出来都比亚洲语言的**字**要**长**许多……
+
+首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ</span> 是短元音之外，剩下的十几个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。
+
+除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 <span class="pho alt">biːg</span>，而不是 <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span>，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 <span class="pho alt">sɪ</span> 也会稍微变长一点点（你可以把 <span class="pho">s</span> 拉长）……
+
+而英文的音节构成也相对更为复杂，元音前有可能是两个辅音。亚洲语言的**音节**（字）几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，*flexed*, <span class="pho alt">flekst</span>，虽然整体上只是一个音节（<span class="pho">ccvccc</span> 的结构），可即便这个音节中的元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
+
+平均来看，英文的音节中**辅音数量**可能是亚洲语言的**两三倍以上** —— 这造成的结果就是，说英文的时候，舌头比说其他语言的时候相对要忙太多…… 并且，因此英文单个音节的发声时长也相对更长 —— 不是长一点点，而是长很多。
+
+音节上的长短差异会造成语音在韵律和节奏上的巨大差异。
+
+若是忽视了这一点，那么，在节奏韵律上的巨大差异会形成一个无法逾越的障碍。很多人压根就不知道这里有一个巨大的障碍，于是，从来就没有可能跨越它 —— 请问，你如何跨越一个你不知其存在的障碍呢？
+
+还有另外一个比较隐蔽的却也同样重要的差异：
+
+> 英语的自然语音中有大量的**塞音**存在于音节之间。这些音我们虽然听不到，也看不到发声器官的动作，但这些动作却是完整完成的 —— 也就是说，它们也是占用时长的。
+
+还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（<span class="pho">ʲ/ʷ</span>），以及很常见的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>……
+
+所有这些细节加在一起，造成了一个格外普遍的现象：
+
+> **亚洲人讲英文的时候速度都过快……**
+
+常常把**长元音**和**双元音**，以及美式英语特有的**半长元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 <span class="pho">æ</span>），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席……
+
+整体结果就是，同样一句话，亚洲人总是能够做到更快、很快、甚至太快地讲完。可问题在于，从理解的角度来看，在英文母语使用者耳中，几乎所有的韵律和节奏全都是错的。用错误的韵律节奏，讲的速度越快，就越难以被理解。
+
+还没有完……
+
+另外一个影响初学者讲英文时语速不正常地快的原因，更微妙，来自于一种基于普遍误解的心理压力。在这一点上，全世界的人都一样，当人们听到自己听不懂的另外一种语言的时候，总是**误以为**对方**说话速度很快**。
+
+可这就是因误解而生的幻觉。之所以幻觉对方语速快，是因为自己听不懂。听母语的时候，大脑甚至可以以句子为单位处理信息，可突然之间，要退回到音节级别，又因为那声音里充满了自己并不习惯甚至没听过的音素，不习惯的韵律和节奏，当然需要更多的精力…… 听不懂，当然记不住。于是，大脑更不够用，更是误以为对方说话太快。
+
+其实，全世界的人在说话的时候，不管使用任何语言都一样，都会不由自主地**划分意群**，下意识地**选择轻重**，并且都会有意无意地**适当停顿**，不仅是在句子之间，句子之内也有。
+
+可是，突然之间，只是因为听不懂、记不住，大脑就像一台同时运行了太多软件的电脑， CPU 过热，内存溢出，恨不得当场死机。于是，不知不觉之间产生了幻觉，就是觉得对方说话快，即便对方正在以再正常不过的语速讲话。
+
+基于上面这个普遍误解的下一个误解，同样微妙，人们常常误以为**语速够快**就能构成**讲得足够流利**。其实，**流利**的构成与**语速快慢**几乎全无关系。是否流利**更多是发音是否正确，措辞是否准确，句法和用法是否符合习惯，逻辑是否顺畅，等等等等 —— 以及，很多人可能并未意识到的另外一个很重要的东西，叫做**节奏**。
+
+所以，刚开始的时候，**要刻意放慢自己的语速**。记住，流利不靠语速，起码不只靠语速。语速过快，容易出错，越快出错越多。再说，流利也不是一上来就需要追求的东西，速度更不是。
+
+好莱坞动作明星阿诺德·施瓦辛格口音很重但表达清楚且流利 —— 这是怎么回事呢？一般来说，决定一个人讲话**流利与否**的因素，从听众角度出发，如果能够按照重要性排列的话，大抵应该如下：
+
+> - **语意完整**
+> - **Complete in meaning**
+> - **上下文足够丰富**
+> - **Rich in context**
+> - **符合习惯**
+> - **Conforms to common usage**
+> - **逻辑清晰**
+> - **Clear in logic**
+> - **语法正确**
+> - **Correct in grammar**
+> - **措辞准确**
+> - **Accurate in wording**
+> - **发音**
+> - **Pronunciation**
+> >    - 节奏
+> >    - Rhythm
+> >      - 停顿
+> >      - Stop
+> >      - 轻重
+> >      - Emphasis
+> >      - 缓急
+> >      - Pace
+> >    - 韵律
+> >    - Prosody
+> >      - 高低
+> >      - Pitch
+> >      - 起伏
+> >      - Tone
+> >    - 音素
+> >    - Phonemes
+> >      - 元音
+> >      - Vowels
+> >      - 辅音
+> >      - Consonants
+
+即便是到了相对最不重要的**音素**层面，也有重要性上的先后顺序，**元音比辅音更重要**。然而，绝大多数人在整个练习过程中，在最不重要的层面上就被卡住了…… 越是重要的越没机会练习，越是重要的，越没能力去关注 —— 这才是失败的关键吧？
+
+## 5.2 情绪
+
+学习语音的唯一有效方法只有**模仿**。在模仿的时候，最难模仿的，其实并不是我们已经讲解过的各种重点…… 还有一个可能无法模仿的，和另外一个其实可以模仿的。
+
+可能无法模仿的是对方的**音质**，因为到最后，每个人的声音都不一样，声线、音域、音量都不一样…… 通常来说，除非是模仿能力特别强的人，才能做到发出和别人同样音质的声音 —— 虽然不是谁都做不到，但，这个要求多少的确有点过份……
+
+然而，的确有确实可以模仿的 —— **情绪**。紧张、兴奋、疲惫、失望、恐惧、悲伤、快乐、期待，等等等等。就算不能模仿得一模一样，终归能按照自己的方式去表现同样的情绪 —— 瞬间就能做到八九不离十。
+
+用 AI 生成的真人语音，最大的问题在于，它目前还不能做到**情绪饱满**，它只是尽量做到了 “听起来像是真人说话”，虽然已经很好，但就是缺乏情绪表达 —— 它也的确没有什么真正的情绪……
+
+各种惊悚片动作片都很精彩，很吸引人…… 可实际上它们真的不是最好的学习材料，因为这类影视内容的对话事实上非常枯燥，警匪片里最常重复的，只不过是 *Freeze! Drop your gun!* 要么就是 *You have the right to remain silent*... 战争片里最常重复的更加迷离，反反复复最多的都是 *Get down!* 或者 *Go! Go! Go!* —— 动作太多，语言就只能太少。至于情绪么，往往更多的只有愤怒或者悲伤。
+
+这就是为什么**生活情景剧**和**脱口秀**常常是很好的学习材料的重要原因 —— 主要是情绪丰富且饱满。另外，**纪录片**往往都是很好的学习材料。它们的特点是，措辞简单明了，语速慢，吐字清晰，并且情绪饱满。情绪更加饱满的，是各种给青少年甚至婴幼儿看的动画片或者绘本讲解，情绪丰富饱满到夸张的地步……
+
+如果觉得这些都太尴尬，还有个办法是不断学唱**英文歌曲** —— 每个音节都带着不同的音高曲调，甚至有可能一个词就唱了满满一两个小节，容不得一丝的错误，真的是绝佳的练习场景。
+
+语音的功用，如果说有 *20%* 是用来传递对事实的感受的话，那么，剩下的 *80%* 肯定并且只能用来传递情绪，不是吗？一直以来，大家在 “学外语” 的时候，都太理智了，不是吗？理智的确是一种很好的品质，但，有时候，它可能会成为不可逾越的障碍…… 真的很可惜！
 
-Finally, there's something more crucial to keep in mind - the obstacles we face often stem from our own subjective perceptions, rather than objective facts.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/5.1-fluency.md

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-# 3.1 流利（Fluency）
-
-学习另外一种语言，总是要处理很多与母语**不一样**的细节。
-
-Learning another language always involves navigating a myriad of details that differ from native tongue.
