# 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）

在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。

In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.

英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。

In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.

我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD)](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。

Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).

> [!Note]
>
> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]：
>
> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
>
> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html

## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）

| Vowels                                                                                                               | Examples                                                                                                                                                                              |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ʌ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span>       | c**u**p `/kʌp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span>                            |
| `ɑː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span>   | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `e` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | h**ea**d `/hed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span>                         |
| `æ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span>       | h**a**t `/hæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span>                            |
| `ə` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span>                    |
| `ɚ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `ɝː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span>                        |
| `ɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span>                         |
| `i` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>                    |
| `iː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span>                     |
| `ɔː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span>                    |
| `ʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | f**oo**t `/fʊt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span>                         |
| `u` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `uː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | bl**ue** `/bluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span>                        |
| `eɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_002.mp3"></span>  | d**ay** `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span>                            |
| `aɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_eye_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **eye** `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span>                             |
| `ɔɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_boy_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span>                            |
| `oʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_nose_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | n**o**se `/noʊz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span>                        |
| `aʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mouth_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span>                     |
| `ɪr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | ear `/ɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>                                 |
| `er` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | h**air** `/her/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span>                         |
| `ʊr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | p**ure** `/pjʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span>                        |
| `aɪr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fire_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | f**ire** `/faɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span>                        |
| `aʊr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hour_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | **hour** `/aʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span>                         |

## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）

| Consonants                                                                                                          | Examples                                                                                                                                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `p` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **p**en `/pen/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `b` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **b**ook `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `t` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **t**own `/taʊn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span>            |
| `t̬` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cutting_2023feb.mp3"></span>  | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `d` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span>  | **d**ay `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `k` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **c**at `/kæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `g` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `f` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fish_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `v` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_very_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **v**ery `/ˈveri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span>           |
| `s` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **s**ay `/seɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `z` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **z**oo `/zuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `θ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>         |
| `ð` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **th**is `/ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `ʃ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **sh**e `/ʃiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `ʒ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span>   | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>    |
| `h` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **h**and `/hænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span>            |
| `tʃ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span>  | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span>     |
| `dʒ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span>    | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span>           |
| `ts` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_treats_2023feb.mp3"></span>  | trea**ts** `/triːts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>    |
| `dz` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_friends_2023feb.mp3"></span> | frien**ds** `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `m` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **m**oon `/muːn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span>            |
| `n` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **n**ame `/neɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span>            |
| `ŋ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `l` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span>     | **l**ook `/lʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `r` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **r**un `/rʌn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span>                |
| `w` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span>       | **w**e `/wiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span>                   |
| `j` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span>      | **y**es `/jes/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span>                |

## 1.2.3. 重音符号（Stress symbols）

| Symbols | Functions        | Examples                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| ------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **ˈ**   | primary stress   | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>                               |
| **ˌ**   | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |

[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.