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# 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为音素（phonemes）。英语的音素分为元音和辅音。
In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as phonemes. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: vowels and consonants.
英文的音素用音标标注其发音。
In English, phonemes are annotated by phonetic symbols to indicate pronunciation.
遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。我们在这里采用了 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 的音标标注体系。
Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here, we use the notation system from the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary.
Note
CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址1 ：
The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
| Vowels | Examples |
|---|---|
ʌ |
cup /kʌp/ |
ɑː |
father /ˈfɑː·ðɚ/ |
e |
head /hed/ |
æ |
hat /hæt/ |
ə |
above /əˈbʌv/ |
ɚ |
mother /ˈmʌð·ɚ/ |
ɝː |
bird /bɝːd/ |
ɪ |
ship /ʃɪp/ |
iː |
sheep /ʃiːp/ |
i |
happy /ˈhæp·i/ |
ɔː |
horse /hɔːrs/ |
ʊ |
foot /fʊt/ |
uː |
blue /bluː/ |
u |
situation /ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/ |
eɪ |
day /deɪ/ |
aɪ |
eye /aɪ/ |
ɔɪ |
boy /bɔɪ/ |
oʊ |
nose /noʊz/ |
aʊ |
mouth /maʊθ/ |
ɪr |
ear /ɪr/ |
er |
hair /her/ |
ʊr |
pure /pjʊr/ |
aɪr |
fire /faɪr/ |
aʊr |
hour /aʊr/ |
注：这个列表中，没有英音 ɒ 的对应音 ɑ，比如，hot /hɑt/。在 CEPD 中，hot 直接被标注为 /hɑːt/，实际上，hot 中的 ɑ 并没有那么长，虽然它比其它短元音相对更长一些。
Note: In this list, the American English counterpart to the British English sound ɒ, as in hot /hɑt/, is not included. In CEPD, hot is directly marked as /hɑːt/. In reality, the ɑ sound in hot is not that long, although it is relatively longer than other short vowels.
1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
| Consonants | Examples |
|---|---|
p |
pen /pen/ |
b |
book /bʊk/ |
t |
town /taʊn/ |
t̬ |
cutting /ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/ |
d |
day /deɪ/ |
k |
cat /kæt/ |
g |
give /ɡɪv/ |
f |
fish /fɪʃ/ |
v |
very /ˈver·i/ |
s |
say /seɪ/ |
z |
zoo /zuː/ |
θ |
think /θɪŋk/ |
ð |
this /ðɪs/ |
ʃ |
she /ʃiː/ |
ʒ |
vision /ˈvɪʒ·ən/ |
h |
hand /hænd/ |
tʃ |
cheese /tʃiːz/ |
dʒ |
jump /dʒʌmp/ |
m |
moon /muːn/ |
n |
name /neɪm/ |
ŋ |
sing /sɪŋ/ |
l |
look /lʊk/ |
r |
run /rʌn/ |
w |
we /wiː/ |
j |
yes /jes/ |
注：这个列表中，ts 和 dz 并未包括其中 —— 比如，treats /triːts/, friends /frendz/。
Note: This list does not include ts and dz — for instance, as in treats /tri:ts/ and friends /frendz/.
1.2.3. 外来音素（Foreign Phonemes）
| Phonemes | Examples |
|---|---|
ɒ̃ |
croissant |
x |
loch |
1.2.4. 其它符号（Other symbols）
| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ˈ | primary stress | vision /ˈvɪʒ·ən/ |
| ˌ | secondary stress | controversial /ˌkɑːn·trəˈvɝː·ʃəl/ |
| · | syllable division2 | father /ˈfɑː·ðɚ/ |