# 6. 词汇构建

千万不要天真地把 “背单词” 和 “学英语” 等同起来…… 构建词汇量，的确是一个重要的环节，但，它不仅不是全部，甚至不是最重要的环节。

另外一个关键在于，在构建词汇量的过程中，最重要的是 “**文本与语音之间不可分割的紧密联系**” —— 不知道为什么，觉得大多数人竟然觉得这最关键的东西根本无所谓…… 但，那些人早晚会因为他们的误解付出惨重的代价。

## 6.1. 背单词的最有效方法

在第三章《音素详解》中，在每个小节，针对每个音素都罗列出了 “常见拼写” —— 这才是未来扩充词汇的时候，最有效的辅助记忆手段和工具。

英文的词汇构成，主要分为 “表音” 和 “表意” 两种。

```mermaid
flowchart LR
spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| syllables(音节构成) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
spellings <--> sounds
spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| parts(含义组件) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
```

*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span> 就是一个表音构成的词汇，这是两个音节的词汇，app 对应着第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈæp</span>，le 对应着第二个音节 <span class="pho alt">əl</span>。所以，记忆它的时候，不是一个字母一个字母地背，说，“*a、p、p、l、e…… apple!*”。而是，<span class="pho alt">æ</span> 对应着 a；app，<span class="pho alt">p</span> 的拼写是两个叠加的 *pp*，而后是 *le* 读作 <span class="pho alt">əl</span> —— 这样的拼写很常见，比如，*double*, *impossible*……

而 *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词里，就有表意的构成，*im*- 是个常见词头（prefix），和 *un*- *ir*- 一样，表示否定的含义，*possible* 是 “可能的”，*impossible* 就是 “不可能的”。进而，*possible* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/possible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/possible-us-female.mp3"></span> 就可以把它完全当作只有表音构成的词汇，*po* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span>，或者反过来，<span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span> 写作 *po*，*ssi* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sə</span>，*ble* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">bəl</span>…… 反正不应该是 “*p、o、s、s、i、b、l、e…… possible!*”…… 生硬地按顺序记住 7 个字母，显然不如 “只记三个音节” 来的容易 —— 这其中，需要多注意一下的，不过是 ss（double s）而已。

另外，常用词汇中其实有不少是 “组合词汇”（*compound words*），各个组成部分也都是 “表意” 的。比如 *classroom* <span class="pho alt">ˈklæs.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/classroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/classroom-us-female.mp3"></span>, *doorbell* <span class="pho alt">ˈdɔːr.bel</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doorbell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doorbell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *handwriting* <span class="pho alt">ˈhændˌraɪ.t̬ɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/handwriting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/handwriting-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sunshine* <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌn.ʃaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunshine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunshine-us-female.mp3"></span>, *upstairs* <span class="pho alt">ʌpˈsterz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/upstairs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/upstairs-us-female.mp3"></span> 等等。

词根词缀，尤其是那些来自于拉丁语的词根词缀，在词汇量没达到一定程度之前，实际用处不大 —— 但，到了一定地步，比如，词汇量超过 5,000 的时候，在这样扎实的基础上，稍微研究一下词根词缀，对快速且大量地做大词汇量是很有帮助的。

举个例子，*ichthyosaur* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-female.mp3"></span>，这个一看就知道并非常用的词汇，其实很简单，先从表音构成去看，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θi.ə.sɔːr</span> —— 剑桥词典把它划分成了 4 个音节…… 但感觉上，第二第三个音节可以合并，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span>，*ich* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk</span>, *thyo* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">θiə</span>, *saur* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span>…… 而从表意的角度去看呢？前半部 *ichthyo*- 的意思是 “与鱼有关的”…… 后半部 -*saur* 是什么意思呢？各种恐龙的 “龙” 都是 -*saur* 结尾，于是，这个词的意思是 “鱼龙”……

记忆词汇的最朴素最有效方法，就是把它的拼写、读音和意义联系起来 —— 这原本是文字本来的结构和意义。

```mermaid
flowchart LR

sounds(读音)<--->meanings(意义)
meanings<--->spellings(拼写)
sounds<--->spellings
```

除此之外，其他的任何所谓的 “方法”，都不仅无效，甚至只有副作用，弊大于利。比如什么 “谐音记忆法” 或者 “趣味记忆法” 什么的，它们都违背大脑对语言文字的基本工作机制，根本不可能提高效率，只会增加不必要的负担 —— 虽然有时候觉竟然觉得有点意思……

