everyone-can-use-english/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/draft.md

Drafts

辅音 t 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，t̬，例如，cutting /ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/。

The consonant t has a flapping variant, t̬, as in the word cutting, pronounced /ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/.

辅音 l 是音节辅音（2.2.14），有时会在之前自然附带一个 ə 音，可能被标注为 əl、ᵊl（上标式 ə） 或者 l̩（注意 l 下的那根小竖线）。

The consonant l is a syllabic consonant (2.2.14), which sometimes naturally comes with an ə sound before it. This may be annotated as əl, ᵊl (with a superscript ə), or l̩ (note the small vertical line underneath the l).

6 个基础元音中，ə 和 ɪ 有相对更多的变体（allophone）： In the 6 basic vowels, ə and ɪ have relatively more variants, or allophones:

• ɪ：
  • 除了长元音版本 iː 之外，还有一个半长版本 i，例如 happy /ˈhæpi/¹ ；
  • In addition to the long vowel version iː, there's also a semi-long version i, as in happy /ˈhæpi/.
• ə：
  • 长元音版本 əː 在 CEPD² 中被标注为 ɜː，例如 bird /bɜːd/ (UK)
  • The long vowel version əː is annotated as ɜː in the CEPD² , like in bird /bɜːd/ (UK).
  • 儿化的短元音 ə 被标注为 ɚ，例如 mother /ˈmʌðɚ/；
  • The rhotacized short vowel ə is annotated as ɚ, as in mother pronounced /ˈmʌðɚ/.
  • 儿化的长元音 əː 被标注为 ɝː 例如 bird /bɝːd/ (US)
  • The rhotacized long vowel əː is annotated as ɝː, like in bird pronounced /bɝːd/ (US).

英式英语中的 eə、ɪə、ʊə，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：er、ɪr、ʊr。

The sounds represented by eə, ɪə, and ʊə in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: er, ɪr, ʊr.

另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: aɪə 比如，fire /faɪə/；hour /aʊə/。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，aɪə → aɪr，比如，fire /faɪr/, hour /aʊr/。

Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: aɪə as in fire pronounced /faɪə/ and aʊə as in hour pronounced /aʊə/. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, aɪə → aɪr, for example, fire pronounced /faɪr/, and hour pronounced /aʊr/.

比较幸运的是，大多数的音标标注差异集中在元音标记上，尤其是美式英语的元音 —— 所以也不算是太难掌握。

Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in vowel markings, especially American vowels, which makes it somewhat easier to master.

关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：

Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:

• 短元音 ʌ 变得与 ə 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 ə 替代。比如，but /bʌt/ 可能直接被标注为 /bət/。
• The short vowel ʌ often sounds very similar to ə and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, but /bʌt/ would be transcribed as /bət/.
• 长短元音不统一使用 ː 区分，而是ə/ɑ、ə/ɜ、ɚ/ɝ、 e/æ、ɪ/i、ʊ/u、ɒ/ɔ。
• Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using ː, but by pairs such as ə/ɑ, ə/ɜ, ɚ/ɝ, e/æ, ɪ/i, ʊ/u, ɒ/ɔ.
• 短元音 e 有时用 ɛ 标注。
• The short vowel e is sometimes transcribed as ɛ.
• 短元音 ə ，由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɚ；不带有 ʳ 音的时候，常常被标注为 ɜ。
• The short vowel ə, often accompanied by the rhotic ʳ, is commonly transcribed as ɚ. When the rhotic sound is absent, ə is often transcribed as ɜ.
• 长元音 əː，同样由于经常附带着 ʳ 音，常常被标注为 ɝ。
• The long vowel əː, due to its frequent association with ʳ, is generally transcribed as ɝ.
• ə 结尾的双元音，都用 r：ɪə ⭢ ɪr，eə ⭢ er，ʊə ⭢ ʊr。
• Diphthongs ending in ə are represented with r: ɪə becomes ɪr, eə becomes er, ʊə becomes ʊr.
• 非重音音节中的 ɪ 可能会被标注为 ə。
• The ɪ in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as ə.
• 短元音 ɒ 在美式发音中读作 ɑ，也如此标注，比如，hot /hɑt/ —— ɑ 比 ʌ/ə 略长一些，比 ɑr 短。
• The short vowel ɒ is pronounced as ɑ in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, hot is transcribed as /hɑt/. ɑ is slightly longer than ʌ/ə but shorter than ɑr.
• t 的弹舌音用 t̬ 标注。
• The flapping t sound in American English is represented by t̬.