-
-> **凡是和母语发声方式不一样的地方，都是语音塑造的重点**。
->
-> **Any differences in pronunciation from your native language should be the focus of speech training**.
-
-在语音中，最重要且最普遍被忽视的**差异**是：
-
-One of the most important and often overlooked *differences* is:
-
-> 英文的**音节**在**绝大多数情况下**读出来都比亚洲语言的**字**要**长**许多……
->
-> English syllables, in most cases, are pronounced *much longer* than the individual characters in Asian languages...
-
-首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ</span> 是短元音之外，剩下的十几个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。
-
-Firstly, English vowels have variations in length. Aside from the *6* basic short vowels <span class="pho">ʌ</span>, <span class="pho">e</span>, <span class="pho">ə</span>, <span class="pho">ɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, and <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, the remaining more than dozen vowels are relatively longer. In contrast, vowels in Asian languages are all of equal length.
-
-除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 <span class="pho alt">biːg</span>，而不是 <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span>，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 <span class="pho alt">sɪ</span> 也会稍微变长一点点（你可以把 <span class="pho">s</span> 拉长）……
-
-In English, a short vowel in a stressed syllable can *elongate* when emphasized. For example, try saying, *This is a **big** **city**!* You'll notice that to emphasize *big*, you naturally stretch it into a long-sounding <span class="pho alt">biːg</span>, instead of the short <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span>. If you stress *city*, the first <span class="pho alt">sɪ</span> will also lengthen slightly - you can stretch the <span class="pho">s</span> sound.
-
-而英文的音节构成也相对更为复杂，元音前有可能是两个辅音。亚洲语言的**音节**（字）几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，*flexed*, <span class="pho alt">flekst</span>，虽然整体上只是一个音节（<span class="pho">ccvccc</span> 的结构），可即便这个音节中的元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
-
-English syllables can also be more complex, often with two consonants in the beginning of a vowel. This contrasts with Asian languages, where syllables (or *characters*) rarely start with two consonants. Similarly, English often ends syllables with two or three clear-sounding consonants, while this is less common in Asian languages. Each consonant requires a certain amount of time to articulate clearly. For example, the word *flexed*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">flekst</span>, although technically one syllable (<span class="pho">ccvccc</span> structure), takes longer to say than any single syllable (or *character*) in an Asian language, even though the vowel <span class="pho">e</span> in *flexed* is short.
-
-平均来看，英文的音节中**辅音数量**可能是亚洲语言的**两三倍以上** —— 这造成的结果就是，说英文的时候，舌头比说其他语言的时候相对要忙太多…… 并且，因此英文单个音节的发声时长也相对更长 —— 不是长一点点，而是长很多。
-
-On average, the number of consonants in English syllables is likely more than double that of Asian languages. This means that speaking English requires our tongues to be busier than when speaking in most other languages. Moreover, this causes each English syllable to be pronounced in a relatively longer duration - not just a bit longer, but *significantly* longer.
-
-音节上的长短差异会造成语音在韵律和节奏上的巨大差异。
-
-The difference in syllable length can lead to a significant difference in speech prosody and rhythm.
-
-若是忽视了这一点，那么，在节奏韵律上的巨大差异会形成一个无法逾越的障碍。很多人压根就不知道这里有一个巨大的障碍，于是，从来就没有可能跨越它 —— 请问，你如何跨越一个你不知其存在的障碍呢？
-
-If this is overlooked, the resulting significant difference in prosody and rhythm can become an insurmountable barrier. Many people are oblivious to this huge obstacle, hence, they never get the chance to overcome it. After all, how can you overcome a barrier you don't even know exists?
-
-还有另外一个比较隐蔽的却也同样重要的差异：
-
-There's another less noticeable yet equally crucial difference:
-
-> 英语的自然语音中有大量的**塞音**存在于音节之间。这些音我们虽然听不到，也看不到发声器官的动作，但这些动作却是完整完成的 —— 也就是说，它们也是占用时长的。
->
-> In natural English speech, there are numerous *stop* sounds interspersed between syllables. We may not hear these sounds or see the articulator in action, but the actions are fully completed, meaning they also take up time.
-
-还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（<span class="pho">ʲ/ʷ</span>），以及很常见的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>……
-
-And there's more... remember? When two vowels are connected, there might also be a **glide sound** (<span class="pho">ʲ/ʷ</span>), and that common schwa <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> added before <span class="pho">l</span>...
-
-所有这些细节加在一起，造成了一个格外普遍的现象：
-
-All these nuances combined result in a particularly common phenomenon:
-
-> **亚洲人讲英文的时候速度都过快……**
->
-> **Asian people often speak English too quickly...**
-
-常常把**长元音**和**双元音**，以及美式英语特有的**半长元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 <span class="pho">æ</span>），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席……
-
-Asian speakers often shorten long vowels and diphthongs, as well as the unique half-long vowels in American English, especially the <span class="pho">æ</span> sound. Many consonants aren't clearly pronounced, and subtle stops that should be there are often overlooked. Sometimes, vowels are added where they don't exist, yet, ironically, added sounds that should be present are often missing.
-
-整体结果就是，同样一句话，亚洲人总是能够做到更快、很快、甚至太快地讲完。可问题在于，从理解的角度来看，在英文母语使用者耳中，几乎所有的韵律和节奏全都是错的。用错误的韵律节奏，讲的速度越快，就越难以被理解。
-
-The result is that Asians tend to speak English much faster than native speakers. The problem, however, is that from a comprehension standpoint, the prosody and rhythm are all wrong to native English ears. The faster you speak with incorrect prosody and rhythm, the harder it becomes to understand.
-
-还没有完……
-
-The story doesn't end there...
-
-另外一个影响初学者讲英文时语速不正常地快的原因，更微妙，来自于一种基于普遍误解的心理压力。在这一点上，全世界的人都一样，当人们听到自己听不懂的另外一种语言的时候，总是**误以为**对方**说话速度很快**。
-
-Another subtle factor that often makes beginners speak English unnaturally fast originates from a psychological pressure based on a widespread misunderstanding. This is a universal experience: when people hear a language they do not understand, they often *mistakenly believe* that the speaker is *talking too fast*.
