# 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。
In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.
我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD)](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。
Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
> [!Note]
>
> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]：
>
> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
>
> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
| Vowels | Examples |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ʌ | c**u**p kʌp |
| ɑː | f**a**ther ˈfɑːðɚ |
| e | h**ea**d hed |
| æ | h**a**t hæt |
| ə | **a**bove əˈbʌv |
| ɚ | moth**er** ˈmʌðɚ |
| ɝː | b**ir**d bɝːd |
| ɪ | sh**i**p ʃɪp |
| i | happ**y** ˈhæpi |
| iː | sh**ee**p ʃiːp |
| ɔː | h**or**se hɔːrs |
| ʊ | f**oo**t fʊt |
| u | sit**u**ation ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən |
| uː | bl**ue** bluː |
| eɪ | d**ay** deɪ |
| aɪ | **eye** aɪ |
| ɔɪ | b**oy** bɔɪ |
| oʊ | n**o**se noʊs |
| aʊ | m**ou**th maʊθ |
| ɪr | ear ɪr |
| er | h**air** her |
| ʊr | p**ure** pjʊr |
| aɪr | f**ire** faɪr |
| aʊr | **hour** aʊr |
## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
| Consonants | Examples |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| p | **p**en pen |
| b | **b**ook bʊk |
| t | **t**own taʊn |
| t̬ | cu**tt**ing ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ |
| d | **d**ay deɪ |
| k | **c**at kæt |
| g | **g**ive ɡɪv |
| f | **f**ish fɪʃ |
| v | **v**ery ˈveri |
| s | **s**ay seɪ |
| z | **z**oo zuː |
| θ | **th**ink θɪŋk |
| ð | **th**is ðɪs |
| ʃ | **sh**e ʃiː |
| ʒ | vi**si**on ˈvɪʒən |
| h | **h**and hænd |
| tʃ | **ch**eese tʃiːz |
| dʒ | **j**ump dʒʌmp |
| ts | trea**ts** triːts |
| dz | frien**ds** frendz |
| m | **m**oon muːn |
| n | **n**ame neɪm |
| ŋ | si**ng** sɪŋ |
| l | **l**ook lʊk |
| r | **r**un rʌn |
| w | **w**e wiː |
| j | **y**es jes |
## 1.2.3. 重音符号（Stress symbols）
| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
| ------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion ˈvɪʒən |
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl |
[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.