ʌ

but /bʌt/, chum /tʃʌm/, cut /kʌt/, drum /drʌm/, duck /dʌk/, fun /fʌn/, gun /ɡʌn/, hut /hʌt/, jump /dʒʌmp/, luck /lʌk/, mud /mʌd/, nut /nʌt/, pup /pʌp/, run /rʌn/, shut /ʃʌt/, sun /sʌn/, thug /θʌɡ/, thus /ðʌs/, truck /trʌk/, tut /tʌt/, vulgar /ˈvʌlɡɚ/, won /wʌn/, yum /jʌm/

e

bet /bet/, check /tʃek/, desk /desk/, dress /dres/, fed /fed/, get /ɡet/, hen /hen/, jet /dʒet/, kept /kept/, let /let/, met /met/, net /net/, pet /pet/, red /red/, set /set/, shed /ʃed/, test /test/, theft /θeft/, trek /trek/, vet /vet/, wet /wet/, yet /jet/, zed /zed/

ə

ago /əˈɡoʊ/, button /ˈbʌt̬ən/, develop /dɪˈveləp/, dramatic /drəˈmæt̬ɪk/, expression /ɪkˈspreʃən/, onion /ˈʌnjən/, realize /ˈriːəlaɪz/, standard /ˈstændɚd/, system /ˈsɪstəm/, telegram /ˈteləɡræm/

注意：没有儿化的 ə 在美式英语中，被称作 schwa，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。

ɚ

danger /ˈdeɪndʒɚ/, freezer /ˈfriːzɚ/, harder /hɑːrdɚ/, larger /lɑːrdʒɚ/, paper /ˈpeɪpɚ/, server /ˈsɝːvɚ/, teacher /ˈtiːtʃɚ/, water /ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/, worker /ˈwɝːkɚ/

注意：儿化的短元音 ɚ 只出现在非重读音节中。

ɪ

bit /bɪt/, chip /tʃɪp/, did /dɪd/, drill /drɪl/, gig /ɡɪɡ/, gin /dʒɪn/, his /hɪz/, if /ɪf/, kick /kɪk/, lip /lɪp/, milk /mɪlk/, nil /nɪl/, pick /pɪk/, rip /rɪp/, ship /ʃɪp/, sit /sɪt/, thick /θɪk/, this /ðɪs/, tip /tɪp/, trick /trɪk/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, wit /wɪ/, zip /zɪp/

ʊ

book /bʊk/, cook /kʊk/, foot /fʊt/, good /ɡʊd/, put /pʊt/, should /ʃʊd/, wood /wʊd/

æ

add /æd/, bad /bæd/, cat /kæt/, chat /tʃæt/, dad /dæd/, dad /dæd/, drag /dræɡ/, jack /dʒæk/, fat /fæt/, gag /ɡæɡ/, has /hæz/, lab /læb/, mad /mæd/, nap /næp/, pad /pæd/, rat /ræt/, shall /ʃæl/, task /tæsk/, thank /θæŋk/, that /ðæt/, trash /træʃ/, vast /væst/, wag /wæɡ/, zag /zæɡ/

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1. The middle dot `` in /ˈhæpi/ is an annotation of syllable division. A dot . is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here. ↩︎

2. CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html. ↩︎