人们失败的原因很简单，他们总想 “更省事儿一点”。坐在那里只用眼睛看，既不动口也不动手，也因此实际上更少动脑。只调用一个器官和同时调用多个器官是不一样的，前者好像更省事儿，可实际上由于脑力调用太少，导致的结果是 “效果几近于零”。

学外语的人十有八九失败。很多失败的人都曾经去问过老师，“老师，我背单词不记发音行不行？” “老师，我背单词不记拼写行不行？” 这种荒谬至极的问题问出来，并不是想要什么答案，只是想要一个 “偷懒认证”，给自己的偷懒找个背书…… 还别说，还真有老师说 “可以！” 因为真的有相当数量相当比例的老师，通过这种方法获得更多来自学生的好感，进而提高自己的收入……

刚开始的时候，记忆单词无论如何都是吃力的。这是一个真诚的忠告，谁不信谁吃亏，爱信不信：

> 千万不要尝试用任何手段去提速……

—— 因为事实上谁都不可能提速，无论什么手段都不可能提速…… 真正提速的方法只有一个，**积累**。

扩充词汇，是有**加速度**的过程 —— 可以越来越快…… 可是，在最初的时候，速度很低，加速度为零，所以总是感觉超级吃力。然而，词汇之间是有关联的，对大脑来说，一个生词与已有的词汇关联越多，越容易记住。也就是说，已有词汇量越多，新词可能与它们产生的关联越多，所以才越来越容易。当你的词汇量超过三五千的时候，你就会感觉很多生词几乎看一眼就记得住，无论是拼写还是读音还是其意义甚至其用法 —— 整个看似来是个**复利曲线**一样有**越来越大的加速度**的过程。

倒是有个窍门。**直接背例句**…… 对大脑来说，“多朗读几遍例句” 远比 “只把力气花在某一个单词或者词组上” 来得更为轻松。在语言方面就是这样，你做得越多，对大脑来说越轻松，反过来，你做得越少，所谓 “省事儿” 逐步形成的，对大脑来说只能是不可逾越的障碍。

进而，最靠谱的扩大词汇量方法：**精读**。找到自己真正感兴趣的书（小说类、非小说类各几本），遇到生词就查，逐一消灭 —— 每本书都要读若干遍（所以一定要选自己真迷恋的书）…… 读着读着，词汇量就大了，句法障碍就消失了，理解能力就提高了，阅读速度就飞快了…… 各种语言都是这样的。哪怕是我们的母语，我们对母语的掌控能力，也是这么练出来的 —— 学校里的语文课和语文老师，从来都帮不上什么忙…… 说点刻薄的话，这些语文老师啊，他们的唯一作用就是在考试里给绝大多数学生设置奇怪的障碍。

## 6.2. 多音拼写

之前的章节里，都罗列了对应每个音素可能的拼写。有些拼写只对应一个读音，比如，**h** 就只对应着 <span class="pho">h</span>；但，有一些拼写可能对应着多个读音。以下是一个总结整理，需要经过反复对照而谙熟于心。

## 6.2.1. 元音拼写

<div class="two-column">

- "**a**": `ɑː`, `æ`, `e`, `eɪ`, `ə`
- "**ai**": `e`, `eɪ`
- "**al**": `ɑː`, `æ`, `ɔː`
- "**ar**": `ɑːr`, `ɚ`
- "**au**": `ɑː`, `aʊ`, `ɔː`
- "**e**": `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `iː`
- "**ea**": `e`, `iː`, `eɪ`
- "**ear**": `er`, `ɪr`, `ɝː`
- "**er**": `ɚ`, `ɝː`
- "**ew**": `uː`, `oʊ`
- "**i**": `ɪ`, `aɪ`, `ə`, `j`,
- "**ie**": `iː`, `e`, `aɪ`
- "**o**": `ʌ`, `ɑː`, `ə`, `ɔː`, `uː`, `oʊ`
- "**oo**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `uː`
- "**oor**": `ʊr`, `ɔːr`
- "**or**": `ɚ`, `ɝː`, `ɔːr`
- "**ou**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `ə`, `aʊ`
- "**ough**": `ɑː`, `oʊ`
- "**our**": `aʊr`, `ʊr`, `ɔːr`
- "**ow**": `aʊ`, `oʊ`
- "**u**": `ʌ`, `ʊ`, `uː`, `ə`
- "**ure**": `ɚ`, `ʊr`

