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154
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_54"></a><!-- &lt;sys/ipc.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/ipc.h - XSI interprocess communication access structure</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/ipc.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i> header is used by three mechanisms for XSI interprocess communication (IPC): messages, semaphores,
and shared memory. All use a common structure type, <b>ipc_perm</b>, to pass information used in determining permission to perform
an IPC operation.</p>
<p>The <b>ipc_perm</b> structure shall contain the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>uid_t uid </tt> Owner's user ID. <tt>
gid_t gid </tt> Owner's group ID. <tt>
uid_t cuid </tt> Creator's user ID. <tt>
gid_t cgid </tt> Creator's group ID. <tt>
mode_t mode </tt> Read/write permission. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>uid_t</b>, <b>gid_t</b>, <b>mode_t</b>, and <b>key_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>Definitions shall be provided for the following constants:</p>
<p>Mode bits:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>IPC_CREAT</dt>
<dd>Create entry if key does not exist.</dd>
<dt>IPC_EXCL</dt>
<dd>Fail if key exists.</dd>
<dt>IPC_NOWAIT</dt>
<dd>Error if request must wait.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Keys:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>IPC_PRIVATE</dt>
<dd>Private key.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Control commands:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>IPC_RMID</dt>
<dd>Remove identifier.</dd>
<dt>IPC_SET</dt>
<dd>Set options.</dd>
<dt>IPC_STAT</dt>
<dd>Get options.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>key_t ftok(const char *, int);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/ftok.html"><i>ftok</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_54_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 2. Derived from System V Release 2.0.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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ipc.h
mman.h
msg.h
resource.h
select.h
sem.h
shm.h
socket.h
stat.h
statvfs.h
time.h
timeb.h
times.h
types.h
uio.h
un.h
utsname.h
wait.h

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_55"></a><!-- &lt;sys/mman.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/mman.h - memory management declarations</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</i> header shall be supported if the implementation supports at least one of the following
options:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
The Memory Mapped Files option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SHM')">SHM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Shared Memory Objects option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
The Process Memory Locking option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MPR')">MPR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Memory Protection option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Typed Memory Objects option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SIO')">SIO</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Synchronized Input and Output option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ADV')">ADV</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Advisory Information option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The Typed Memory Objects option <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC2')">MC2</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> If one or more of the Advisory Information, Memory Mapped Files, or Shared Memory Objects options are supported, the following
protection options shall be defined: <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
<dl compact>
<dt>PROT_READ</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC2')">MC2</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Page can be read. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>PROT_WRITE</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC2')">MC2</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Page can be written. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>PROT_EXEC</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC2')">MC2</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Page can be executed. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>PROT_NONE</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC2')">MC2</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Page cannot be accessed. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p>The following <i>flag</i> options shall be defined:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>MAP_SHARED</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Share changes. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>MAP_PRIVATE</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Changes are private. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>MAP_FIXED</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Interpret <i>addr</i> exactly. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p>The following flags shall be defined for <a href="../../functions/msync.html"><i>msync</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>MS_ASYNC</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SIO</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Perform asynchronous writes. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>MS_SYNC</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SIO</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Perform synchronous writes. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>MS_INVALIDATE</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SIO</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Invalidate mappings. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for the <a href="../../functions/mlockall.html"><i>mlockall</i>()</a> function:
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
<dl compact>
<dt>MCL_CURRENT</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
Lock currently mapped pages. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>MCL_FUTURE</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
Lock pages that become mapped. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The symbolic constant MAP_FAILED shall be defined to indicate a failure from the <a href=
"../../functions/mmap.html"><i>mmap</i>()</a> function. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MC1')">MC1</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> If the Advisory Information and either the Memory Mapped Files or Shared Memory Objects options are supported, values for
<i>advice</i> used by <a href="../../functions/posix_madvise.html"><i>posix_madvise</i>()</a> shall be defined as follows:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>POSIX_MADV_NORMAL</dt>
<dd><br>
The application has no advice to give on its behavior with respect to the specified range. It is the default characteristic if no
advice is given for a range of memory.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL</dt>
<dd><br>
The application expects to access the specified range sequentially from lower addresses to higher addresses.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_MADV_RANDOM</dt>
<dd><br>
The application expects to access the specified range in a random order.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED</dt>
<dd><br>
The application expects to access the specified range in the near future.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED</dt>
<dd><br>
The application expects that it will not access the specified range in the near future.</dd>
</dl>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The following flags shall be defined for <a href=
"../../functions/posix_typed_mem_open.html"><i>posix_typed_mem_open</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE</dt>
<dd><br>
Allocate on <a href="../../functions/mmap.html"><i>mmap</i>()</a>.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE_CONTIG</dt>
<dd><br>
Allocate contiguously on <a href="../../functions/mmap.html"><i>mmap</i>()</a>.</dd>
<dt>POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE</dt>
<dd><br>
Map on <a href="../../functions/mmap.html"><i>mmap</i>()</a>, without affecting allocatability.</dd>
</dl>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<p>The <b>mode_t</b>, <b>off_t</b>, and <b>size_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The <i>&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</i> header shall define the structure <b>posix_typed_mem_info</b>, which includes at least the
following member:</p>
<pre>
<tt>size_t posix_tmi_length </tt> Maximum length which may be allocated <tt>
</tt> from a typed memory object. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int mlock(const void *, size_t);
int mlockall(int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