-
-可这就是因误解而生的幻觉。之所以幻觉对方语速快，是因为自己听不懂。听母语的时候，大脑甚至可以以句子为单位处理信息，可突然之间，要退回到音节级别，又因为那声音里充满了自己并不习惯甚至没听过的音素，不习惯的韵律和节奏，当然需要更多的精力…… 听不懂，当然记不住。于是，大脑更不够用，更是误以为对方说话太快。
-
-However, this perception is nothing but an illusion born out of misunderstanding. The reason we perceive foreign speakers as speaking quickly is simply because we don't understand what they're saying. When we listen to our native language, our brain can process information on the sentence level. Suddenly, when faced with a foreign language, we're thrust back to the syllable level. With unfamiliar phonemes, prosody and rhythms, we, of course, need more mental effort... If we don't understand, we certainly can't remember. As a result, our brains struggle more, enhancing this illusion of rapid speech.
-
-其实，全世界的人在说话的时候，不管使用任何语言都一样，都会不由自主地**划分意群**，下意识地**选择轻重**，并且都会有意无意地**适当停顿**，不仅是在句子之间，句子之内也有。
-
-In reality, all speakers, regardless of the language they're using, instinctively chunk phrases, choose stress levels subconsciously, and take deliberate pauses. These pauses are not only between sentences but also within them.
-
-可是，突然之间，只是因为听不懂、记不住，大脑就像一台同时运行了太多软件的电脑， CPU 过热，内存溢出，恨不得当场死机。于是，不知不觉之间产生了幻觉，就是觉得对方说话快，即便对方正在以再正常不过的语速讲话。
-
-But then, all of a sudden, just because you can't understand or remember, your brain starts working like a computer running too many apps at once. The CPU overheats, memory overflows, and it feels like it's about to crash right there and then. Without realizing it, you start to imagine that the other person is speaking too quickly, even though they're speaking at a perfectly normal pace.
-
-基于上面这个普遍误解的下一个误解，同样微妙，人们常常误以为**语速够快**就能构成**讲得足够流利**。其实，**流利**的构成与**语速快慢**几乎全无关系。是否流利**更多是发音是否正确，措辞是否准确，句法和用法是否符合习惯，逻辑是否顺畅，等等等等 —— 以及，很多人可能并未意识到的另外一个很重要的东西，叫做**节奏**。
-
-Building on the common misconception mentioned above, there's another subtle misperception often held: people tend to equate *speaking fast* with *being fluent*. In reality, *fluency* has almost nothing to do with *the speed of speech*. True fluency hinges on accurate pronunciation, precise choice of words, adherence to customary syntax and usage, smooth logical presentation, and so on. What's more, something many people may not fully realize is the crucial role *rhythm* plays in fluent speech.
-
-所以，刚开始的时候，**要刻意放慢自己的语速**。记住，流利不靠语速，起码不只靠语速。语速过快，容易出错，越快出错越多。再说，流利也不是一上来就需要追求的东西，速度更不是。
-
-So, in the beginning, it's crucial to *deliberately slow down your pace of speech*. Bear in mind, fluency doesn't depend solely on the speed of speech. Speaking too quickly can lead to mistakes, and the faster you speak, the more errors you're likely to make. Besides, fluency isn't something you need to aim for right off the bat, and speed is even less so.
-
-好莱坞动作明星阿诺德·施瓦辛格口音很重但表达清楚且流利 —— 这是怎么回事呢？一般来说，决定一个人讲话**流利与否**的因素，从听众角度出发，如果能够按照重要性排列的话，大抵应该如下：
-
-Consider Hollywood action star Arnold Schwarzenegger. His accent is heavy, but he communicates clearly and fluently - how can this be? Generally, the factors that determine whether a person's speech is *fluent or not* can be lined up in terms of importance from the audience's perspective, roughly as follows:
-
-> - **语意完整**
-> - **Complete in meaning**
-> - **上下文足够丰富**
-> - **Rich in context**
-> - **符合习惯**
-> - **Conforms to common usage**
-> - **逻辑清晰**
-> - **Clear in logic**
-> - **语法正确**
-> - **Correct in grammar**
-> - **措辞准确**
-> - **Accurate in wording**
-> - **发音**
-> - **Pronunciation**
-> >    - 节奏
-> >    - Rhythm
-> >      - 停顿
-> >      - Stop
-> >      - 轻重
-> >      - Emphasis
-> >      - 缓急
-> >      - Pace
-> >    - 韵律
-> >    - Prosody
-> >      - 高低
-> >      - Pitch
-> >      - 起伏
-> >      - Tone
-> >    - 音素
-> >    - Phonemes
-> >      - 元音
-> >      - Vowels
-> >      - 辅音
-> >      - Consonants
-
-即便是到了相对最不重要的**音素**层面，也有重要性上的先后顺序，**元音比辅音更重要**。然而，绝大多数人在整个练习过程中，在最不重要的层面上就被卡住了…… 越是重要的越没机会练习，越是重要的，越没能力去关注 —— 这才是失败的关键吧？
-
-Even at the seemingly least important level of phonemes, there's a hierarchy of importance: *vowels are more critical than consonants*. However, most people get stuck at this least significant level during their practice... The more crucial something is, the less opportunity they have to practice it, the less capacity they have to focus on it. Isn't this the real crux of failure?

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/5.2-emotions.md

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# 3.2 情绪（Emotions）
-
-学习语音的唯一有效方法只有模仿。在模仿的时候，最难模仿的，其实并不是我们已经讲解过的各种重点…… 还有一个可能无法模仿的，和另外一个其实可以模仿的。
-
-The only effective way to learn speech is by *imitation*. The most challenging part of this process isn't necessarily the key points we've previously discussed... There are two things that may come to mind: one that might be impossible to mimic, and another that could actually be copied.
-
-可能无法模仿的是对方的**音质**，因为到最后，每个人的声音都不一样，声线、音域、音量都不一样…… 通常来说，除非是模仿能力特别强的人，才能做到发出和别人同样音质的声音 —— 虽然不是谁都做不到，但，这个要求多少的确有点过份……
-
-The thing that might be impossible to mimic is someone else's *voice quality*. In the end, each person's voice is unique - the pitch, range, and volume all differ. Usually, only those with a particularly strong ability to imitate can perfectly replicate the voice quality of another. While not impossible, this expectation can indeed be a bit excessive.
-
-然而，的确有确实可以模仿的 —— **情绪**。紧张、兴奋、疲惫、失望、恐惧、悲伤、快乐、期待，等等等等。就算不能模仿得一模一样，终归能按照自己的方式去表现同样的情绪 —— 瞬间就能做到八九不离十。
-
-However, there is something that can certainly be mimicked - *emotions*. Be it nervousness, excitement, fatigue, disappointment, fear, sadness, joy, anticipation, and so on. Even if you can't mimic these emotions identically, you can certainly express the same feelings in your own way - and instantly get pretty close to the mark.
-
-用 AI 生成的真人语音，最大的问题在于，它目前还不能做到**情绪饱满**，它只是尽量做到了 “听起来像是真人说话”，虽然已经很好，但就是缺乏情绪表达 —— 它也的确没有什么真正的情绪……
-
-The biggest issue with AI-generated human voices is that they currently lack emotional depth. They strive to *sound like a human speaking* and while they do this well, they fall short in conveying emotion - which is understandable, as they don't genuinely feel any emotions.