</div>

## 6.2.2. 辅音拼写

<div class="two-column">

- "**c**": `s`, `k`
- "**ch**": `ʃ`, `k`, `ʧ`
- "**d**": `d`, `dʒ`
- "**g**": `g`, `dʒ`, `ʒ`
- "**j**": `j`, `dʒ`
- "**s**": `s`, `z`, `ʃ`, `ʒ`
- "**ss**": `s`, `ʃ`
- "**th**": `ð`, `θ`, `t`
- "**y**": `ɪ`, `aɪ`, `i`, `j`
- "**z**": `z`, `ʒ`

</div>

## 6.3. 常见组合词汇

<div class="two-column">

1. airplane <span class="pho alt">ˈer.pleɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/airplane-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/airplane-us-female.mp3"></span>
2. airport <span class="pho alt">ˈer.pɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/airport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/airport-us-female.mp3"></span>
3. backyard <span class="pho alt">ˌbækˈjɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/backyard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/backyard-us-female.mp3"></span>
4. bedroom <span class="pho alt">ˈbed.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bedroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bedroom-us-female.mp3"></span>
5. birthday <span class="pho alt">ˈbɝːθ.deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/birthday-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/birthday-us-female.mp3"></span>
6. blackboard <span class="pho alt">ˈblæk.bɔːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blackboard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blackboard-us-female.mp3"></span>
7. bookstore <span class="pho alt">ˈbʊk.stɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bookstore-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bookstore-us-female.mp3"></span>
8. brainstorm <span class="pho alt">ˈbreɪn.stɔːrm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brainstorm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brainstorm-us-female.mp3"></span>
9. breakfast <span class="pho alt">ˈbrek.fəst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/breakfast-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/breakfast-us-female.mp3"></span>
10. classroom <span class="pho alt">ˈklæs.ruːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/classroom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/classroom-us-female.mp3"></span>
11. cupcake <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌp.keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cupcake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cupcake-us-female.mp3"></span>
12. daydream <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪ.driːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/daydream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/daydream-us-female.mp3"></span>
13. dishwasher <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪʃˌwɑː.ʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dishwasher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dishwasher-us-female.mp3"></span>
14. doorbell <span class="pho alt">ˈdɔːr.bel</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/doorbell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/doorbell-us-female.mp3"></span>
15. downtown <span class="pho alt">ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/downtown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/downtown-us-female.mp3"></span>
16. earthquake <span class="pho alt">ˈɝːθ.kweɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/earthquake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/earthquake-us-female.mp3"></span>
17. everyday <span class="pho alt">ˈev.ri.deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/everyday-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/everyday-us-female.mp3"></span>
18. eyewitness <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪˌwɪt.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/eyewitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/eyewitness-us-female.mp3"></span>
19. firefighter <span class="pho alt">ˈfaɪrˌfaɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/firefighter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/firefighter-us-female.mp3"></span>
20. football <span class="pho alt">ˈfʊt.bɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/football-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/football-us-female.mp3"></span>
21. greenhouse <span class="pho alt">ˈɡriːn.haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/greenhouse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/greenhouse-us-female.mp3"></span>
22. handwriting <span class="pho alt">ˈhændˌraɪ.t̬ɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/handwriting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/handwriting-us-female.mp3"></span>
23. headache <span class="pho alt">ˈhed.eɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/headache-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/headache-us-female.mp3"></span>
24. highway <span class="pho alt">ˈhaɪ.weɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/highway-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/highway-us-female.mp3"></span>
25. homework <span class="pho alt">ˈhoʊm.wɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/homework-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/homework-us-female.mp3"></span>
26. iceberg <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪs.bɝːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/iceberg-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/iceberg-us-female.mp3"></span>
27. jellyfish <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒel.i.fɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jellyfish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jellyfish-us-female.mp3"></span>
28. laptop <span class="pho alt">ˈlæp.tɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laptop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laptop-us-female.mp3"></span>
29. lighthouse <span class="pho alt">ˈlaɪt.haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lighthouse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lighthouse-us-female.mp3"></span>