void *mmap(void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MPR')">MPR</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int mprotect(void *, size_t, int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SIO</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int msync(void *, size_t, int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ML')">ML</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int munlock(const void *, size_t);
int munlockall(void);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('MF')">MF|SHM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int munmap(void *, size_t);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('ADV')">ADV</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int posix_madvise(void *, size_t, int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int posix_mem_offset(const void *restrict, size_t, off_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int posix_typed_mem_get_info(int, struct posix_typed_mem_info *);
int posix_typed_mem_open(const char *, int, int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SHM')">SHM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int shm_open(const char *, int, mode_t);
int shm_unlink(const char *);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/mlock.html"><i>mlock</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/mlockall.html"><i>mlockall</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/mmap.html"><i>mmap</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/mprotect.html"><i>mprotect</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/msync.html"><i>msync</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/munlock.html"><i>munlock</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/munlockall.html"><i>munlockall</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/munmap.html"><i>munmap</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/posix_mem_offset.html"><i>posix_mem_offset</i>()</a>,
<a href="../../functions/posix_typed_mem_get_info.html"><i>posix_typed_mem_get_info</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/posix_typed_mem_open.html"><i>posix_typed_mem_open</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/shm_open.html"><i>shm_open</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/shm_unlink.html"><i>shm_unlink</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Updated for alignment with the POSIX Realtime Extension.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_55_10"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</i> header is marked as dependent on support for either the Memory Mapped Files, Process Memory
Locking, or Shared Memory Objects options.</p>
<p>The following changes are made for alignment with IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1j-2000:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The TYM margin code is added to the list of margin codes for the <i>&lt;sys/mman.h&gt;</i> header line, as well as for other
lines.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE, POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE_CONTIG, and POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE flags are added.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <b>posix_tmi_length</b> structure is added.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="../../functions/posix_mem_offset.html"><i>posix_mem_offset</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/posix_typed_mem_get_info.html"><i>posix_typed_mem_get_info</i>()</a>, and <a href=
"../../functions/posix_typed_mem_open.html"><i>posix_typed_mem_open</i>()</a> functions are added.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The <b>restrict</b> keyword is added to the prototype for <a href=
"../../functions/posix_mem_offset.html"><i>posix_mem_offset</i>()</a>.</p>
<p>IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.1 #102 is applied, adding the prototype for <a href=
"../../functions/posix_madvise.html"><i>posix_madvise</i>()</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>&lt;sys/msg.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/msg.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_56"></a><!-- &lt;sys/msg.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/msg.h - XSI message queue structures</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/msg.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/msg.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following data types through <b>typedef</b>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt><b>msgqnum_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for the number of messages in the message queue.</dd>
<dt><b>msglen_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for the number of bytes allowed in a message queue.</dd>
</dl>
<p>These types shall be unsigned integer types that are able to store values at least as large as a type <b>unsigned short</b>.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/msg.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following constant as a message operation flag:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>MSG_NOERROR</dt>
<dd>No error if big message.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <b>msqid_ds</b> structure shall contain the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>struct ipc_perm msg_perm </tt> Operation permission structure. <tt>
msgqnum_t msg_qnum </tt> Number of messages currently on queue. <tt>
msglen_t msg_qbytes</tt> Maximum number of bytes allowed on queue. <tt>
pid_t msg_lspid </tt> Process ID of last <i>msgsnd</i>
(). <tt>
pid_t msg_lrpid </tt> Process ID of last <i>msgrcv</i>
(). <tt>
time_t msg_stime </tt> Time of last <i>msgsnd</i>
(). <tt>
time_t msg_rtime </tt> Time of last <i>msgrcv</i>
(). <tt>
time_t msg_ctime </tt> Time of last change. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>pid_t</b>, <b>time_t</b>, <b>key_t</b>, <b>size_t</b>, and <b>ssize_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int msgctl(int, int, struct msqid_ds *);
int msgget(key_t, int);
ssize_t msgrcv(int, void *, size_t, long, int);
int msgsnd(int, const void *, size_t, int);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>In addition, all of the symbols from <a href="../../basedefs/sys/ipc.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> shall be defined when
this header is included.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/ipc.h.html#tag_13_54"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href="../../functions/msgctl.html"><i>msgctl</i>()</a>, <a
href="../../functions/msgget.html"><i>msgget</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/msgrcv.html"><i>msgrcv</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/msgsnd.html"><i>msgsnd</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_56_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 2. Derived from System V Release 2.0.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
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<title>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</title>
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</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_57"></a><!-- &lt;sys/resource.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/resource.h - definitions for XSI resource operations</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/resource.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following symbolic constants as possible values of the <i>which</i>
argument of <a href="../../functions/getpriority.html"><i>getpriority</i>()</a> and <a href=
"../../functions/setpriority.html"><i>setpriority</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>PRIO_PROCESS</dt>
<dd>Identifies the <i>who</i> argument as a process ID.</dd>
<dt>PRIO_PGRP</dt>
<dd>Identifies the <i>who</i> argument as a process group ID.</dd>
<dt>PRIO_USER</dt>
<dd>Identifies the <i>who</i> argument as a user ID.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following type shall be defined through <b>typedef</b>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt><b>rlim_t</b></dt>
<dd>Unsigned integer type used for limit values.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following symbolic constants shall be defined:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>RLIM_INFINITY</dt>
<dd>A value of <b>rlim_t</b> indicating no limit.</dd>
<dt>RLIM_SAVED_MAX</dt>
<dd>A value of type <b>rlim_t</b> indicating an unrepresentable saved hard limit.</dd>
<dt>RLIM_SAVED_CUR</dt>
<dd>A value of type <b>rlim_t</b> indicating an unrepresentable saved soft limit.</dd>
</dl>
<p>On implementations where all resource limits are representable in an object of type <b>rlim_t</b>, RLIM_SAVED_MAX and
RLIM_SAVED_CUR need not be distinct from RLIM_INFINITY.</p>
<p>The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values of the <i>who</i> parameter of <a href=
"../../functions/getrusage.html"><i>getrusage</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>RUSAGE_SELF</dt>
<dd>Returns information about the current process.</dd>
<dt>RUSAGE_CHILDREN</dt>
<dd>Returns information about children of the current process.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>rlimit</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>rlim_t rlim_cur </tt> The current (soft) limit. <tt>