-
-各种惊悚片动作片都很精彩，很吸引人…… 可实际上它们真的不是最好的学习材料，因为这类影视内容的对话事实上非常枯燥，警匪片里最常重复的，只不过是 *Freeze! Drop your gun!* 要么就是 *You have the right to remain silent*... 战争片里最常重复的更加迷离，反反复复最多的都是 *Get down!* 或者 *Go! Go! Go!* —— 动作太多，语言就只能太少。至于情绪么，往往更多的只有愤怒或者悲伤。
-
-Action movies or thrillers may be captivating, but they are not the best study materials. The dialogues in these movies can be quite dry. Police dramas seem to endlessly repeat phrases like *Freeze! Drop your gun!* or *You have the right to remain silent*. In war movies, you'll frequently hear *Get down!* or *Go! Go! Go!* The abundance of action scenes leaves little room for language. As for emotions, only expressions of anger and sadness tend to dominate.
-
-这就是为什么**生活情景剧**和**脱口秀**常常是很好的学习材料的重要原因 —— 主要是情绪丰富且饱满。另外，**纪录片**往往都是很好的学习材料。它们的特点是，措辞简单明了，语速慢，吐字清晰，并且情绪饱满。情绪更加饱满的，是各种给青少年甚至婴幼儿看的动画片或者绘本讲解，情绪丰富饱满到夸张的地步……
-
-That's why *sitcoms* and *talk shows* often make great learning resources. They are rich in emotional content. *Documentaries* can also serve as excellent study materials, which feature simple and clear wording, slow speech, clear articulation, and full emotions. Even more emotionally expressive are *shows and storybooks for teenagers and toddlers*, where emotions are exaggerated to the extreme.
-
-如果觉得这些都太尴尬，还有个办法是不断学唱**英文歌曲** —— 每个音节都带着不同的音高曲调，甚至有可能一个词就唱了满满一两个小节，容不得一丝的错误，真的是绝佳的练习场景。
-
-If you find these a bit awkward, another approach is to continuously learn English *songs*. Each syllable carries a different tone or melody, and a single word could fill a couple of bars, leaving no room for errors. It's indeed an excellent practice setting.
-
-语音的功用，如果说有 *20%* 是用来传递对事实的感受的话，那么，剩下的 *80%* 肯定并且只能用来传递情绪，不是吗？一直以来，大家在 “学外语” 的时候，都太理智了，不是吗？理智的确是一种很好的品质，但，有时候，它可能会成为不可逾越的障碍…… 真的很可惜！
-
-If we say that *20%* of voice utility is for conveying feelings towards *facts*, then the remaining *80%* must be intended to express *emotions*, right? Perhaps we've been too logical when learning foreign languages, haven't we? While rationality is a good trait, it can sometimes turn into an insurmountable hurdle... which is truly a pity!

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/6-vocabulary.md

@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+# 6. 词汇构建
+
+千万不要天真地把 “背单词” 和 “学英语” 等同起来…… 构建词汇量，的确是一个重要的环节，但，它不仅不是全部，甚至不是最重要的环节。
+
+另外一个关键在于，在构建词汇量的过程中，最重要的是 “**文本与语音之间不可分割的紧密联系**” —— 不知道为什么，觉得大多数人竟然觉得这最关键的东西根本无所谓…… 但，那些人早晚会因为他们的误解付出惨重的代价。
+
+## 6.1. 背单词的最有效方法
+
+在第三章《音素详解》中，在每个小节，针对每个音素都罗列出了 “常见拼写” —— 这才是未来扩充词汇的时候，最有效的辅助记忆手段和工具。
+
+英文的词汇构成，主要分为 “表音” 和 “表意” 两种。
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| syllables(音节构成) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
+spellings <--> sounds
+spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| parts(含义组件) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
+```
+
+*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span> 就是一个表音构成的词汇，这是两个音节的词汇，app 对应着第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈæp</span>，le 对应着第二个音节 <span class="pho alt">əl</span>。所以，记忆它的时候，不是一个字母一个字母地背，说，“*a、p、p、l、e…… apple!*”。而是，<span class="pho alt">æ</span> 对应着 a；app，<span class="pho alt">p</span> 的拼写是两个叠加的 *pp*，而后是 *le* 读作 <span class="pho alt">əl</span> —— 这样的拼写很常见，比如，*double*, *impossible*……
+
+而 *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词里，就有表意的构成，*im*- 是个常见词头（prefix），和 *un*- *ir*- 一样，表示否定的含义，*possible* 是 “可能的”，*impossible* 就是 “不可能的”。进而，*possible* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/possible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/possible-us-female.mp3"></span> 就可以把它完全当作只有表音构成的词汇，*po* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span>，或者反过来，<span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span> 写作 *po*，*ssi* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sə</span>，*ble* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">bəl</span>…… 反正不应该是 “*p、o、s、s、i、b、l、e…… possible!*”…… 生硬地按顺序记住 7 个字母，显然不如 “只记三个音节” 来的容易 —— 这其中，需要多注意一下的，不过是 ss（double s）而已。
+
+另外，常用词汇中其实有不少是 “组合词汇”（*compound words*），各个组成部分也都是 “表意” 的。比如 *classroom* <span class="pho alt">ˈklæs.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/classroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/classroom-us-female.mp3"></span>, *doorbell* <span class="pho alt">ˈdɔːr.bel</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doorbell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doorbell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *handwriting* <span class="pho alt">ˈhændˌraɪ.t̬ɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/handwriting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/handwriting-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sunshine* <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌn.ʃaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunshine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunshine-us-female.mp3"></span>, *upstairs* <span class="pho alt">ʌpˈsterz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/upstairs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/upstairs-us-female.mp3"></span> 等等。
+
+词根词缀，尤其是那些来自于拉丁语的词根词缀，在词汇量没达到一定程度之前，实际用处不大 —— 但，到了一定地步，比如，词汇量超过 5,000 的时候，在这样扎实的基础上，稍微研究一下词根词缀，对快速且大量地做大词汇量是很有帮助的。
+
+举个例子，*ichthyosaur* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-female.mp3"></span>，这个一看就知道并非常用的词汇，其实很简单，先从表音构成去看，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θi.ə.sɔːr</span> —— 剑桥词典把它划分成了 4 个音节…… 但感觉上，第二第三个音节可以合并，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span>，*ich* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk</span>, *thyo* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">θiə</span>, *saur* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span>…… 而从表意的角度去看呢？前半部 *ichthyo*- 的意思是 “与鱼有关的”…… 后半部 -*saur* 是什么意思呢？各种恐龙的 “龙” 都是 -*saur* 结尾，于是，这个词的意思是 “鱼龙”……
+
+记忆词汇的最朴素最有效方法，就是把它的拼写、读音和意义联系起来 —— 这原本是文字本来的结构和意义。
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+
+sounds(读音)<--->meanings(意义)
+meanings<--->spellings(拼写)
+sounds<--->spellings
+```
+
+除此之外，其他的任何所谓的 “方法”，都不仅无效，甚至只有副作用，弊大于利。比如什么 “谐音记忆法” 或者 “趣味记忆法” 什么的，它们都违背大脑对语言文字的基本工作机制，根本不可能提高效率，只会增加不必要的负担 —— 虽然有时候觉竟然觉得有点意思……
+
+人们失败的原因很简单，他们总想 “更省事儿一点”。坐在那里只用眼睛看，既不动口也不动手，也因此实际上更少动脑。只调用一个器官和同时调用多个器官是不一样的，前者好像更省事儿，可实际上由于脑力调用太少，导致的结果是 “效果几近于零”。
+
+学外语的人十有八九失败。很多失败的人都曾经去问过老师，“老师，我背单词不记发音行不行？” “老师，我背单词不记拼写行不行？” 这种荒谬至极的问题问出来，并不是想要什么答案，只是想要一个 “偷懒认证”，给自己的偷懒找个背书…… 还别说，还真有老师说 “可以！” 因为真的有相当数量相当比例的老师，通过这种方法获得更多来自学生的好感，进而提高自己的收入……
+
+刚开始的时候，记忆单词无论如何都是吃力的。这是一个真诚的忠告，谁不信谁吃亏，爱信不信：
+
+> 千万不要尝试用任何手段去提速……
+
+—— 因为事实上谁都不可能提速，无论什么手段都不可能提速…… 真正提速的方法只有一个，**积累**。
+
+扩充词汇，是有**加速度**的过程 —— 可以越来越快…… 可是，在最初的时候，速度很低，加速度为零，所以总是感觉超级吃力。然而，词汇之间是有关联的，对大脑来说，一个生词与已有的词汇关联越多，越容易记住。也就是说，已有词汇量越多，新词可能与它们产生的关联越多，所以才越来越容易。当你的词汇量超过三五千的时候，你就会感觉很多生词几乎看一眼就记得住，无论是拼写还是读音还是其意义甚至其用法 —— 整个看似来是个**复利曲线**一样有**越来越大的加速度**的过程。
+
+倒是有个窍门。**直接背例句**…… 对大脑来说，“多朗读几遍例句” 远比 “只把力气花在某一个单词或者词组上” 来得更为轻松。在语言方面就是这样，你做得越多，对大脑来说越轻松，反过来，你做得越少，所谓 “省事儿” 逐步形成的，对大脑来说只能是不可逾越的障碍。
+
+进而，最靠谱的扩大词汇量方法：**精读**。找到自己真正感兴趣的书（小说类、非小说类各几本），遇到生词就查，逐一消灭 —— 每本书都要读若干遍（所以一定要选自己真迷恋的书）…… 读着读着，词汇量就大了，句法障碍就消失了，理解能力就提高了，阅读速度就飞快了…… 各种语言都是这样的。哪怕是我们的母语，我们对母语的掌控能力，也是这么练出来的 —— 学校里的语文课和语文老师，从来都帮不上什么忙…… 说点刻薄的话，这些语文老师啊，他们的唯一作用就是在考试里给绝大多数学生设置奇怪的障碍。
+
+## 6.2. 多音拼写
+
+之前的章节里，都罗列了对应每个音素可能的拼写。有些拼写只对应一个读音，比如，**h** 就只对应着 <span class="pho">h</span>；但，有一些拼写可能对应着多个读音。以下是一个总结整理，需要经过反复对照而谙熟于心。
+
+In the previous chapters, we listed the possible spellings for each phoneme. Some spellings correspond to just one sound, like **h**, which only corresponds to <span class="pho">h</span>. However, some spellings can correspond to multiple sounds. Here's a summary that needs to be reviewed repeatedly until it becomes second nature.
+
+## 6.2.1. 元音拼写
+
+<div class="two-column">
+
+- "**a**": `ɑː`, `æ`, `e`, `eɪ`, `ə`
+- "**ai**": `e`, `eɪ`
+- "**al**": `ɑː`, `æ`, `ɔː`
+- "**ar**": `ɑːr`, `ɚ`
+- "**au**": `ɑː`, `aʊ`, `ɔː`
+- "**e**": `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `iː`
+- "**ea**": `e`, `iː`, `eɪ`
+- "**ear**": `er`, `ɪr`, `ɝː`
+- "**er**": `ɚ`, `ɝː`
+- "**ew**": `uː`, `oʊ`
+- "**i**": `ɪ`, `aɪ`, `ə`, `j`,
+- "**ie**": `iː`, `e`, `aɪ`
+- "**o**": `ʌ`, `ɑː`, `ə`, `ɔː`, `uː`, `oʊ`
+- "**oo**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `uː`
+- "**oor**": `ʊr`, `ɔːr`
+- "**or**": `ɚ`, `ɝː`, `ɔːr`
+- "**ou**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `ə`, `aʊ`
+- "**ough**": `ɑː`, `oʊ`
+- "**our**": `aʊr`, `ʊr`, `ɔːr`
+- "**ow**": `aʊ`, `oʊ`
+- "**u**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `uː`, `ə`
+- "**ure**": `ɚ`, `ʊr`
+
+</div>
+
+## 6.2.2. 辅音拼写
+
+<div class="two-column">
+
+- "**c**": `s`, `k`
+- "**ch**": `ʃ`, `k`, `ʧ`
+- "**d**": `d`, `dʒ`
+- "**g**": `g`, `dʒ`, `ʒ`
+- "**j**": `j`, `dʒ`
+- "**s**": `s`, `z`, `ʃ`, `ʒ`
+- "**ss**": `s`, `ʃ`
+- "**th**": `ð`, `θ`, `t`
+- "**y**": `ɪ`, `aɪ`, `i`, `j`
+- "**z**": `z`, `ʒ`
+
+</div>
+
+## 6.3. 常见组合词汇
+
+<div class="two-column">
+
+1. airplane <span class="pho alt">ˈer.pleɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/airplane-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/airplane-us-female.mp3"></span>
+2. airport <span class="pho alt">ˈer.pɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/airport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/airport-us-female.mp3"></span>
+3. backyard <span class="pho alt">ˌbækˈjɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/backyard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/backyard-us-female.mp3"></span>
+4. bedroom <span class="pho alt">ˈbed.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bedroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bedroom-us-female.mp3"></span>
+5. birthday <span class="pho alt">ˈbɝːθ.deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/birthday-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/birthday-us-female.mp3"></span>
+6. blackboard <span class="pho alt">ˈblæk.bɔːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blackboard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blackboard-us-female.mp3"></span>
+7. bookstore <span class="pho alt">ˈbʊk.stɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bookstore-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bookstore-us-female.mp3"></span>
+8. brainstorm <span class="pho alt">ˈbreɪn.stɔːrm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brainstorm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brainstorm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+9. breakfast <span class="pho alt">ˈbrek.fəst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/breakfast-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/breakfast-us-female.mp3"></span>
+10. classroom <span class="pho alt">ˈklæs.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/classroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/classroom-us-female.mp3"></span>
+11. cupcake <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌp.keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cupcake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cupcake-us-female.mp3"></span>
+12. daydream <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪ.driːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/daydream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/daydream-us-female.mp3"></span>
+13. dishwasher <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪʃˌwɑː.ʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dishwasher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dishwasher-us-female.mp3"></span>
+14. doorbell <span class="pho alt">ˈdɔːr.bel</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doorbell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doorbell-us-female.mp3"></span>
+15. downtown <span class="pho alt">ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/downtown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/downtown-us-female.mp3"></span>
+16. earthquake <span class="pho alt">ˈɝːθ.kweɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earthquake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earthquake-us-female.mp3"></span>
+17. everyday <span class="pho alt">ˈev.ri.deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/everyday-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/everyday-us-female.mp3"></span>
+18. eyewitness <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪˌwɪt.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/eyewitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/eyewitness-us-female.mp3"></span>
+19. firefighter <span class="pho alt">ˈfaɪrˌfaɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/firefighter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/firefighter-us-female.mp3"></span>
+20. football <span class="pho alt">ˈfʊt.bɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/football-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/football-us-female.mp3"></span>
+21. greenhouse <span class="pho alt">ˈɡriːn.haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/greenhouse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/greenhouse-us-female.mp3"></span>
+22. handwriting <span class="pho alt">ˈhændˌraɪ.t̬ɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/handwriting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/handwriting-us-female.mp3"></span>
