# 2.2.14. l, r
l 发声时舌尖起始位置与 t/d 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
r 发声时舌尖起始位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
l 和 r 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* lɑːt 或者 *rot* rɑːt……
Pronouncing l and r at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' lɑːt or *rot* rɑːt…
l 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
The difficulty with l often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* mɪlk…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 mjʊk……
Feel free to give the word *milk* mɪlk a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like mjʊk...
l 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 l 会掺杂着一个轻微的 ə 的元音音色。
There's a hidden motion when the l is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the l at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound ə mixed in.
说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
> * 先反复说 ə... əl... ə... əl... 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 ʊ 的音色**；从 ə 到 l 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
> * Start by repeating ə... əl... ə... əl... Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of ʊ caused by lip changes. During the transition from ə to əl, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
> * 接着直接反复说 əl... əl...
> * Next, repeating əl... əl...
> * 再反复说 əlk... əlk...
> * Follow with repeating əlk... əlk...
> * 现在反复说 mɪəlk... mɪəlk... 现在需要格外注意：为了 m 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 ʊ 的音色**……
> * Now, keep saying mɪəlk... mɪəlk.... Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the m sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary ʊ sound.
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* ɡɝːl（常常会被误读成 gəʊ）, *world* wɝːld（常常会被误读成 wəʊd）。
Practice pronouncing *girl* ɡɝːl (often mispronounced as gəʊl) and *world* wɝːld (often mispronounced as wəʊd) the same way.
以 l 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 ə，比如：
There are many common words where l ends the syllable. Be sure to include the ə sound when pronouncing them. For example:
> *fail* feɪl, *file* faɪl, *sell* sel, *sale* seɪl, *tell* tel, *tale* teɪl, *trail* treɪl, *drill* drɪl...
注意，ʌl 没有 ᵊ 的加音，因为 ʌ 和 ə 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* ˈʌltɪmət，或者 *result* rɪˈzəlt。另外，在自然语音中，iːl 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 rɪˈviːl， 但它的确读做 rɪˈviːᵊl，有加音 ᵊ，但，*revealing*，读作 rɪˈviːlɪŋ，没有加音 ᵊ，可能是因为 l 被挪到后面和 ɪŋ 构成了第三个音节 lɪŋ……
Note that ʌl doesn't have ᵊ sound added, since ʌ and ə are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* ˈəltəmət, or *result* rɪˈzəlt. Also, pay attention to iːl in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as rɪˈviːl in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as rɪˈviːᵊl, with ᵊ sound, *revealing* is pronounced as rɪˈviːlɪŋ, without ᵊ. This change might be due to the fact that the l sound has been moved to form a third syllable with ɪŋ as lɪŋ.
l 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 ᵊ 的音色。比如，*little* ˈlɪtl̩ —— l 下面多出的那一个点 l̩ 的意思是说，这里的 l̩ 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 ᵊl…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 ˈlɪtᵊl 或者 ˈlɪtəl。CEPD 里标注的是 ˈlɪt̬əl，因为 t 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 t̬。
In linguistics, the letter l has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound ᵊ naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* ˈlɪtl̩, the dot under the l (l̩) indicates that this l is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to ᵊl. And many dictionaries simply denote it as ˈlɪtəl. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is ˈlɪt̬əl, for the t is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped t̬.
英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 m。例如，*chasm* ˈkæzm̩，相当于 ˈkæzᵊm, *prism* ˈprɪzm̩，相当于 ˈprɪzᵊm。
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is m. For example, *chasm* ˈkæzm̩，equivalent to ˈkæzᵊm, and *prism* ˈprɪzm̩，equivalent to ˈprɪzᵊm.
## 拼写（Spellings）
### l
* **l**
* feel fiːl
* like laɪk
* mill mɪl
### r
* **r**
* read riːd
* road roʊd
* ring rɪŋ