# # 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）

在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。

In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.

英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。

In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.

我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD)](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。

Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).

> [!Note]
>
> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]：
>
> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
>
> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html

## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）

| Vowels | Examples                                                                                                                                                                                |
| ------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ʌ`    | c**u**p `/kʌp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span>                              |
| `ɑː`   | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `e`    | h**ea**d `/hed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span>                           |
| `æ`    | h**a**t `/hæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span>                              |
| `ə`    | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span>                      |
| `ɚ`    | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span>                  |
| `ɝː`   | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span>                          |
| `ɪ`    | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span>                           |
| `i`    | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>                     |
| `iː`   | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span>                       |
| `ɔː`   | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span>                      |
| `ʊ`    | f**oo**t `/fʊt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span>                           |
| `u`    | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `uː`   | bl**ue** `/bluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span>                          |
| `eɪ`   | d**ay** `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span>                              |
| `aɪ`   | **eye** `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span>                               |
| `ɔɪ`   | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span>                              |
| `oʊ`   | n**o**se `/noʊz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span>                          |
| `aʊ`   | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span>                       |
| `ɪr`   | ear `/ɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>                                   |
| `er`   | h**air** `/her/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span>                           |
| `ʊr`   | p**ure** `/pjʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span>                          |
| `aɪr`  | f**ire** `/faɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span>                          |
| `aʊr`  | **hour** `/aʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span>                           |

## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）

| Consonants | Examples                                                                                                                                                                   |
| ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `p`        | **p**en `/pen/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `b`        | **b**ook `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `t`        | **t**own `/taʊn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `t̬`        | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `d`        | **d**ay `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `k`        | **c**at `/kæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `g`        | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `f`        | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `v`        | **v**ery `/ˈveri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span>           |
| `s`        | **s**ay `/seɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `z`        | **z**oo `/zuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `θ`        | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>          |
| `ð`        | **th**is `/ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `ʃ`        | **sh**e `/ʃiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `ʒ`        | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>    |
| `h`        | **h**and `/hænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `tʃ`       | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span>      |
| `dʒ`       | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span>            |
| `m`        | **m**oon `/muːn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `n`        | **n**ame `/neɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span>             |
| `ŋ`        | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `l`        | **l**ook `/lʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span>              |
| `r`        | **r**un `/rʌn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |
| `w`        | **w**e `/wiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span>                    |
| `j`        | **y**es `/jes/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span>                 |

**注**：这个列表中，`ts` 和 `dz` 并未包括其中 —— 比如，*treats* `/triːts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>, *friends* `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span>。

**Note**: This list does not include `ts` and `dz` — for instance, as in *treats* `/tri:ts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span> and *friends* `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span>.

## 1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes）

| Phonemes | Examples                                                                                                                                                              |
| -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ɒ̃`      | croiss**ant** <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/croissant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/croissant-us-female.mp3"></span> |
| `x`      | lo**ch**  <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/loch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/loch-us-female.mp3"></span>               |

## 1.2.4. 重音符号（Stress symbols）

| Symbols | Functions             | Examples                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| ------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| **ˈ**   | primary stress        | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span>                                |
| **ˌ**   | secondary stress      | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |

[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.