+23. headache <span class="pho alt">ˈhed.eɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/headache-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/headache-us-female.mp3"></span>
+24. highway <span class="pho alt">ˈhaɪ.weɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/highway-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/highway-us-female.mp3"></span>
+25. homework <span class="pho alt">ˈhoʊm.wɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/homework-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/homework-us-female.mp3"></span>
+26. iceberg <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪs.bɝːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/iceberg-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/iceberg-us-female.mp3"></span>
+27. jellyfish <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒel.i.fɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jellyfish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jellyfish-us-female.mp3"></span>
+28. laptop <span class="pho alt">ˈlæp.tɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laptop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laptop-us-female.mp3"></span>
+29. lighthouse <span class="pho alt">ˈlaɪt.haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lighthouse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lighthouse-us-female.mp3"></span>
+30. mailbox <span class="pho alt">ˈmeɪl.bɑːks</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mailbox-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mailbox-us-female.mp3"></span>
+31. moonlight <span class="pho alt">ˈmuːn.laɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moonlight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moonlight-us-female.mp3"></span>
+32. notebook <span class="pho alt">ˈnoʊt.bʊk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/notebook-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/notebook-us-female.mp3"></span>
+33. nobody <span class="pho alt">ˈnoʊ.bɑː.di</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nobody-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nobody-us-female.mp3"></span>
+34. pancake <span class="pho alt">ˈpæn.keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pancake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pancake-us-female.mp3"></span>
+35. postcard <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊst.kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/postcard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/postcard-us-female.mp3"></span>
+36. rainbow <span class="pho alt">ˈreɪn.boʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rainbow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rainbow-us-female.mp3"></span>
+37. sailboat <span class="pho alt">ˈseɪl.boʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sailboat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sailboat-us-female.mp3"></span>
+38. sandbox <span class="pho alt">ˈsænd.bɑːks</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sandbox-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sandbox-us-female.mp3"></span>
+39. seashore <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.ʃɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seashore-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seashore-us-female.mp3"></span>
+40. skateboard <span class="pho alt">ˈskeɪt.bɔːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/skateboard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/skateboard-us-female.mp3"></span>
+41. snowflake <span class="pho alt">ˈsnoʊ.fleɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/snowflake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/snowflake-us-female.mp3"></span>
+42. spaceship <span class="pho alt">ˈspeɪs.ʃɪp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spaceship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spaceship-us-female.mp3"></span>
+43. sunflower <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌnˌflaʊ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunflower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunflower-us-female.mp3"></span>
+44. sunshine <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌn.ʃaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunshine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunshine-us-female.mp3"></span>
+45. superhero <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚˌhɪr.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/superhero-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/superhero-us-female.mp3"></span>
+46. tablecloth <span class="pho alt">ˈteɪ.bəl.klɑːθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tablecloth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tablecloth-us-female.mp3"></span>
+47. toothbrush <span class="pho alt">ˈtuːθ.brʌʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toothbrush-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toothbrush-us-female.mp3"></span>
+48. toothpaste <span class="pho alt">ˈtuːθ.peɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toothpaste-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toothpaste-us-female.mp3"></span>
+49. typewriter <span class="pho alt">ˈtaɪpˌraɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/typewriter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/typewriter-us-female.mp3"></span>
+50. underwater <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈwɑː.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underwater-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underwater-us-female.mp3"></span>
+51. upstairs <span class="pho alt">ʌpˈsterz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/upstairs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/upstairs-us-female.mp3"></span>
+52. volleyball <span class="pho alt">ˈvɑː.li.bɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/volleyball-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/volleyball-us-female.mp3"></span>
+53. waterfall <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑː.t̬ɚ.fɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/waterfall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/waterfall-us-female.mp3"></span>
+54. watermelon <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑː.t̬ɚˌmel.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watermelon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watermelon-us-female.mp3"></span>
+55. weekend <span class="pho alt">ˈwiːk.end</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/weekend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/weekend-us-female.mp3"></span>
+56. wheelchair <span class="pho alt">ˈwiːl.tʃer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wheelchair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wheelchair-us-female.mp3"></span>
+57. windmill <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnd.mɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/windmill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/windmill-us-female.mp3"></span>
+58. workshop <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːk.ʃɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/workshop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/workshop-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+</div>
+
+## 6.4. 常见词根词缀
+
+英文的词根大多来自拉丁语；而常用词缀，包括前缀和后缀 —— 它们都是表意的。
+
+### 6.4.1. 常见前缀
+
+<div class="two-column">
+
+1. **un-** (not, opposite of)
+  * unhappy <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unhappy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unhappy-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * unknown <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈnoʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unknown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unknown-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * unusual <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unusual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unusual-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+2. **re-** (again, back)
+  * redo <span class="pho alt">riːˈduː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/redo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/redo-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * review <span class="pho alt">rɪˈvjuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/review-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/review-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * return <span class="pho alt">rɪˈtɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/return-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/return-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+3. **in-** (not, into)
+  * incomplete <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.kəmˈpliːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/incomplete-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/incomplete-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * invisible <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/invisible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/invisible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * inside <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈsaɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inside-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inside-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+4. **dis-** (not, opposite of)
+  * disagree <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.əˈɡriː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disagree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disagree-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * disappear <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.əˈpɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disappear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disappear-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * disconnect <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.kəˈnekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disconnect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disconnect-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+5. **pre-** (before)
+  * preview <span class="pho alt">ˈpriː.vjuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/preview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/preview-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * predict <span class="pho alt">prɪˈdɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/predict-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/predict-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * preschool <span class="pho alt">ˈpriː.skuːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/preschool-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/preschool-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+6. **mis-** (wrongly)
+  * misunderstand <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪs.ʌn.dɚˈstænd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/misunderstand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/misunderstand-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * misplace <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪsˈpleɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/misplace-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/misplace-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * mislead <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪsˈliːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mislead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mislead-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+7. **non-** (not)
+  * nonstick <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑːnˈstɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonstick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonstick-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * nonprofit <span class="pho alt">nɑnˈprɑf·ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonprofit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonprofit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * nonviolent <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑːnˈvaɪə.lənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonviolent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonviolent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+8. **over-** (too much)
+  * overeat <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈiːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overeat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overeat-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * overwork <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overwork-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overwork-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * overheat <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈhiːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overheat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overheat-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+9. **sub-** (under)