30. mailbox <span class="pho alt">ˈmeɪl.bɑːks</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mailbox-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mailbox-us-female.mp3"></span>
31. moonlight <span class="pho alt">ˈmuːn.laɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moonlight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moonlight-us-female.mp3"></span>
32. notebook <span class="pho alt">ˈnoʊt.bʊk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/notebook-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/notebook-us-female.mp3"></span>
33. nobody <span class="pho alt">ˈnoʊ.bɑː.di</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nobody-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nobody-us-female.mp3"></span>
34. pancake <span class="pho alt">ˈpæn.keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pancake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pancake-us-female.mp3"></span>
35. postcard <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊst.kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/postcard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/postcard-us-female.mp3"></span>
36. rainbow <span class="pho alt">ˈreɪn.boʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rainbow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rainbow-us-female.mp3"></span>
37. sailboat <span class="pho alt">ˈseɪl.boʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sailboat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sailboat-us-female.mp3"></span>
38. sandbox <span class="pho alt">ˈsænd.bɑːks</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sandbox-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sandbox-us-female.mp3"></span>
39. seashore <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.ʃɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seashore-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seashore-us-female.mp3"></span>
40. skateboard <span class="pho alt">ˈskeɪt.bɔːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/skateboard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/skateboard-us-female.mp3"></span>
41. snowflake <span class="pho alt">ˈsnoʊ.fleɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/snowflake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/snowflake-us-female.mp3"></span>
42. spaceship <span class="pho alt">ˈspeɪs.ʃɪp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spaceship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spaceship-us-female.mp3"></span>
43. sunflower <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌnˌflaʊ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunflower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunflower-us-female.mp3"></span>
44. sunshine <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌn.ʃaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sunshine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sunshine-us-female.mp3"></span>
45. superhero <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚˌhɪr.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/superhero-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/superhero-us-female.mp3"></span>
46. tablecloth <span class="pho alt">ˈteɪ.bəl.klɑːθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tablecloth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tablecloth-us-female.mp3"></span>
47. toothbrush <span class="pho alt">ˈtuːθ.brʌʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toothbrush-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toothbrush-us-female.mp3"></span>
48. toothpaste <span class="pho alt">ˈtuːθ.peɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toothpaste-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toothpaste-us-female.mp3"></span>
49. typewriter <span class="pho alt">ˈtaɪpˌraɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/typewriter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/typewriter-us-female.mp3"></span>
50. underwater <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈwɑː.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underwater-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underwater-us-female.mp3"></span>
51. upstairs <span class="pho alt">ʌpˈsterz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/upstairs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/upstairs-us-female.mp3"></span>
52. volleyball <span class="pho alt">ˈvɑː.li.bɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/volleyball-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/volleyball-us-female.mp3"></span>
53. waterfall <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑː.t̬ɚ.fɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/waterfall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/waterfall-us-female.mp3"></span>
54. watermelon <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑː.t̬ɚˌmel.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watermelon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watermelon-us-female.mp3"></span>
55. weekend <span class="pho alt">ˈwiːk.end</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/weekend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/weekend-us-female.mp3"></span>
56. wheelchair <span class="pho alt">ˈwiːl.tʃer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wheelchair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wheelchair-us-female.mp3"></span>
57. windmill <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnd.mɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/windmill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/windmill-us-female.mp3"></span>
58. workshop <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːk.ʃɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/workshop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/workshop-us-female.mp3"></span>

