# 2.2.13. m, n, ŋ
m 和 n 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 m…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，ɑ 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 mɑ 称呼自己的母亲。
When m and n are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially m, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, ɑ is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why mɑ is a universal sound for *mother*.
ŋ 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 ɪŋ 而已……
Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce ŋ after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that ɪŋ is the most commonly used sounds in English.
麻烦在于 m 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 ʊ 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* ruːm 读成 ruːmʊ。
The tricky part comes when m is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra ʊ sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as ruːmʊ, instead of ruːm.
当 m/n 处于 f/v 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 f/v 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
When m/n precedes f/v, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of f/v requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
> * m + f/v = n + f/v, *comfort* ˈkəmfərt → ˈkənfərt
> * n + f/v = ŋ + f/v, *conversation* ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən → ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən
另外，当 æ 在 m 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 ə 进去，比如，Sam sæm，会被他们读成 sæəm。
Additionally, when the vowel sound æ comes before m, some native speakers add an extra ə sound. For example, *Sam* sæm can sometimes be pronounced as sæəm.
## 拼写（Spellings）
### m
* **m**
- army ˈɑːr.mi
- mob mɑːb
- mom mɑːm
### n
* **n**
- mind maɪnd
- night naɪt
- nine naɪn
* **kn**
- know noʊ
- knight naɪt
* **gn**
- gnaw nɑː
- gnome noʊm
### ŋ
* **n** (before k)
- anchor ˈæŋ.kɚ
- bank bæŋk
- thank θæŋk
* **ng**
- bang bæŋ
- long lɑːŋ
- sing sɪŋ