+  * submarine <span class="pho alt">ˌsʌb.məˈriːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/submarine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/submarine-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * subtitle <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbˌtaɪ.t̬əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subtitle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subtitle-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * subconscious <span class="pho alt">ˌsʌbˈkɑːn.ʃəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subconscious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subconscious-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+10. **inter-** (between, among)
+  * international <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈnæʃ.ən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * interact <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈækt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interact-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interact-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * interrupt <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬əˈrʌpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interrupt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interrupt-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+11. **trans-** (across, beyond)
+  * transport <span class="pho alt">ˈtræn.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transport-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * transfer <span class="pho alt">ˈtræns.fɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transfer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transfer-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * transform <span class="pho alt">trænsˈfɔːrm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transform-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transform-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+12. **under-** (too little, below)
+  * underpaid <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈpeɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underpaid-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underpaid-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * underestimate <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈes.tə.meɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underestimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underestimate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * underground <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈɡraʊnd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underground-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underground-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+13. **super-** (above, beyond)
+  * superhuman <span class="pho alt">ˌsuː.pɚˈhjuː.mən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/superhuman-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/superhuman-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * supermarket <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚˌmɑːr.kɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/supermarket-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/supermarket-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * supervisor <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚ.vaɪ.zɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/supervisor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/supervisor-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+14. **semi-** (half, partly)
+  * semicircle <span class="pho alt">ˈsem.iˌsɝː.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semicircle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semicircle-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * semifinal <span class="pho alt">ˌsem.iˈfaɪ.nəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semifinal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semifinal-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * semiconscious <span class="pho alt">ˌsem.aɪ.ˈkɑːn.ʃəs/</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semiconscious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semiconscious-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+15. **anti-** (against)
+  * antibiotic <span class="pho alt">ˌæn.t̬i.baɪˈɑː.t̬ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antibiotic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antibiotic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * antifreeze <span class="pho alt">ˈæn.t̬i.friːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antifreeze-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antifreeze-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * antisocial <span class="pho alt">ˌæn.t̬iˈsoʊ.ʃəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antisocial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antisocial-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+16. **de-** (down, away from)
+  * devalue <span class="pho alt">ˌdiːˈvæl.juː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/devalue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/devalue-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * defrost <span class="pho alt">ˌdiːˈfrɑːst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/defrost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/defrost-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * decode <span class="pho alt">diːˈkoʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/decode-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/decode-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+17. **en-** (make, put into)
+  * enable <span class="pho alt">ɪˈneɪ.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/enable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/enable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * enrich <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈrɪtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/enrich-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/enrich-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * encourage <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝː.ɪdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+18. **em-** (cause to)
+  * empower <span class="pho alt">-ˈpaʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/empower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/empower-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * embrace <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈbreɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/embrace-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/embrace-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * employ <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈplɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/employ-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/employ-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+19. **non-** (not)
+  * nonexistent <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑn·ɪɡˈzɪs·tənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonexistent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonexistent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * nonsense <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːn.sens</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonsense-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonsense-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * nonprofit <span class="pho alt">nɑnˈprɑf·ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonprofit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonprofit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+20. **mid-** (middle)
+  * midnight <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midnight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midnight-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * midterm <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.tɝːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midterm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midterm-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * midfield <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.fiːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midfield-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midfield-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+### 6.4.2. 常见后缀
+
+1. **-able** (capable of)
+  * readable <span class="pho alt">ˈriː.də.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/readable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/readable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * manageable <span class="pho alt">ˈmæn.ə.dʒə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/manageable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/manageable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * comfortable <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌm.fɚ.t̬ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfortable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfortable-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+2. **-ible** (capable of)
+  * visible <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/visible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/visible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * flexible <span class="pho alt">ˈflek.sə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flexible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flexible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * edible <span class="pho alt">ˈed.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/edible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/edible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+3. **-al** (relating to)
+  * natural <span class="pho alt">ˈnætʃ.ɚ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/natural-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/natural-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * musical <span class="pho alt">ˈmjuː.zɪ.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/musical-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/musical-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * personal <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝː.sən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/personal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/personal-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+4. **-ful** (full of)
+  * helpful <span class="pho alt">ˈhelp.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/helpful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/helpful-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * joyful <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒɔɪ.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/joyful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/joyful-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * careful <span class="pho alt">ˈker.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/careful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/careful-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+5. **-less** (without)
+  * hopeless <span class="pho alt">ˈhoʊp.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hopeless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hopeless-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * fearless <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪr.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fearless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fearless-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * endless <span class="pho alt">ˈend.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/endless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/endless-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+6. **-ly** (in the manner of)
+  * quickly <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɪk.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quickly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quickly-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * slowly <span class="pho alt">ˈsloʊ.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/slowly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/slowly-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * happily <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.əl.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happily-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happily-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+7. **-ment** (action or process)