</div>

## 6.4. 常见词根词缀

英文的词根大多来自拉丁语；而常用词缀，包括前缀和后缀 —— 它们都是表意的。

### 6.4.1. 常见前缀

<div class="two-column">

1. **un-** (not, opposite of)
  * unhappy <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unhappy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unhappy-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * unknown <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈnoʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unknown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unknown-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * unusual <span class="pho alt">ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unusual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unusual-us-female.mp3"></span>

2. **re-** (again, back)
  * redo <span class="pho alt">riːˈduː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/redo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/redo-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * review <span class="pho alt">rɪˈvjuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/review-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/review-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * return <span class="pho alt">rɪˈtɝːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/return-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/return-us-female.mp3"></span>

3. **in-** (not, into)
  * incomplete <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.kəmˈpliːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/incomplete-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/incomplete-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * invisible <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/invisible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/invisible-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * inside <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈsaɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inside-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inside-us-female.mp3"></span>

4. **dis-** (not, opposite of)
  * disagree <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.əˈɡriː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disagree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disagree-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * disappear <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.əˈpɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disappear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disappear-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * disconnect <span class="pho alt">ˌdɪs.kəˈnekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/disconnect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/disconnect-us-female.mp3"></span>

5. **pre-** (before)
  * preview <span class="pho alt">ˈpriː.vjuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/preview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/preview-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * predict <span class="pho alt">prɪˈdɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/predict-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/predict-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * preschool <span class="pho alt">ˈpriː.skuːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/preschool-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/preschool-us-female.mp3"></span>

6. **mis-** (wrongly)
  * misunderstand <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪs.ʌn.dɚˈstænd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/misunderstand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/misunderstand-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * misplace <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪsˈpleɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/misplace-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/misplace-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * mislead <span class="pho alt">ˌmɪsˈliːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mislead-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mislead-us-female.mp3"></span>

7. **non-** (not)
  * nonstick <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑːnˈstɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonstick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonstick-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * nonprofit <span class="pho alt">nɑnˈprɑf·ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonprofit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonprofit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * nonviolent <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑːnˈvaɪə.lənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonviolent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonviolent-us-female.mp3"></span>

8. **over-** (too much)
  * overeat <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈiːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overeat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overeat-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * overwork <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɝːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overwork-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overwork-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * overheat <span class="pho alt">ˌoʊ.vɚˈhiːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/overheat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/overheat-us-female.mp3"></span>

9. **sub-** (under)
  * submarine <span class="pho alt">ˌsʌb.məˈriːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/submarine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/submarine-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * subtitle <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbˌtaɪ.t̬əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subtitle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subtitle-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * subconscious <span class="pho alt">ˌsʌbˈkɑːn.ʃəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subconscious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subconscious-us-female.mp3"></span>

10. **inter-** (between, among)
  * international <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈnæʃ.ən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * interact <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈækt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interact-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interact-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * interrupt <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬əˈrʌpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interrupt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interrupt-us-female.mp3"></span>

11. **trans-** (across, beyond)
  * transport <span class="pho alt">ˈtræn.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transport-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * transfer <span class="pho alt">ˈtræns.fɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transfer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transfer-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * transform <span class="pho alt">trænsˈfɔːrm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transform-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transform-us-female.mp3"></span>

12. **under-** (too little, below)
  * underpaid <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈpeɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underpaid-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underpaid-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * underestimate <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈes.tə.meɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underestimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underestimate-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * underground <span class="pho alt">ˌʌn.dɚˈɡraʊnd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/underground-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/underground-us-female.mp3"></span>

13. **super-** (above, beyond)
  * superhuman <span class="pho alt">ˌsuː.pɚˈhjuː.mən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/superhuman-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/superhuman-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * supermarket <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚˌmɑːr.kɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/supermarket-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/supermarket-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * supervisor <span class="pho alt">ˈsuː.pɚ.vaɪ.zɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/supervisor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/supervisor-us-female.mp3"></span>

14. **semi-** (half, partly)
  * semicircle <span class="pho alt">ˈsem.iˌsɝː.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semicircle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semicircle-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * semifinal <span class="pho alt">ˌsem.iˈfaɪ.nəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semifinal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semifinal-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * semiconscious <span class="pho alt">ˌsem.aɪ.ˈkɑːn.ʃəs/</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/semiconscious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/semiconscious-us-female.mp3"></span>

15. **anti-** (against)
  * antibiotic <span class="pho alt">ˌæn.t̬i.baɪˈɑː.t̬ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antibiotic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antibiotic-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * antifreeze <span class="pho alt">ˈæn.t̬i.friːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antifreeze-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antifreeze-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * antisocial <span class="pho alt">ˌæn.t̬iˈsoʊ.ʃəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/antisocial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/antisocial-us-female.mp3"></span>

16. **de-** (down, away from)
  * devalue <span class="pho alt">ˌdiːˈvæl.juː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/devalue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/devalue-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * defrost <span class="pho alt">ˌdiːˈfrɑːst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/defrost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/defrost-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * decode <span class="pho alt">diːˈkoʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/decode-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/decode-us-female.mp3"></span>

17. **en-** (make, put into)
  * enable <span class="pho alt">ɪˈneɪ.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/enable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/enable-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * enrich <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈrɪtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/enrich-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/enrich-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * encourage <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝː.ɪdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>

18. **em-** (cause to)
  * empower <span class="pho alt">-ˈpaʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/empower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/empower-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * embrace <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈbreɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/embrace-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/embrace-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * employ <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈplɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/employ-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/employ-us-female.mp3"></span>

19. **non-** (not)
  * nonexistent <span class="pho alt">ˌnɑn·ɪɡˈzɪs·tənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonexistent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonexistent-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * nonsense <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːn.sens</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonsense-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonsense-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * nonprofit <span class="pho alt">nɑnˈprɑf·ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nonprofit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nonprofit-us-female.mp3"></span>

