# Drafts
辅音 t 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，t̬，例如，*cutting* ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ。
The consonant t has a flapping variant, t̬, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ.
辅音 l 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 ə 音，可能被标注为 əl、ᵊl（上标式 ə） 或者 l̩（注意 l 下的那根小竖线）。
The consonant l is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes naturally comes with an ə sound before it. This may be annotated as əl, ᵊl (with a superscript ə), or l̩ (note the small vertical line underneath the l).
6 个基础元音中，ə 和 ɪ 有相对更多的变体（*allophone*）：
In the 6 basic vowels, ə and ɪ have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
* ɪ：
* 除了长元音版本 iː 之外，还有一个半长版本 i，例如 *happy* ˈhæpi[^1]；
* In addition to the long vowel version iː, there's also a semi-long version i, as in *happy* ˈhæpi.
* ə：
* 长元音版本 əː 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 ɜː，例如 *bird* bɜːd (UK)
* The long vowel version əː is annotated as ɜː in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* bɜːd (UK).
* 儿化的短元音 ə 被标注为 ɚ，例如 *mother* ˈmʌðɚ；
* The rhotacized short vowel ə is annotated as ɚ, as in *mother* pronounced ˈmʌðɚ.
* 儿化的长元音 əː 被标注为 ɝː 例如 *bird* bɝːd (US)
* The rhotacized long vowel əː is annotated as ɝː, like in *bird* pronounced bɝːd (US).
英式英语中的 eə、ɪə、ʊə，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：er、ɪr、ʊr。
The sounds represented by eə, ɪə, and ʊə in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: er, ɪr, ʊr.
另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: aɪə 比如，*fire* faɪə；*hour* aʊə。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，aɪə → aɪr，比如，*fire* faɪr, *hour* aʊr。
Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: aɪə as in *fire* pronounced faɪə and aʊə as in *hour* pronounced aʊə. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, aɪə → aɪr, for example, *fire* pronounced faɪr, and *hour* pronounced aʊr.
[^1]: The middle dot ` in /ˈhæpi/ is an annotation of syllable division. A dot .` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
比较幸运的是，大多数的音标标注差异集中在**元音**标记上，尤其是美式英语的元音 —— 所以也不算是太难掌握。
Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in *vowel* markings, especially American vowels, which makes it somewhat easier to master.
关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：
Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:
> - 短元音 ʌ 变得与 ə 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 ə 替代。比如，*but* bʌt 可能直接被标注为 bət。
> - The short vowel ʌ often sounds very similar to ə and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, *but* bʌt would be transcribed as bət.
> - 长短元音不统一使用 ː 区分，而是ə/ɑ、ə/ɜ、ɚ/ɝ、 e/æ、ɪ/i、ʊ/u、ɒ/ɔ。
> - Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using ː, but by pairs such as ə/ɑ, ə/ɜ, ɚ/ɝ, e/æ, ɪ/i, ʊ/u, ɒ/ɔ.
> - 短元音 e 有时用 ɛ 标注。
> - The short vowel e is sometimes transcribed as ɛ.
> - 短元音 ə ，由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɚ；不带有 ʳ 音的时候，常常被标注为 ɜ。
> - The short vowel ə, often accompanied by the rhotic ʳ, is commonly transcribed as ɚ. When the rhotic sound is absent, ə is often transcribed as ɜ.
> - 长元音 əː，同样由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɝ。
> - The long vowel əː, due to its frequent association with ʳ, is generally transcribed as ɝ.
> - ə 结尾的双元音，都用 r：ɪə ⭢ ɪr，eə ⭢ er，ʊə ⭢ ʊr。
> - Diphthongs ending in ə are represented with r: ɪə becomes ɪr, eə becomes er, ʊə becomes ʊr.
> - 非重音音节中的 ɪ 可能会被标注为 ə。
> - The ɪ in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as ə.
> - 短元音 ɒ 在美式发音中读作 ɑ，也如此标注，比如，*hot* hɑt —— ɑ 比 ʌ/ə 略长一些，比 ɑr 短。
> - The short vowel ɒ is pronounced as ɑ in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, *hot* is transcribed as hɑt. ɑ is slightly longer than ʌ/ə but shorter than ɑr.
> - t 的弹舌音用 t̬ 标注。
> - The flapping t sound in American English is represented by t̬.
### ʌ
*but* bʌt, *chum* tʃʌm, *cut* kʌt, *drum* drʌm, *duck* dʌk, *fun* fʌn, *gun* ɡʌn, *hut* hʌt, *jump* dʒʌmp, *luck* lʌk, *mud* mʌd, *nut* nʌt, *pup* pʌp, *run* rʌn, *shut* ʃʌt, *sun* sʌn, *thug* θʌɡ, *thus* ðʌs, *truck* trʌk, *tut* tʌt, *vulgar* ˈvʌlɡɚ, *won* wʌn, *yum* jʌm
### e
*bet* bet, *check* tʃek, *desk* desk, *dress* dres, *fed* fed, *get* ɡet, *hen* hen, *jet* dʒet, *kept* kept, *let* let, *met* met, *net* net, *pet* pet, *red* red, *set* set, *shed* ʃed, *test* test, *theft* θeft, *trek* trek, *vet* vet, *wet* wet, *yet* jet, *zed* zed
### ə
*ago* əˈɡoʊ, *button* ˈbʌt̬ən, *develop* dɪˈveləp, *dramatic* drəˈmæt̬ɪk, *expression* ɪkˈspreʃən, *onion* ˈʌnjən, *realize* ˈriːəlaɪz, *standard* ˈstændɚd, *system* ˈsɪstəm, *telegram* ˈteləɡræm
注意：没有儿化的 ə 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
### ɚ
*danger* ˈdeɪndʒɚ, *freezer* ˈfriːzɚ, *harder* hɑːrdɚ, *larger* lɑːrdʒɚ, *paper* ˈpeɪpɚ, *server* ˈsɝːvɚ, *teacher* ˈtiːtʃɚ, *water* ˈwɑːt̬ɚ, *worker* ˈwɝːkɚ
注意：儿化的短元音 ɚ 只出现在非重读音节中。
### ɪ
*bit* bɪt, *chip* tʃɪp, *did* dɪd, *drill* drɪl, *gig* ɡɪɡ, *gin* dʒɪn, *his* hɪz, *if* ɪf, *kick* kɪk, *lip* lɪp, *milk* mɪlk, *nil* nɪl, *pick* pɪk, *rip* rɪp, *ship* ʃɪp, *sit* sɪt, *thick* θɪk, *this* ðɪs, *tip* tɪp, *trick* trɪk, *vivid* ˈvɪvɪd, *wit* wɪ, *zip* zɪp
### ʊ
*book* bʊk, *cook* kʊk, *foot* fʊt, *good* ɡʊd, *put* pʊt, *should* ʃʊd, *wood* wʊd
### æ
*add* æd, *bad* bæd, *cat* kæt, *chat* tʃæt, *dad* dæd, *dad* dæd, *drag* dræɡ, *jack* dʒæk, *fat* fæt, *gag* ɡæɡ, *has* hæz, *lab* læb, *mad* mæd, *nap* næp, *pad* pæd, *rat* ræt, *shall* ʃæl, *task* tæsk, *thank* θæŋk, *that* ðæt, *trash* træʃ, *vast* væst, *wag* wæɡ, *zag* zæɡ