rlim_t rlim_max </tt> The hard limit. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>rusage</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>struct timeval ru_utime </tt> User time used. <tt>
struct timeval ru_stime </tt> System time used. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>timeval</b> structure shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/time.h.html#tag_13_64"><i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values for the <i>resource</i> argument of <a href=
"../../functions/getrlimit.html"><i>getrlimit</i>()</a> and <a href="../../functions/setrlimit.html"><i>setrlimit</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>RLIMIT_CORE</dt>
<dd>Limit on size of <b>core</b> file.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_CPU</dt>
<dd>Limit on CPU time per process.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_DATA</dt>
<dd>Limit on data segment size.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_FSIZE</dt>
<dd>Limit on file size.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_NOFILE</dt>
<dd>Limit on number of open files.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_STACK</dt>
<dd>Limit on stack size.</dd>
<dt>RLIMIT_AS</dt>
<dd>Limit on address space size.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int getpriority(int, id_t);
int getrlimit(int, struct rlimit *);
int getrusage(int, struct rusage *);
int setpriority(int, id_t, int);
int setrlimit(int, const struct rlimit *);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>id_t</b> type shall be defined through <b>typedef</b> as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>Inclusion of the <i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i> header may also make visible all symbols from <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/time.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/time.h.html#tag_13_64"><i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a
href="../../functions/getpriority.html"><i>getpriority</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/getrusage.html"><i>getrusage</i>()</a>,
<a href="../../functions/getrlimit.html"><i>getrlimit</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_57_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Large File System extensions are added.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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UNIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The Open Group.<br>
POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<title>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</title>
</head>
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/select.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_58"></a><!-- &lt;sys/select.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/select.h - select types</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/select.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>timeval</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>time_t tv_sec </tt> Seconds. <tt>
suseconds_t tv_usec </tt> Microseconds. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>time_t</b> and <b>suseconds_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The <b>sigset_t</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href="../signal.h.html#"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The <b>timespec</b> structure shall be defined as described in <a href="time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>fd_set</b> type as a structure.</p>
<p>Each of the following may be declared as a function, or defined as a macro, or both:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt><b>void</b> <i>FD_CLR</i>(<b>int</b> <i>fd</i>, <b>fd_set *</b><i>fdset</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
Clears the bit for the file descriptor <i>fd</i> in the file descriptor set <i>fdset</i>.</dd>
<dt><b>int</b> <i>FD_ISSET</i>(<b>int</b> <i>fd</i>, <b>fd_set *</b><i>fdset</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
Returns a non-zero value if the bit for the file descriptor <i>fd</i> is set in the file descriptor set by <i>fdset</i>, and 0
otherwise.</dd>
<dt><b>void</b> <i>FD_SET</i>(<b>int</b> <i>fd</i>, <b>fd_set *</b><i>fdset</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
Sets the bit for the file descriptor <i>fd</i> in the file descriptor set <i>fdset</i>.</dd>
<dt><b>void</b> <i>FD_ZERO</i>(<b>fd_set *</b><i>fdset</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
Initializes the file descriptor set <i>fdset</i> to have zero bits for all file descriptors.</dd>
</dl>
<p>If implemented as macros, these may evaluate their arguments more than once, so applications should ensure that the arguments
they supply are never expressions with side effects.</p>
<p>The following shall be defined as a macro:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>FD_SETSIZE</dt>
<dd><br>
Maximum number of file descriptors in an <b>fd_set</b> structure.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int pselect(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict, const sigset_t *restrict);
int select(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
struct timeval *restrict);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>Inclusion of the <i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i> header may make visible all symbols from the headers <a href=
"../../basedefs/signal.h.html"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a>, <a href="../../basedefs/sys/time.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i></a>,
and <a href="../../basedefs/time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../signal.h.html#"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href="../sys/time.h.html#tag_13_64"><i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i></a> ,
<a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href="time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a> , the
System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/pselect.html"><i>pselect</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/select.html"><i>select</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_58_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 6. Derived from IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1g-2000.</p>
<p>The requirement for the <b>fd_set</b> structure to have a member <i>fds_bits</i> has been removed as per The Open Group Base
Resolution bwg2001-005.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/sem.h&gt;</title>
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/sem.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_59"></a><!-- &lt;sys/sem.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/sem.h - XSI semaphore facility</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/sem.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/sem.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following constants and structures.</p>
<p>Semaphore operation flags:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SEM_UNDO</dt>
<dd>Set up adjust on exit entry.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Command definitions for the <a href="../../functions/semctl.html"><i>semctl</i>()</a> function shall be provided as follows:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>GETNCNT</dt>
<dd>Get <i>semncnt</i>.</dd>
<dt>GETPID</dt>
<dd>Get <i>sempid</i>.</dd>
<dt>GETVAL</dt>
<dd>Get <i>semval</i>.</dd>
<dt>GETALL</dt>
<dd>Get all cases of <i>semval</i>.</dd>
<dt>GETZCNT</dt>
<dd>Get <i>semzcnt</i>.</dd>
<dt>SETVAL</dt>
<dd>Set <i>semval</i>.</dd>
<dt>SETALL</dt>
<dd>Set all cases of <i>semval</i>.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <b>semid_ds</b> structure shall contain the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>struct ipc_perm sem_perm </tt> Operation permission structure. <tt>
unsigned short sem_nsems</tt> Number of semaphores in set. <tt>
time_t sem_otime</tt> Last <i>semop</i>
() time. <tt>
time_t sem_ctime</tt> Last time changed by <i>semctl</i>
(). <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>pid_t</b>, <b>time_t</b>, <b>key_t</b>, and <b>size_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>A semaphore shall be represented by an anonymous structure containing the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>unsigned short semval </tt> Semaphore value. <tt>
pid_t sempid </tt> Process ID of last operation. <tt>
unsigned short semncnt </tt> Number of processes waiting for <i>semval</i> <tt>
</tt> to become greater than current value. <tt>
unsigned short semzcnt </tt> Number of processes waiting for <i>semval</i> <tt>
</tt> to become 0. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>sembuf</b> structure shall contain the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>unsigned short sem_num </tt> Semaphore number. <tt>
short sem_op </tt> Semaphore operation. <tt>
short sem_flg </tt> Operation flags. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int semctl(int, int, int, ...);
int semget(key_t, int, int);
int semop(int, struct sembuf *, size_t);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>In addition, all of the symbols from <a href="../../basedefs/sys/ipc.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> shall be defined when