20. **mid-** (middle)
  * midnight <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midnight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midnight-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * midterm <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.tɝːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midterm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midterm-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * midfield <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪd.fiːld</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/midfield-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/midfield-us-female.mp3"></span>

### 6.4.2. 常见后缀

1. **-able** (capable of)
  * readable <span class="pho alt">ˈriː.də.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/readable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/readable-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * manageable <span class="pho alt">ˈmæn.ə.dʒə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/manageable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/manageable-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * comfortable <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌm.fɚ.t̬ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfortable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfortable-us-female.mp3"></span>

2. **-ible** (capable of)
  * visible <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/visible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/visible-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * flexible <span class="pho alt">ˈflek.sə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flexible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flexible-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * edible <span class="pho alt">ˈed.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/edible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/edible-us-female.mp3"></span>

3. **-al** (relating to)
  * natural <span class="pho alt">ˈnætʃ.ɚ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/natural-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/natural-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * musical <span class="pho alt">ˈmjuː.zɪ.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/musical-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/musical-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * personal <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝː.sən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/personal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/personal-us-female.mp3"></span>

4. **-ful** (full of)
  * helpful <span class="pho alt">ˈhelp.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/helpful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/helpful-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * joyful <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒɔɪ.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/joyful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/joyful-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * careful <span class="pho alt">ˈker.fəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/careful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/careful-us-female.mp3"></span>

5. **-less** (without)
  * hopeless <span class="pho alt">ˈhoʊp.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hopeless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hopeless-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * fearless <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪr.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fearless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fearless-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * endless <span class="pho alt">ˈend.ləs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/endless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/endless-us-female.mp3"></span>

6. **-ly** (in the manner of)
  * quickly <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɪk.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quickly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quickly-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * slowly <span class="pho alt">ˈsloʊ.li</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/slowly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/slowly-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * happily <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.əl.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happily-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happily-us-female.mp3"></span>

7. **-ment** (action or process)
  * development <span class="pho alt">dɪˈvel.əp.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/development-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/development-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * agreement <span class="pho alt">əˈɡriː.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/agreement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/agreement-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * improvement <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpruːv.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/improvement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/improvement-us-female.mp3"></span>

8. **-ness** (state or quality)
  * kindness <span class="pho alt">ˈkaɪnd.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kindness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kindness-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * darkness <span class="pho alt">ˈdɑːrk.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/darkness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/darkness-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * happiness <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i.nəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happiness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happiness-us-female.mp3"></span>

9. **-er** (one who, comparative)
  * teacher <span class="pho alt">ˈtiː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/teacher-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/teacher-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * runner <span class="pho alt">ˈrʌn.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/runner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/runner-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * faster <span class="pho alt">fæst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/faster-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/faster-us-female.mp3"></span>

10. **-or** (one who)
  * actor <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/actor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/actor-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * inventor <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈven.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inventor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inventor-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * conductor <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conductor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conductor-us-female.mp3"></span>

11. **-ist** (one who practices)
  * artist <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːr.t̬ɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/artist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/artist-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * scientist <span class="pho alt">ˈsaɪən.tɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/scientist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/scientist-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * pianist <span class="pho alt">ˈpiː.ən.ɪst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pianist-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pianist-us-female.mp3"></span>

12. **-ion** (action or condition)
  * celebration <span class="pho alt">ˌsel.əˈbreɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * decision <span class="pho alt">dɪˈsɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/decision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/decision-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * creation <span class="pho alt">kriˈeɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/creation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/creation-us-female.mp3"></span>

13. **-tion** (action or condition)
  * education <span class="pho alt">ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/education-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/education-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * suggestion <span class="pho alt">səˈdʒes.tʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/suggestion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/suggestion-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * transportation <span class="pho alt">ˌtræn.spɚˈteɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>

14. **-sion** (state or condition)
  * admission <span class="pho alt">ədˈmɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/admission-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/admission-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * confusion <span class="pho alt">kənˈfjuː.ʒən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/confusion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/confusion-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * extension <span class="pho alt">ɪkˈsten.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/extension-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/extension-us-female.mp3"></span>

15. **-ous** (full of)
  * dangerous <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪn.dʒɚ.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dangerous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dangerous-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * nervous <span class="pho alt">ˈnɝː.vəs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nervous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nervous-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * famous <span class="pho alt">ˈfeɪ.məs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/famous-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/famous-us-female.mp3"></span>