+  * development <span class="pho alt">dɪˈvel.əp.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/development-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/development-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * agreement <span class="pho alt">əˈɡriː.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/agreement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/agreement-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * improvement <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpruːv.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/improvement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/improvement-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+8. **-ness** (state or quality)
+  * kindness <span class="pho alt">ˈkaɪnd.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kindness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kindness-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * darkness <span class="pho alt">ˈdɑːrk.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/darkness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/darkness-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * happiness <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happiness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happiness-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+9. **-er** (one who, comparative)
+  * teacher <span class="pho alt">ˈtiː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/teacher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/teacher-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * runner <span class="pho alt">ˈrʌn.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/runner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/runner-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * faster <span class="pho alt">fæst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/faster-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/faster-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+10. **-or** (one who)
+  * actor <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/actor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/actor-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * inventor <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈven.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inventor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inventor-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * conductor <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conductor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conductor-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+11. **-ist** (one who practices)
+  * artist <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːr.t̬ɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/artist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/artist-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * scientist <span class="pho alt">ˈsaɪən.tɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/scientist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/scientist-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * pianist <span class="pho alt">ˈpiː.ən.ɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pianist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pianist-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+12. **-ion** (action or condition)
+  * celebration <span class="pho alt">ˌsel.əˈbreɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * decision <span class="pho alt">dɪˈsɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/decision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/decision-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * creation <span class="pho alt">kriˈeɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/creation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/creation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+13. **-tion** (action or condition)
+  * education <span class="pho alt">ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/education-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/education-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * suggestion <span class="pho alt">səˈdʒes.tʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/suggestion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/suggestion-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * transportation <span class="pho alt">ˌtræn.spɚˈteɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+14. **-sion** (state or condition)
+  * admission <span class="pho alt">ədˈmɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/admission-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/admission-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * confusion <span class="pho alt">kənˈfjuː.ʒən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/confusion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/confusion-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * extension <span class="pho alt">ɪkˈsten.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/extension-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/extension-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+15. **-ous** (full of)
+  * dangerous <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪn.dʒɚ.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dangerous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dangerous-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * nervous <span class="pho alt">ˈnɝː.vəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nervous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nervous-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * famous <span class="pho alt">ˈfeɪ.məs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/famous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/famous-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+16. **-ive** (tending to)
+  * active <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/active-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/active-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * creative <span class="pho alt">kriˈeɪ.t̬ɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/creative-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/creative-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * attractive <span class="pho alt">əˈtræk.tɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/attractive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/attractive-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+17. **-ic** (relating to)
+  * artistic <span class="pho alt">ɑːrˈtɪs.tɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/artistic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/artistic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * athletic <span class="pho alt">æθˈlet̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/athletic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/athletic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * energetic <span class="pho alt">ˌen.ɚˈdʒet̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/energetic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/energetic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+18. **-ity** (state or quality)
+  * reality <span class="pho alt">riˈæl.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reality-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * ability <span class="pho alt">əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ability-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ability-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * simplicity <span class="pho alt">sɪmˈplɪs.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/simplicity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/simplicity-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+19. **-ance** (state or quality)
+  * performance <span class="pho alt">pɚˈfɔːr.məns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/performance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/performance-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * importance <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɔːr.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/importance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/importance-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * acceptance <span class="pho alt">əkˈsep.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/acceptance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/acceptance-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+20. **-ence** (state or quality)
+  * difference <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪf.ɚ.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/difference-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/difference-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * independence <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dəns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/independence-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/independence-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * existence <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzɪs.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/existence-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/existence-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+</div>
+
+### 6.4.3. 常见词根
+
+<div class="two-column">
+
+1. **aqua** (water)
+  * aquarium <span class="pho alt">əˈkwer.i.əm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aquarium-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aquarium-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * aquatic <span class="pho alt">əˈkwæt̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aquatic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aquatic-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * aqueduct <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.wə.dʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aqueduct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aqueduct-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+2. **aud** (hear)
+  * audience <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.di.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audience-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audience-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * audio <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.di.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audio-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audio-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * audition <span class="pho alt">ɑːˈdɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audition-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+3. **bene** (good, well)
+  * benefit <span class="pho alt">ˈben.ə.fɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benefit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benefit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * benevolent <span class="pho alt">bəˈnev.əl.ənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benevolent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benevolent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * benefactor <span class="pho alt">ˈben.ə.fæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benefactor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benefactor-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+4. **cent** (hundred)
+  * century <span class="pho alt">ˈsen.tʃər.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/century-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/century-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * percent <span class="pho alt">pɚˈsent</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/percent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/percent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * centennial <span class="pho alt">senˈten.i.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/centennial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/centennial-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+5. **dict** (say, speak)
+  * dictionary <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪk.ʃən.er.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dictionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dictionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * predict <span class="pho alt">prɪˈdɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/predict-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/predict-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * dictate <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪk.teɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dictate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dictate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+6. **duc** (lead)
+  * conduct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conduct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conduct-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * produce <span class="pho alt">prəˈduːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/produce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/produce-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * reduce <span class="pho alt">rɪˈduːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reduce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reduce-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+7. **fract** (break)