this header is included.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/ipc.h.html#tag_13_54"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href="../../functions/semctl.html"><i>semctl</i>()</a>, <a
href="../../functions/semget.html"><i>semget</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/semop.html"><i>semop</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_59_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 2. Derived from System V Release 2.0.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/shm.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/shm.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_60"></a><!-- &lt;sys/shm.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/shm.h - XSI shared memory facility</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/shm.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/shm.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following symbolic constants:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SHM_RDONLY</dt>
<dd>Attach read-only (else read-write).</dd>
<dt>SHM_RND</dt>
<dd>Round attach address to SHMLBA.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/shm.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following symbolic value:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SHMLBA</dt>
<dd>Segment low boundary address multiple.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following data types shall be defined through <b>typedef</b>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt><b>shmatt_t</b></dt>
<dd>Unsigned integer used for the number of current attaches that must be able to store values at least as large as a type
<b>unsigned short</b>.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <b>shmid_ds</b> structure shall contain the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>struct ipc_perm shm_perm </tt> Operation permission structure. <tt>
size_t shm_segsz </tt> Size of segment in bytes. <tt>
pid_t shm_lpid </tt> Process ID of last shared memory operation. <tt>
pid_t shm_cpid </tt> Process ID of creator. <tt>
shmatt_t shm_nattch</tt> Number of current attaches. <tt>
time_t shm_atime </tt> Time of last <i>shmat</i>
(). <tt>
time_t shm_dtime </tt> Time of last <i>shmdt</i>
(). <tt>
time_t shm_ctime </tt> Time of last change by <i>shmctl</i>
(). <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>pid_t</b>, <b>time_t</b>, <b>key_t</b>, and <b>size_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>void *shmat(int, const void *, int);
int shmctl(int, int, struct shmid_ds *);
int shmdt(const void *);
int shmget(key_t, size_t, int);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>In addition, all of the symbols from <a href="../../basedefs/sys/ipc.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> shall be defined when
this header is included.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/ipc.h.html#tag_13_54"><i>&lt;sys/ipc.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a
href="../../functions/shmat.html"><i>shmat</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/shmctl.html"><i>shmctl</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/shmdt.html"><i>shmdt</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/shmget.html"><i>shmget</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 2. Derived from System V Release 2.0.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_60_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The type of <i>shm_segsz</i> is changed from <b>int</b> to <b>size_t</b>.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
<center><font size="2"><!--footer start-->
UNIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The Open Group.<br>
POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
[ <a href="../../mindex.html">Main Index</a> | <a href="../../basedefs/contents.html">XBD</a> | <a href=
"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
"../../xrat/contents.html">XRAT</a> ]</font></center>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_61"></a><!-- &lt;sys/socket.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/socket.h - main sockets header</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the type <b>socklen_t</b>, which is an integer type of width of at least 32
bits; see APPLICATION USAGE.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the unsigned integer type <b>sa_family_t</b>.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>sockaddr</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>sa_family_t sa_family </tt> Address family. <tt>
char sa_data[] </tt> Socket address (variable-length data). <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>sockaddr</b> structure is used to define a socket address which is used in the <a href=
"../../functions/bind.html"><i>bind</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/connect.html"><i>connect</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/getpeername.html"><i>getpeername</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/getsockname.html"><i>getsockname</i>()</a>,
<a href="../../functions/recvfrom.html"><i>recvfrom</i>()</a>, and <a href="../../functions/sendto.html"><i>sendto</i>()</a>
functions.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure. This structure shall be:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Large enough to accommodate all supported protocol-specific address structures</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Aligned at an appropriate boundary so that pointers to it can be cast as pointers to protocol-specific address structures and
used to access the fields of those structures without alignment problems</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The <b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure shall contain at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>sa_family_t ss_family
</tt>
</pre>
<p>When a <b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure is cast as a <b>sockaddr</b> structure, the <i>ss_family</i> field of the
<b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure shall map onto the <i>sa_family</i> field of the <b>sockaddr</b> structure. When a
<b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure is cast as a protocol-specific address structure, the <i>ss_family</i> field shall map onto a
field of that structure that is of type <b>sa_family_t</b> and that identifies the protocol's address family.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>msghdr</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>void *msg_name </tt> Optional address. <tt>
socklen_t msg_namelen </tt> Size of address. <tt>
struct iovec *msg_iov </tt> Scatter/gather array. <tt>
int msg_iovlen </tt> Members in <i>msg_iov</i>. <tt>
void *msg_control </tt> Ancillary data; see below. <tt>
socklen_t msg_controllen </tt> Ancillary data buffer <i>len</i>. <tt>
int msg_flags </tt> Flags on received message. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>msghdr</b> structure is used to minimize the number of directly supplied parameters to the <a href=
"../../functions/recvmsg.html"><i>recvmsg</i>()</a> and <a href="../../functions/sendmsg.html"><i>sendmsg</i>()</a> functions. This
structure is used as a <i>value</i>- <i>result</i> parameter in the <a href="../../functions/recvmsg.html"><i>recvmsg</i>()</a>
function and <i>value</i> only for the <a href="../../functions/sendmsg.html"><i>sendmsg</i>()</a> function.</p>
<p>The <b>iovec</b> structure shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/uio.h.html#tag_13_68"><i>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</i></a>
.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>cmsghdr</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>socklen_t cmsg_len </tt> Data byte count, including the <b>cmsghdr</b>. <tt>
int cmsg_level </tt> Originating protocol. <tt>
int cmsg_type </tt> Protocol-specific type. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>cmsghdr</b> structure is used for storage of ancillary data object information.</p>
<p>Ancillary data consists of a sequence of pairs, each consisting of a <b>cmsghdr</b> structure followed by a data array. The data
array contains the ancillary data message, and the <b>cmsghdr</b> structure contains descriptive information that allows an
application to correctly parse the data.</p>
<p>The values for <i>cmsg_level</i> shall be legal values for the <i>level</i> argument to the <a href=
"../../functions/getsockopt.html"><i>getsockopt</i>()</a> and <a href="../../functions/setsockopt.html"><i>setsockopt</i>()</a>
functions. The system documentation shall specify the <i>cmsg_type</i> definitions for the supported protocols.</p>
<p>Ancillary data is also possible at the socket level. The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header defines the following macro for use
as the <i>cmsg_type</i> value when <i>cmsg_level</i> is SOL_SOCKET:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SCM_RIGHTS</dt>
<dd>Indicates that the data array contains the access rights to be sent or received.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header defines the following macros to gain access to the data arrays in the ancillary data
