# 2.4.3. 辅音 + 辅音（Consonant + Consonant）
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合需要注意的地方相对较多。
The combination of "consonant + consonant" often requires more attention.
## 2.4.3.1 省音（elision）
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ 和 *network* ˈnetwɝːk，再比如，*hard-nosed* hɑːrd-noʊzd, *partner* ˈpɑːrtnɚ……
A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ and *network* ˈnetwɝːk, as well as *hard-nosed* hɑːrd-noʊzd, *partner* ˈpɑːrtnɚ, and so on.
有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导，因为音的确是省了，但，动作却没省，不仅没有省，**动作还很完整**。
Some refer to this phenomenon as *elision*. While it's true that the sound is dropped, the action of articulation isn't skipped – in fact, it's fully completed.
在意群中，更是经常出现前一个词汇末尾是辅音，后一个词汇开头也是辅音的情况 —— 同样会出现**省音**。
Within a meaning group, it's common for a word to end with a consonant and the following word to begin with one, resulting in *elision*.
## 2.4.3.2. 叠音（geminates）
上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候，这一对相同的辅音被称作**叠音**（*geminates*）。在连贯的自然语音中，这两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候，有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看，其实和**省音**（[2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)）一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候，也会发生同样的现象。
When the same consonant ends one syllable and begins the next, this pair of identical consonants is known as *geminates*. In fluid, natural speech, these two consonants are vocalized only once— yet, you might sense a slight *stop* due to the presence of the previous consonant, and its completion of articulating action. Mechanically, this is similar to *elision* ([2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)). This phenomenon also occurs even when two neighboring consonants are just similar, not identical.
比如，*that time*, 不是 ðæt taɪm/，而是 ðæ·t̬aɪm —— 第一个 t 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 · 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 t 与第三个 t 是**叠音**，这两个 t 只发声一次。又比如，*bad day*, 不是 bæd deɪ，而是 bæ·deɪ。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 wɪθ ðɪs，而是 wɪ·ðɪs。
For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as ðæt taɪm, but as ðæ·t̬aɪm. Here, the first t is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by ·. Then, the second t and the third t form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *bad day* is not pronounced as bæd deɪ, but as bæ·deɪ; *with this*, is not wɪθ ðɪs，but wɪ·ðɪs.
## 2.4.3.3. 同化（assimilation）
同化（*assimilation*）主要有两种情况：
Assimilation, in English pronunciation, primarily happens in two key scenarios:
> * t + j = tʃ
> * d + j = dʒ
最常见的比如，*Don't you?* doʊn tʃju?；以及，*Would you?* wʊ dʒju? 这里的关键在于，t, d 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 ju 连起来的发声就只能如此。
For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as doʊn tʃju?; and *Would you?* as wʊ dʒju?. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing t, d. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by ju.
同化主要发生在 j 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 j 前面遇到 t 和 d 时会产生同化之外，
Assimilation mainly happens when a word ends in j. Besides the explained cases where t and d are followed by j,
> * s + j = ʃ
> * z + j = ʒ
比如，s+j 可能会被读成 ʃ，z+j 可能会被读成 ʒ。再比如，*Miss you so much.* mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.；*It was your job.* ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.
For instance, the combination s+j might be pronounced as ʃ, and z+j might be pronounced as ʒ. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.; *It was your job* can be pronounced as ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.
请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。
However, it's important to note that these are possibilities, not certainties. Not all English native speakers pronounce words this way.
另外一个细节是，k/g 之前的 n，可能会被同化为 ŋ:
> * *ten cups*, ten kʌps → teŋ kʌps
> * *increase*, ˌɪnˈkris → ˌɪŋˈkris
> * *brown gate*, braʊn geɪt → braʊŋ geɪt
## 2.4.3.4. 击穿（dropping）
“辅音 + 辅音” 的组合中，如果第二个辅音是 h 的话，它常常被击穿（*dropping*），因为 h 原本就是很轻的音，发音时声带并不震动，所以总是自然而然地被前后发音相对更为响亮的声音所掩盖。
In a "consonant + consonant" combination, where the second is h, the h sound often gets *dropped*, simply due to its soft nature. This is because the *vocal cords* don't vibrate when pronouncing h, and it naturally gets overshadowed by the louder sounds before and after.
比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 wɒz hi həːt 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 wɒzi həːt —— 听不到 h，它被击穿了。
For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be wɒz hi həːt. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like wɒzi həːt; the h becomes unnoticeable.
很多美国人在 t 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，t 跟在 n 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 t，也就是说，t 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 ˈɪnəˌvju，没有 t。
Many Americans have a unique habit with the t sound, especially when it follows n. Their way of speaking often causes the t to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear ˈɪnəˌvju, without the t.
另外，ð 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* let ðəm, 变成了 let-əm，由由于 ð 被击穿了之后，t 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 t̬，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 let̬əm…… 所以，在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。
In addition, the ð sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* let ðəm might become let-əm. When the ð is dropped, the t ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap t̬. So, what you say or hear becomes let̬əm. Therefore, in fast natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound almost identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*.
## 2.4.3.5 其它（others）
值得一提的是，m/n + f/v 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* ˈkʌmfɚt 和 *conversation* ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 sten frəm……
It's worth mentioning the situation with m/n followed by f/v. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* ˈkʌmfɚt and *conversation* ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as sten frəm.