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3.2.3 t/d
虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 t/d 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在龈脊（alveolar ridge）的前部，而不是贴在牙齿上。
While every language has the consonants t and d, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the front part of alveolar ridge, not the teeth.
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在中文普通话里，t/d 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（wǒ tī sǐ nǐ）……
In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the t and d sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！) in Mandarin.
对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the alveolar ridge. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
另外，就好像 p/b 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 ʊ 一样，t/d 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 ə 而是 ɤ —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（sī）的韵母。
Additionally, just as the p and b sound naturally carries a slight ʊ sound in its pronunciation, the t and d sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's ɤ - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is sī.
在中文拼音里，i 在 t/d 之后相当于英文音标中的 i；在 z/c/s 之后的 i 才会读成 ɤ…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 t(ɤ) 读作 tə，将 d(ɤ) 读作 də。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
In the Chinese phonetic system, i following t/d is similar to i in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, i after z/c/s is pronounced as ɤ. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce t(ɤ) as tə, and d(ɤ) as də. This calls for establishing a new habit.