associated with a message header:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>CMSG_DATA(<i>cmsg</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
If the argument is a pointer to a <b>cmsghdr</b> structure, this macro shall return an unsigned character pointer to the data array
associated with the <b>cmsghdr</b> structure.</dd>
<dt>CMSG_NXTHDR(<i>mhdr,cmsg</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
If the first argument is a pointer to a <b>msghdr</b> structure and the second argument is a pointer to a <b>cmsghdr</b> structure
in the ancillary data pointed to by the <i>msg_control</i> field of that <b>msghdr</b> structure, this macro shall return a pointer
to the next <b>cmsghdr</b> structure, or a null pointer if this structure is the last <b>cmsghdr</b> in the ancillary data.</dd>
<dt>CMSG_FIRSTHDR(<i>mhdr</i>)</dt>
<dd><br>
If the argument is a pointer to a <b>msghdr</b> structure, this macro shall return a pointer to the first <b>cmsghdr</b> structure
in the ancillary data associated with this <b>msghdr</b> structure, or a null pointer if there is no ancillary data associated with
the <b>msghdr</b> structure.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>linger</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>int l_onoff </tt> Indicates whether linger option is enabled. <tt>
int l_linger </tt> Linger time, in seconds. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SOCK_DGRAM</dt>
<dd>Datagram socket.</dd>
<dt>SOCK_RAW</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('RS')">RS</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
Raw Protocol Interface. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>SOCK_SEQPACKET</dt>
<dd>Sequenced-packet socket.</dd>
<dt>SOCK_STREAM</dt>
<dd>Byte-stream socket.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macro for use as the <i>level</i> argument of <a href=
"../../functions/setsockopt.html"><i>setsockopt</i>()</a> and <a href=
"../../functions/getsockopt.html"><i>getsockopt</i>()</a>.</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SOL_SOCKET</dt>
<dd>Options to be accessed at socket level, not protocol level.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values, for use as the
<i>option_name</i> argument in <a href="../../functions/getsockopt.html"><i>getsockopt</i>()</a> or <a href=
"../../functions/setsockopt.html"><i>setsockopt</i>()</a> calls:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SO_ACCEPTCONN</dt>
<dd>Socket is accepting connections.</dd>
<dt>SO_BROADCAST</dt>
<dd>Transmission of broadcast messages is supported.</dd>
<dt>SO_DEBUG</dt>
<dd>Debugging information is being recorded.</dd>
<dt>SO_DONTROUTE</dt>
<dd>Bypass normal routing.</dd>
<dt>SO_ERROR</dt>
<dd>Socket error status.</dd>
<dt>SO_KEEPALIVE</dt>
<dd>Connections are kept alive with periodic messages.</dd>
<dt>SO_LINGER</dt>
<dd>Socket lingers on close.</dd>
<dt>SO_OOBINLINE</dt>
<dd>Out-of-band data is transmitted in line.</dd>
<dt>SO_RCVBUF</dt>
<dd>Receive buffer size.</dd>
<dt>SO_RCVLOWAT</dt>
<dd>Receive ``low water mark''.</dd>
<dt>SO_RCVTIMEO</dt>
<dd>Receive timeout.</dd>
<dt>SO_REUSEADDR</dt>
<dd>Reuse of local addresses is supported.</dd>
<dt>SO_SNDBUF</dt>
<dd>Send buffer size.</dd>
<dt>SO_SNDLOWAT</dt>
<dd>Send ``low water mark''.</dd>
<dt>SO_SNDTIMEO</dt>
<dd>Send timeout.</dd>
<dt>SO_TYPE</dt>
<dd>Socket type.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macro as the maximum <i>backlog</i> queue length which may be
specified by the <i>backlog</i> field of the <a href="../../functions/listen.html"><i>listen</i>()</a> function:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SOMAXCONN</dt>
<dd>The maximum <i>backlog</i> queue length.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values, for use as the valid
values for the <i>msg_flags</i> field in the <b>msghdr</b> structure, or the <i>flags</i> parameter in <a href=
"../../functions/recvfrom.html"><i>recvfrom</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/recvmsg.html"><i>recvmsg</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/sendmsg.html"><i>sendmsg</i>()</a>, or <a href="../../functions/sendto.html"><i>sendto</i>()</a> calls:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>MSG_CTRUNC</dt>
<dd>Control data truncated.</dd>
<dt>MSG_DONTROUTE</dt>
<dd>Send without using routing tables.</dd>
<dt>MSG_EOR</dt>
<dd>Terminates a record (if supported by the protocol).</dd>
<dt>MSG_OOB</dt>
<dd>Out-of-band data.</dd>
<dt>MSG_PEEK</dt>
<dd>Leave received data in queue.</dd>
<dt>MSG_TRUNC</dt>
<dd>Normal data truncated.</dd>
<dt>MSG_WAITALL</dt>
<dd>Attempt to fill the read buffer.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>AF_INET</dt>
<dd>Internet domain sockets for use with IPv4 addresses.</dd>
<dt>AF_INET6</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('IP6')">IP6</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Internet domain sockets for use with IPv6 addresses. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>AF_UNIX</dt>
<dd>UNIX domain sockets.</dd>
<dt>AF_UNSPEC</dt>
<dd>Unspecified.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros, with distinct integer values:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>SHUT_RD</dt>
<dd>Disables further receive operations.</dd>
<dt>SHUT_RDWR</dt>
<dd>Disables further send and receive operations.</dd>
<dt>SHUT_WR</dt>
<dd>Disables further send operations.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int accept(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int bind(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int connect(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int getpeername(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockname(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockopt(int, int, int, void *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int listen(int, int);
ssize_t recv(int, void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t recvfrom(int, void *restrict, size_t, int,
struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
ssize_t recvmsg(int, struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t send(int, const void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t sendmsg(int, const struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t sendto(int, const void *, size_t, int, const struct sockaddr *,
socklen_t);
int setsockopt(int, int, int, const void *, socklen_t);
int shutdown(int, int);
int socket(int, int, int);
int sockatmark(int);
int socketpair(int, int, int, int[2]);
</tt>
</pre>
<p>Inclusion of <i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i> may also make visible all symbols from <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/uio.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>To forestall portability problems, it is recommended that applications not use values larger than 2<sup><small>31</small></sup>
-1 for the <b>socklen_t</b> type.</p>
<p>The <b>sockaddr_storage</b> structure solves the problem of declaring storage for automatic variables which is both large enough
and aligned enough for storing the socket address data structure of any family. For example, code with a file descriptor and
without the context of the address family can pass a pointer to a variable of this type, where a pointer to a socket address
structure is expected in calls such as <a href="../../functions/getpeername.html"><i>getpeername</i>()</a>, and determine the
address family by accessing the received content after the call.</p>
<p>The example below illustrates a data structure which aligns on a 64-bit boundary. An implementation-defined field
<i>_ss_align</i> following <i>_ss_pad1</i> is used to force a 64-bit alignment which covers proper alignment good enough for needs
of at least <b>sockaddr_in6</b> (IPv6) and <b>sockaddr_in</b> (IPv4) address data structures. The size of padding field
<i>_ss_pad1</i> depends on the chosen alignment boundary. The size of padding field <i>_ss_pad2</i> depends on the value of overall
size chosen for the total size of the structure. This size and alignment are represented in the above example by
implementation-defined (not required) constants _SS_MAXSIZE (chosen value 128) and _SS_ALIGNMENT (with chosen value 8). Constants
_SS_PAD1SIZE (derived value 6) and _SS_PAD2SIZE (derived value 112) are also for illustration and not required. The
implementation-defined definitions and structure field names above start with an underscore to denote implementation private name
space. Portable code is not expected to access or reference those fields or constants.</p>
<pre>
<tt>/*
* Desired design of maximum size and alignment.
*/
#define _SS_MAXSIZE 128
/* Implementation-defined maximum size. */
#define _SS_ALIGNSIZE (sizeof(int64_t))
/* Implementation-defined desired alignment. */
<br>
/*
* Definitions used for sockaddr_storage structure paddings design.
*/
#define _SS_PAD1SIZE (_SS_ALIGNSIZE - sizeof(sa_family_t))
#define _SS_PAD2SIZE (_SS_MAXSIZE - (sizeof(sa_family_t)+ \
_SS_PAD1SIZE + _SS_ALIGNSIZE))
struct sockaddr_storage {
sa_family_t ss_family; /* Address family. */
/*
* Following fields are implementation-defined.
