# 2.1.3. ʌ/ɑː/aːr
从唇形上来看，ʌ 的唇形最小，ɑːr 的唇形最大。
In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound ʌ requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound ɑːr requires the lips to be the most open.
美音的 ʌ 实际上非常接近于英音的 ə，比如，*but* bʌt 听起来更接近于 bət。
The American pronunciation of ʌ is actually quite similar to ə. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced bʌt, often sounds more like bət.
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多**非重读音节**内的元音简化为 ə —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ，但，美国人却将其被读成 ɪnˈkɝːədʒ—— 不仅要将 ʌ 读成 ɝː（长元音），还要将 ɪ 变成 *schwa*, ə……
They even go a step further, simplifying many *unstressed vowel sounds* to ə, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ, while Americans pronounce it as ɪnˈkɝːədʒ. In this case, not only is ʌ pronounced as ə, but the ɪ also turns into a *schwa*, ə...
在美式英语中，ɑː 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 r，所以很多美式词典干脆用 ɑr 标注。比如，*card* kɑːrd, *mark* mɑːrk。
The vowel ɑː is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a r sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing ɑː with ɑr. For example, *card* is pronounced as kɑːrd, and *mark* as mɑːrk.
英音中的短元音 ɒ，在美音中读作 ɑː。比如，*hot*, 英音是 hɒt，美音是 hɑːt。
The short vowel ɒ in British English, is pronounced as ɑː. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced hɒtin British English and hɑːtin American English.
请注意，在 CEPD 中，对应着英音 ɒ 的美音 ɑː 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，即，它比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 hɑt —— 即，没有长元音符号。按照 CEPD 的标注，可以这么理解：在美式英语中，ʌ 最短，ɑː 更长一些，而 ɑːr 最长。
Please note that in CEPD, the American English sound ɑː, corresponding to the British ɒ, is denoted with a long vowel symbol. However, its actual duration is akin to a **semi-long vowel** - slightly longer than a short vowel but shorter than a long vowel. Apart from CEPD, most dictionaries would transcribe *hot* as /hɑt/, without the long vowel symbol. In accordance with CEPD's notation, you can understand it this way: in American English, ʌ is the shortest, ɑː is a bit longer, and ɑːr` is the longest.
英音中的 ɑː 在美式英语中读作 æ，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 ɑːsk，美音是 æsk。
In American English, the British ɑː sound is pronounced as æ. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as ɑːsk, while in American English, it's pronounced as æsk.
## 拼写（Spellings）
### ʌ
* **u**
* sun sʌn
* cup kʌp
* but bʌt
* **o**
* son sʌn
* comfort ˈkʌm.fɚt
* money ˈmʌn.i
* **ou**
* young jʌŋ
* double ˈdʌb.əl
* country ˈkʌn.tri
* **oo**
* blood blʌd
* flood flʌd
### ɑː (equivalent to British ɒ)
* **a**
* father ˈfɑː.ðɚ
* watch wɑːtʃ
* wasp wɑːsp
* **al**
* almond ˈɑːl.mənd
* balm bɑːm
* palm pɑːm
* **au**
* because bɪˈkɑːz
* clause klɑːz
* paunch pɑːntʃ
* **aw**
* drawn drɑːn
* awning ˈɑː.nɪŋ
* law lɑː
* **o**
* hot hɑːt
* dog dɑːɡ
* log lɑːɡ
* **ough**
* bought bɑːt
* thought θɑːt
* fought fɑːt
### ɑːr
* **ar**
* car kɑːr
* far fɑːr
* start stɑːrt