+  * fracture <span class="pho alt">ˈfræk.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fracture-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fracture-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * fraction <span class="pho alt">ˈfræk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fraction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fraction-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * infraction <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈfræk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/infraction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/infraction-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+8. **ject** (throw)
+  * project <span class="pho alt">ˈprɑː.dʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/project-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/project-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * inject <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈdʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inject-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inject-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * reject <span class="pho alt">rɪˈdʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reject-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reject-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+9. **jud** (judge)
+  * judicial <span class="pho alt">dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/judicial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/judicial-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * prejudice <span class="pho alt">ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prejudice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prejudice-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * judgment <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/judgment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/judgment-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+10. **mal** (bad, ill)
+  * malnutrition <span class="pho alt">ˌmæl.nuːˈtrɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malnutrition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malnutrition-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * malicious <span class="pho alt">məˈlɪʃ.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malicious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malicious-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * malfunction <span class="pho alt">ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malfunction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malfunction-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+11. **mater** (mother)
+  * maternal <span class="pho alt">məˈtɝː.nəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maternal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maternal-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * maternity <span class="pho alt">məˈtɝː.nə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maternity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maternity-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * matriarch <span class="pho alt">ˈmeɪ.tri.ɑːrk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/matriarch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/matriarch-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+12. **mit** (send)
+  * transmit <span class="pho alt">trænsˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transmit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transmit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * admit <span class="pho alt">ədˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/admit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/admit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * submit <span class="pho alt">səbˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/submit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/submit-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+13. **mort** (death)
+  * mortal <span class="pho alt">ˈmɔːr.t̬əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortal-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * mortician <span class="pho alt">mɔːrˈtɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortician-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortician-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * mortify <span class="pho alt">ˈmɔːr.t̬ə.faɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortify-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortify-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+14. **multi** (many)
+  * multiple <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌl.tə.pəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multiple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multiple-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * multiply <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌl.tə.plaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multiply-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multiply-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * multinational <span class="pho alt">ˌmʌl.t̬iˈnæʃ.ən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multinational-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multinational-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+15. **pend** (hang, weigh)
+  * pendant <span class="pho alt">ˈpen.dənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pendant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pendant-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * suspend <span class="pho alt">səˈspend</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/suspend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/suspend-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * depend <span class="pho alt">dɪˈpend</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/depend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/depend-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+16. **port** (carry)
+  * transport <span class="pho alt">ˈtræn.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transport-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * export <span class="pho alt">ˈek.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/export-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/export-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * import <span class="pho alt">ˈɪm.pɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/import-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/import-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+17. **scrib/script** (write)
+  * describe <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskraɪb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/describe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/describe-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * manuscript <span class="pho alt">ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/manuscript-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/manuscript-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * subscription <span class="pho alt">səbˈskrɪp.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subscription-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subscription-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+18. **sect/sec** (cut)
+  * section <span class="pho alt">ˈsek.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/section-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/section-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * dissect <span class="pho alt">daɪˈsekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dissect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dissect-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * intersect <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈsekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/intersect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/intersect-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+19. **sent/sens** (feel)
+  * sensation <span class="pho alt">senˈseɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sensation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sensation-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * sensitive <span class="pho alt">ˈsen.sə.t̬ɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sensitive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sensitive-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * consent <span class="pho alt">kənˈsent</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/consent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/consent-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+20. **spec/spect** (look)
+  * inspect <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈspekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inspect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inspect-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * spectator <span class="pho alt">spekˈteɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spectator-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spectator-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * spectacle <span class="pho alt">ˈspek.tə.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spectacle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spectacle-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+21. **struct** (build)
+  * construct <span class="pho alt">kənˈstrʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/construct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/construct-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * structure <span class="pho alt">ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/structure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/structure-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * destruct <span class="pho alt">ˌself.dɪˈstrʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/destruct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/destruct-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+22. **tele** (far)
+  * telephone <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.foʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/telephone-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/telephone-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * television <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.vɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/television-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/television-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * telegraph <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.ɡræf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/telegraph-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/telegraph-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+23. **terra** (earth)
+  * terrestrial <span class="pho alt">təˈres.tri.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/terrestrial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/terrestrial-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * territory <span class="pho alt">ˈter.ə.tɔːr.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/territory-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/territory-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * terrain <span class="pho alt">təˈreɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/terrain-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/terrain-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+24. **vac** (empty)
+  * vacant <span class="pho alt">ˈveɪ.kənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vacant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vacant-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * vacuum <span class="pho alt">ˈvæk.juːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vacuum-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vacuum-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * evacuate <span class="pho alt">ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/evacuate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/evacuate-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+25. **vid/vis** (see)
+  * video <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪd.i.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/video-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/video-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * vision <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * invisible <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/invisible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/invisible-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<style>
+    .two-column ol, .two-column ul {
+        column-count: 2 !important;
+        column-gap: 2em;
+    }
+</style>
+