*/
char _ss_pad1[_SS_PAD1SIZE];
/* 6-byte pad; this is to make implementation-defined
pad up to alignment field that follows explicit in
the data structure. */
int64_t _ss_align; /* Field to force desired structure
storage alignment. */
char _ss_pad2[_SS_PAD2SIZE];
/* 112-byte pad to achieve desired size,
_SS_MAXSIZE value minus size of ss_family
__ss_pad1, __ss_align fields is 112. */
};
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/uio.h.html#tag_13_68"><i>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/accept.html"><i>accept</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/bind.html"><i>bind</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/connect.html"><i>connect</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/getpeername.html"><i>getpeername</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/getsockname.html"><i>getsockname</i>()</a>,
<a href="../../functions/getsockopt.html"><i>getsockopt</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/listen.html"><i>listen</i>()</a>, <a
href="../../functions/recv.html"><i>recv</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/recvfrom.html"><i>recvfrom</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/recvmsg.html"><i>recvmsg</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/send.html"><i>send</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/sendmsg.html"><i>sendmsg</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/sendto.html"><i>sendto</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/setsockopt.html"><i>setsockopt</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/shutdown.html"><i>shutdown</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/socket.html"><i>socket</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/socketpair.html"><i>socketpair</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_61_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 6. Derived from the XNS, Issue 5.2 specification.</p>
<p>The <b>restrict</b> keyword is added to the prototypes for <a href="../../functions/accept.html"><i>accept</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/getpeername.html"><i>getpeername</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/getsockname.html"><i>getsockname</i>()</a>,
<a href="../../functions/getsockopt.html"><i>getsockopt</i>()</a>, and <a href=
"../../functions/recvfrom.html"><i>recvfrom</i>()</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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<title>&lt;sys/stat.h&gt;</title>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/stat.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_62"></a><!-- &lt;sys/stat.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/stat.h - data returned by the stat() function</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/stat.h&gt;</i> header shall define the structure of the data returned by the functions <a href=
"../../functions/fstat.html"><i>fstat</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/lstat.html"><i>lstat</i>()</a>, and <a href=
"../../functions/stat.html"><i>stat</i>()</a>.</p>
<p>The <b>stat</b> structure shall contain at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>dev_t st_dev </tt> Device ID of device containing file. <tt>
ino_t st_ino </tt> File serial number. <tt>
mode_t st_mode </tt> Mode of file (see below). <tt>
nlink_t st_nlink </tt> Number of hard links to the file. <tt>
uid_t st_uid </tt> User ID of file. <tt>
gid_t st_gid </tt> Group ID of file. <tt>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
dev_t st_rdev </tt> Device ID (if file is character or block special). <tt>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
off_t st_size </tt> For regular files, the file size in bytes. <tt>
</tt> For symbolic links, the length in bytes of the <tt>
</tt> pathname contained in the symbolic link. <tt>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SHM')">SHM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
</tt> For a shared memory object, the length in bytes. <tt>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
</tt> For a typed memory object, the length in bytes. <tt>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
</tt> For other file types, the use of this field is <tt>
</tt> unspecified. <tt>
time_t st_atime </tt> Time of last access. <tt>
time_t st_mtime </tt> Time of last data modification. <tt>
time_t st_ctime </tt> Time of last status change. <tt>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
blksize_t st_blksize</tt> A file system-specific preferred I/O block size for <tt>
</tt> this object. In some file system types, this may <tt>
</tt> vary from file to file. <tt>
blkcnt_t st_blocks </tt> Number of blocks allocated for this object. <tt>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <i>st_ino</i> and <i>st_dev</i> fields taken together uniquely identify the file within the system. The <b>blkcnt_t</b>,
<b>blksize_t</b>, <b>dev_t</b>, <b>ino_t</b>, <b>mode_t</b>, <b>nlink_t</b>, <b>uid_t</b>, <b>gid_t</b>, <b>off_t</b>, and
<b>time_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> . Times
shall be given in seconds since the Epoch.</p>
<p>Unless otherwise specified, the structure members <i>st_mode</i>, <i>st_ino</i>, <i>st_dev</i>, <i>st_uid</i>, <i>st_gid</i>,
<i>st_atime</i>, <i>st_ctime</i>, and <i>st_mtime</i> shall have meaningful values for all file types defined in
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001.</p>
<p>For symbolic links, the <i>st_mode</i> member shall contain meaningful information, which can be used with the file type macros
described below, that take a <i>mode</i> argument. The <i>st_size</i> member shall contain the length, in bytes, of the pathname
contained in the symbolic link. File mode bits and the contents of the remaining members of the <b>stat</b> structure are
unspecified. The value returned in the <i>st_size</i> field shall be the length of the contents of the symbolic link, and shall not
count a trailing null if one is present.</p>
<p>The following symbolic names for the values of type <b>mode_t</b> shall also be defined.</p>
<p>File type:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IFMT</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Type of file.
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IFBLK</dt>
<dd>Block special.</dd>
<dt>S_IFCHR</dt>
<dd>Character special.</dd>
<dt>S_IFIFO</dt>
<dd>FIFO special.</dd>
<dt>S_IFREG</dt>
<dd>Regular.</dd>
<dt>S_IFDIR</dt>
<dd>Directory.</dd>
<dt>S_IFLNK</dt>
<dd>Symbolic link.</dd>
<dt>S_IFSOCK</dt>
<dd>Socket. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>File mode bits:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IRWXU</dt>
<dd>Read, write, execute/search by owner.
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IRUSR</dt>
<dd>Read permission, owner.</dd>
<dt>S_IWUSR</dt>
<dd>Write permission, owner.</dd>
<dt>S_IXUSR</dt>
<dd>Execute/search permission, owner.</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>S_IRWXG</dt>
<dd>Read, write, execute/search by group.
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IRGRP</dt>
<dd>Read permission, group.</dd>
<dt>S_IWGRP</dt>
<dd>Write permission, group.</dd>
<dt>S_IXGRP</dt>
<dd>Execute/search permission, group.</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>S_IRWXO</dt>
<dd>Read, write, execute/search by others.
<dl compact>
<dt>S_IROTH</dt>
<dd>Read permission, others.</dd>
<dt>S_IWOTH</dt>
<dd>Write permission, others.</dd>
<dt>S_IXOTH</dt>
<dd>Execute/search permission, others.</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>S_ISUID</dt>
<dd>Set-user-ID on execution.</dd>
<dt>S_ISGID</dt>
<dd>Set-group-ID on execution.</dd>
<dt>S_ISVTX</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> On directories, restricted deletion flag. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p>The bits defined by S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR, S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, S_IXGRP, S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, S_IXOTH, S_ISUID, S_ISGID, <sup>[<a
href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0"> &nbsp;and
S_ISVTX <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"> &nbsp;shall be unique.</p>
<p>S_IRWXU is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, and S_IXUSR.</p>
<p>S_IRWXG is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, and S_IXGRP.</p>
<p>S_IRWXO is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, and S_IXOTH.</p>
<p>Implementations may OR other implementation-defined bits into S_IRWXU, S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO, but they shall not overlap any of
the other bits defined in this volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001. The <i>file permission bits</i> are defined to be those
corresponding to the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRWXU, S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO.</p>
<p>The following macros shall be provided to test whether a file is of the specified type. The value <i>m</i> supplied to the
macros is the value of <i>st_mode</i> from a <b>stat</b> structure. The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the test is
true; 0 if the test is false.</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>S_ISBLK(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a block special file.</dd>
<dt>S_ISCHR(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a character special file.</dd>
<dt>S_ISDIR(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a directory.</dd>
<dt>S_ISFIFO(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a pipe or FIFO special file.</dd>
<dt>S_ISREG(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a regular file.</dd>
<dt>S_ISLNK(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a symbolic link.</dd>
<dt>S_ISSOCK(<i>m</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a socket.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The implementation may implement message queues, semaphores, or shared memory objects as distinct file types. The following
macros shall be provided to test whether a file is of the specified type. The value of the <i>buf</i> argument supplied to the
macros is a pointer to a <b>stat</b> structure. The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the specified object is implemented
as a distinct file type and the specified file type is contained in the <b>stat</b> structure referenced by <i>buf</i>. Otherwise,
the macro shall evaluate to zero.</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>S_TYPEISMQ(<i>buf</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a message queue.</dd>
<dt>S_TYPEISSEM(<i>buf</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a semaphore.</dd>
<dt>S_TYPEISSHM(<i>buf</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test for a shared memory object.</dd>
</dl>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TYM')">TYM</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The implementation may implement typed memory objects as distinct file types, and the following macro shall test whether a
file is of the specified type. The value of the <i>buf</i> argument supplied to the macros is a pointer to a <b>stat</b> structure.
