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2.1.5. ə/əː
有些词典，常常会用 ɜ 标注 ə 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，ər 会被写成 ɚ，əːr 会被写成 ɜː 或者 ɝ。
Some dictionaries often use ɜ to annotate the sound ə. Additionally, in American pronunciation, ər is written as ɚ, and əːr is written as either ɜː or ɝ.
美国人在读这两个音的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 r，但，也不是每一次都会加上 r。初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到这两个音就加上 r，比如，可能会把 focus 错读成 /ˈfəʊkəʳs/。
When Americans pronounce these sounds, they often rhotacize, but not always. Beginners tend to overdo it and add a r whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing focus as /ˈfəʊkərs/.
ər（ɚ）这个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
The ər (or ɚ) sound, referred to as rhotacized sound, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舌尖保持原位，舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves keeping the tongue tip in place, lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
值得注意的是，美式英语的 ɚ 在发音时，舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴。
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip never touches the teeth or the alveolar ridge when making the rhotacized ɚ sound.
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 ə（schwa）的倾向，尤其是 ɪ。比如，individual, ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl，实际上会被读作 ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl —— jʊ 也变成了 ə，而后 ʊ 和 ə 之间有个加音 w…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to ə (schwa), especially ɪ. For instance, individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/, is often actually pronounced as /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/ - jʊ also becomes ə, and there's a added w sound between ʊ and ə… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.