16. **-ive** (tending to)
  * active <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.tɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/active-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/active-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * creative <span class="pho alt">kriˈeɪ.t̬ɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/creative-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/creative-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * attractive <span class="pho alt">əˈtræk.tɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/attractive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/attractive-us-female.mp3"></span>

17. **-ic** (relating to)
  * artistic <span class="pho alt">ɑːrˈtɪs.tɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/artistic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/artistic-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * athletic <span class="pho alt">æθˈlet̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/athletic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/athletic-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * energetic <span class="pho alt">ˌen.ɚˈdʒet̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/energetic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/energetic-us-female.mp3"></span>

18. **-ity** (state or quality)
  * reality <span class="pho alt">riˈæl.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reality-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * ability <span class="pho alt">əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ability-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ability-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * simplicity <span class="pho alt">sɪmˈplɪs.ə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/simplicity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/simplicity-us-female.mp3"></span>

19. **-ance** (state or quality)
  * performance <span class="pho alt">pɚˈfɔːr.məns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/performance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/performance-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * importance <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɔːr.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/importance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/importance-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * acceptance <span class="pho alt">əkˈsep.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/acceptance-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/acceptance-us-female.mp3"></span>

20. **-ence** (state or quality)
  * difference <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪf.ɚ.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/difference-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/difference-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * independence <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dəns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/independence-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/independence-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * existence <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzɪs.təns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/existence-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/existence-us-female.mp3"></span>

</div>

### 6.4.3. 常见词根

<div class="two-column">

1. **aqua** (water)
  * aquarium <span class="pho alt">əˈkwer.i.əm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aquarium-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aquarium-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * aquatic <span class="pho alt">əˈkwæt̬.ɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aquatic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aquatic-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * aqueduct <span class="pho alt">ˈæk.wə.dʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/aqueduct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/aqueduct-us-female.mp3"></span>

2. **aud** (hear)
  * audience <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.di.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audience-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audience-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * audio <span class="pho alt">ˈɑː.di.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audio-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audio-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * audition <span class="pho alt">ɑːˈdɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/audition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/audition-us-female.mp3"></span>

3. **bene** (good, well)
  * benefit <span class="pho alt">ˈben.ə.fɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benefit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benefit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * benevolent <span class="pho alt">bəˈnev.əl.ənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benevolent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benevolent-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * benefactor <span class="pho alt">ˈben.ə.fæk.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/benefactor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/benefactor-us-female.mp3"></span>

4. **cent** (hundred)
  * century <span class="pho alt">ˈsen.tʃər.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/century-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/century-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * percent <span class="pho alt">pɚˈsent</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/percent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/percent-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * centennial <span class="pho alt">senˈten.i.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/centennial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/centennial-us-female.mp3"></span>

5. **dict** (say, speak)
  * dictionary <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪk.ʃən.er.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dictionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dictionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * predict <span class="pho alt">prɪˈdɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/predict-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/predict-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * dictate <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪk.teɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dictate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dictate-us-female.mp3"></span>

6. **duc** (lead)
  * conduct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conduct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conduct-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * produce <span class="pho alt">prəˈduːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/produce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/produce-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * reduce <span class="pho alt">rɪˈduːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reduce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reduce-us-female.mp3"></span>

7. **fract** (break)
  * fracture <span class="pho alt">ˈfræk.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fracture-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fracture-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * fraction <span class="pho alt">ˈfræk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fraction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fraction-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * infraction <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈfræk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/infraction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/infraction-us-female.mp3"></span>

8. **ject** (throw)
  * project <span class="pho alt">ˈprɑː.dʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/project-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/project-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * inject <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈdʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inject-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inject-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * reject <span class="pho alt">rɪˈdʒekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reject-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reject-us-female.mp3"></span>

9. **jud** (judge)
  * judicial <span class="pho alt">dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/judicial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/judicial-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * prejudice <span class="pho alt">ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prejudice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prejudice-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * judgment <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/judgment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/judgment-us-female.mp3"></span>

10. **mal** (bad, ill)
  * malnutrition <span class="pho alt">ˌmæl.nuːˈtrɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malnutrition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malnutrition-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * malicious <span class="pho alt">məˈlɪʃ.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malicious-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malicious-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * malfunction <span class="pho alt">ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/malfunction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/malfunction-us-female.mp3"></span>