The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the specified object is implemented as a distinct file type and the specified file
type is contained in the <b>stat</b> structure referenced by <i>buf</i>. Otherwise, the macro shall evaluate to zero.</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>S_TYPEISTMO(<i>buf</i>)</dt>
<dd>Test macro for a typed memory object.</dd>
</dl>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int chmod(const char *, mode_t);
int fchmod(int, mode_t);
int fstat(int, struct stat *);
int lstat(const char *restrict, struct stat *restrict);
int mkdir(const char *, mode_t);
int mkfifo(const char *, mode_t);
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int mknod(const char *, mode_t, dev_t);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
int stat(const char *restrict, struct stat *restrict);
mode_t umask(mode_t);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Use of the macros is recommended for determining the type of a file.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>A conforming C-language application must include <i>&lt;sys/stat.h&gt;</i> for functions that have arguments or return values of
type <b>mode_t</b>, so that symbolic values for that type can be used. An alternative would be to require that these constants are
also defined by including <a href="../../basedefs/sys/types.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
<p>The S_ISUID and S_ISGID bits may be cleared on any write, not just on <a href="../../functions/open.html"><i>open</i>()</a>, as
some historical implementations do.</p>
<p>System calls that update the time entry fields in the <b>stat</b> structure must be documented by the implementors.
POSIX-conforming systems should not update the time entry fields for functions listed in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001 unless the standard requires that they do, except in the case of documented extensions to the
standard.</p>
<p>Note that <i>st_dev</i> must be unique within a Local Area Network (LAN) in a ``system'' made up of multiple computers' file
systems connected by a LAN.</p>
<p>Networked implementations of a POSIX-conforming system must guarantee that all files visible within the file tree (including
parts of the tree that may be remotely mounted from other machines on the network) on each individual processor are uniquely
identified by the combination of the <i>st_ino</i> and <i>st_dev</i> fields.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>No new S_IFMT symbolic names for the file type values of <b>mode_t</b> will be defined by IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001; if new
file types are required, they will only be testable through <i>S_ISxx</i>() or <i>S_TYPEISxxx</i>() macros instead.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/chmod.html"><i>chmod</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/fchmod.html"><i>fchmod</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/fstat.html"><i>fstat</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/lstat.html"><i>lstat</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/mkdir.html"><i>mkdir</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/mkfifo.html"><i>mkfifo</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/mknod.html"><i>mknod</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/stat.html"><i>stat</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/umask.html"><i>umask</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 1. Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The DESCRIPTION is updated for alignment with the POSIX Realtime Extension.</p>
<p>The type of <i>st_blksize</i> is changed from <b>long</b> to <b>blksize_t</b>; the type of <i>st_blocks</i> is changed from
<b>long</b> to <b>blkcnt_t</b>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_62_10"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The S_TYPEISMQ(), S_TYPEISSEM(), and S_TYPEISSHM() macros are unconditionally mandated.</p>
<p>The Open Group Corrigendum U035/4 is applied. In the DESCRIPTION, the types <b>blksize_t</b> and <b>blkcnt_t</b> have been
described.</p>
<p>The following new requirements on POSIX implementations derive from alignment with the Single UNIX Specification:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <b>dev_t</b>, <b>ino_t</b>, <b>mode_t</b>, <b>nlink_t</b>, <b>uid_t</b>, <b>gid_t</b>, <b>off_t</b>, and <b>time_t</b> types
are mandated.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>S_IFSOCK and S_ISSOCK are added for sockets.</p>
<p>The description of <b>stat</b> structure members is changed to reflect contents when file type is a symbolic link.</p>
<p>The test macro S_TYPEISTMO is added for alignment with IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1j-2000.</p>
<p>The <b>restrict</b> keyword is added to the prototypes for <a href="../../functions/lstat.html"><i>lstat</i>()</a> and <a href=
"../../functions/stat.html"><i>stat</i>()</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="../../functions/lstat.html"><i>lstat</i>()</a> function is made mandatory.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/statvfs.h - VFS File System information structure</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/statvfs.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/statvfs.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>statvfs</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>unsigned long f_bsize </tt> File system block size. <tt>
unsigned long f_frsize </tt> Fundamental file system block size. <tt>
fsblkcnt_t f_blocks </tt> Total number of blocks on file system in units of <i>f_frsize.</i> <tt>
fsblkcnt_t f_bfree </tt> Total number of free blocks. <tt>
fsblkcnt_t f_bavail </tt> Number of free blocks available to <tt>
</tt> non-privileged process. <tt>
fsfilcnt_t f_files </tt> Total number of file serial numbers. <tt>
fsfilcnt_t f_ffree </tt> Total number of free file serial numbers. <tt>
fsfilcnt_t f_favail </tt> Number of file serial numbers available to <tt>
</tt> non-privileged process. <tt>
unsigned long f_fsid </tt> File system ID. <tt>
unsigned long f_flag </tt> Bit mask of <i>f_flag</i> values. <tt>
unsigned long f_namemax </tt> Maximum filename length. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>fsblkcnt_t</b> and <b>fsfilcnt_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The following flags for the <i>f_flag</i> member shall be defined:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>ST_RDONLY</dt>
<dd>Read-only file system.</dd>
<dt>ST_NOSUID</dt>
<dd>Does not support <a href="../../functions/setuid.html"><i>setuid</i>()</a>/ <a href=
"../../functions/setgid.html"><i>setgid</i>()</a> semantics.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int statvfs(const char *restrict, struct statvfs *restrict);
int fstatvfs(int, struct statvfs *);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/fstatvfs.html"><i>fstatvfs</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/statvfs.html"><i>statvfs</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The type of <i>f_blocks</i>, <i>f_bfree</i>, and <i>f_bavail</i> is changed from <b>unsigned long</b> to <b>fsblkcnt_t</b>; the
type of <i>f_files</i>, <i>f_ffree</i>, and <i>f_favail</i> is changed from <b>unsigned long</b> to <b>fsfilcnt_t</b>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_63_10"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The Open Group Corrigendum U035/5 is applied. In the DESCRIPTION, the types <b>fsblkcnt_t</b> and <b>fsfilcnt_t</b> have been
described.</p>
<p>The <b>restrict</b> keyword is added to the prototype for <a href="../../functions/statvfs.html"><i>statvfs</i>()</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<title>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/time.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_64"></a><!-- &lt;sys/time.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/time.h - time types</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/time.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>timeval</b> structure that includes at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>time_t tv_sec </tt> Seconds. <tt>
suseconds_t tv_usec </tt> Microseconds. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>itimerval</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>struct timeval it_interval</tt> Timer interval. <tt>
struct timeval it_value </tt> Current value. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>time_t</b> and <b>suseconds_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>The <b>fd_set</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/select.h.html#tag_13_58"><i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i></a>
.</p>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following values for the <i>which</i> argument of <a href=
"../../functions/getitimer.html"><i>getitimer</i>()</a> and <a href="../../functions/setitimer.html"><i>setitimer</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>ITIMER_REAL</dt>
<dd>Decrements in real time.</dd>
<dt>ITIMER_VIRTUAL</dt>
<dd>Decrements in process virtual time.</dd>
<dt>ITIMER_PROF</dt>
<dd>Decrements both in process virtual time and when the system is running on behalf of the process.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/select.h.html#tag_13_58"><i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i></a> : <a
href="../../functions/FD_CLR.html"><i>FD_CLR</i>()</a> <a href="../../functions/FD_ISSET.html"><i>FD_ISSET</i>()</a> <a href=
"../../functions/FD_SET.html"><i>FD_SET</i>()</a> <a href="../../functions/FD_ZERO.html"><i>FD_ZERO</i>()</a> FD_SETSIZE</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int getitimer(int, struct itimerval *);