11. **mater** (mother)
  * maternal <span class="pho alt">məˈtɝː.nəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maternal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maternal-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * maternity <span class="pho alt">məˈtɝː.nə.t̬i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maternity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maternity-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * matriarch <span class="pho alt">ˈmeɪ.tri.ɑːrk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/matriarch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/matriarch-us-female.mp3"></span>

12. **mit** (send)
  * transmit <span class="pho alt">trænsˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transmit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transmit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * admit <span class="pho alt">ədˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/admit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/admit-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * submit <span class="pho alt">səbˈmɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/submit-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/submit-us-female.mp3"></span>

13. **mort** (death)
  * mortal <span class="pho alt">ˈmɔːr.t̬əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortal-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * mortician <span class="pho alt">mɔːrˈtɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortician-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortician-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * mortify <span class="pho alt">ˈmɔːr.t̬ə.faɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mortify-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mortify-us-female.mp3"></span>

14. **multi** (many)
  * multiple <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌl.tə.pəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multiple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multiple-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * multiply <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌl.tə.plaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multiply-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multiply-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * multinational <span class="pho alt">ˌmʌl.t̬iˈnæʃ.ən.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/multinational-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/multinational-us-female.mp3"></span>

15. **pend** (hang, weigh)
  * pendant <span class="pho alt">ˈpen.dənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pendant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pendant-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * suspend <span class="pho alt">səˈspend</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/suspend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/suspend-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * depend <span class="pho alt">dɪˈpend</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/depend-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/depend-us-female.mp3"></span>

16. **port** (carry)
  * transport <span class="pho alt">ˈtræn.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transport-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transport-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * export <span class="pho alt">ˈek.spɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/export-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/export-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * import <span class="pho alt">ˈɪm.pɔːrt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/import-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/import-us-female.mp3"></span>

17. **scrib/script** (write)
  * describe <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskraɪb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/describe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/describe-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * manuscript <span class="pho alt">ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/manuscript-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/manuscript-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * subscription <span class="pho alt">səbˈskrɪp.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subscription-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subscription-us-female.mp3"></span>

18. **sect/sec** (cut)
  * section <span class="pho alt">ˈsek.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/section-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/section-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * dissect <span class="pho alt">daɪˈsekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dissect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dissect-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * intersect <span class="pho alt">ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈsekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/intersect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/intersect-us-female.mp3"></span>

19. **sent/sens** (feel)
  * sensation <span class="pho alt">senˈseɪ.ʃən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sensation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sensation-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * sensitive <span class="pho alt">ˈsen.sə.t̬ɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sensitive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sensitive-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * consent <span class="pho alt">kənˈsent</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/consent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/consent-us-female.mp3"></span>

20. **spec/spect** (look)
  * inspect <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈspekt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inspect-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inspect-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * spectator <span class="pho alt">spekˈteɪ.t̬ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spectator-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spectator-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * spectacle <span class="pho alt">ˈspek.tə.kəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spectacle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spectacle-us-female.mp3"></span>

21. **struct** (build)
  * construct <span class="pho alt">kənˈstrʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/construct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/construct-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * structure <span class="pho alt">ˈstrʌk.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/structure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/structure-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * destruct <span class="pho alt">ˌself.dɪˈstrʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/destruct-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/destruct-us-female.mp3"></span>

22. **tele** (far)
  * telephone <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.foʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/telephone-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/telephone-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * television <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.vɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/television-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/television-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * telegraph <span class="pho alt">ˈtel.ə.ɡræf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/telegraph-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/telegraph-us-female.mp3"></span>

23. **terra** (earth)
  * terrestrial <span class="pho alt">təˈres.tri.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/terrestrial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/terrestrial-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * territory <span class="pho alt">ˈter.ə.tɔːr.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/territory-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/territory-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * terrain <span class="pho alt">təˈreɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/terrain-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/terrain-us-female.mp3"></span>

24. **vac** (empty)
  * vacant <span class="pho alt">ˈveɪ.kənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vacant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vacant-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * vacuum <span class="pho alt">ˈvæk.juːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vacuum-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vacuum-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * evacuate <span class="pho alt">ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/evacuate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/evacuate-us-female.mp3"></span>

25. **vid/vis** (see)
  * video <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪd.i.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/video-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/video-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * vision <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>
  * invisible <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvɪz.ə.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/invisible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/invisible-us-female.mp3"></span>

</div>