int gettimeofday(struct timeval *restrict, void *restrict);
int select(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
struct timeval *restrict);
int setitimer(int, const struct itimerval *restrict,
struct itimerval *restrict);
int utimes(const char *, const struct timeval [2]); (</tt><b>LEGACY</b> <tt>)
</tt>
</pre>
<p>Inclusion of the <i>&lt;sys/time.h&gt;</i> header may make visible all symbols from the <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/select.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i></a> header.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/select.h.html#tag_13_58"><i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a
href="../../functions/getitimer.html"><i>getitimer</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/gettimeofday.html"><i>gettimeofday</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/select.html"><i>select</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/setitimer.html"><i>setitimer</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The type of <i>tv_usec</i> is changed from <b>long</b> to <b>suseconds_t</b>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_64_10"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <b>restrict</b> keyword is added to the prototypes for <a href=
"../../functions/gettimeofday.html"><i>gettimeofday</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/select.html"><i>select</i>()</a>, and <a
href="../../functions/setitimer.html"><i>setitimer</i>()</a>.</p>
<p>The note is added that inclusion of this header may also make symbols visible from <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/select.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="../../functions/utimes.html"><i>utimes</i>()</a> function is marked LEGACY.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<title>&lt;sys/timeb.h&gt;</title>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/timeb.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_65"></a><!-- &lt;sys/timeb.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/timeb.h - additional definitions for date and time</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/timeb.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/timeb.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>timeb</b> structure that includes at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>time_t time </tt> The seconds portion of the current time. <tt>
unsigned short millitm </tt> The milliseconds portion of the current time. <tt>
short timezone</tt> The local timezone in minutes west of Greenwich. <tt>
short dstflag </tt> TRUE if Daylight Savings Time is in effect. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>time_t</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a>
.</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>int ftime(struct timeb *); (</tt><b>LEGACY</b> <tt>)
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href="time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_65_09"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <a href="../../functions/ftime.html"><i>ftime</i>()</a> function is marked LEGACY.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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<html>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/times.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_66"></a><!-- &lt;sys/times.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/times.h - file access and modification times structure</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/times.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/times.h&gt;</i> header shall define the structure <b>tms</b>, which is returned by <a href=
"../../functions/times.html"><i>times</i>()</a> and includes at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>clock_t tms_utime </tt> User CPU time. <tt>
clock_t tms_stime </tt> System CPU time. <tt>
clock_t tms_cutime</tt> User CPU time of terminated child processes. <tt>
clock_t tms_cstime</tt> System CPU time of terminated child processes. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>clock_t</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a>
.</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>clock_t times(struct tms *);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/times.html"><i>times</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_66_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 1. Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
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<h4><a name="tag_13_67_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/types.h - data types</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i> header shall include definitions for at least the following types:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt><b>blkcnt_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for file block counts.</dd>
<dt><b>blksize_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for block sizes.</dd>
<dt><b>clock_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for system times in clock ticks or CLOCKS_PER_SEC; see <a href="../time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a> . <img src=
"../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>clockid_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TMR')">TMR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for clock ID type in the clock and timer functions. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></dd>
<dt><b>dev_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for device IDs.</dd>
<dt><b>fsblkcnt_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for file system block counts. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>fsfilcnt_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for file system file counts. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>gid_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for group IDs.</dd>
<dt><b>id_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used as a general identifier; can be used to contain at least a <b>pid_t</b>, <b>uid_t</b>, or <b>gid_t</b>. <img src=
"../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>ino_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for file serial numbers.</dd>
<dt><b>key_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for XSI interprocess communication. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>mode_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for some file attributes.</dd>
<dt><b>nlink_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for link counts.</dd>
<dt><b>off_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for file sizes.</dd>
<dt><b>pid_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for process IDs and process group IDs.</dd>
<dt><b>pthread_attr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a thread attribute object. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_barrier_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('BAR')">BAR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a barrier. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_barrierattr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('BAR')">BAR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to define a barrier attributes object. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_cond_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for condition variables. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_condattr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a condition attribute object. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_key_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for thread-specific data keys. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_mutex_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for mutexes. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_mutexattr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a mutex attribute object. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_once_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for dynamic package initialization. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_rwlock_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for read-write locks. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_rwlockattr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for read-write lock attributes. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_spinlock_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SPI')">SPI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a spin lock. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>pthread_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a thread. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>size_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for sizes of objects.</dd>
<dt><b>ssize_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for a count of bytes or an error indication.</dd>
<dt><b>suseconds_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for time in microseconds. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>time_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for time in seconds.</dd>
<dt><b>timer_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TMR')">TMR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for timer ID returned by <a href="../../functions/timer_create.html"><i>timer_create</i>()</a>. <img src=
"../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>trace_attr_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a trace stream attributes object. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>trace_event_id_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a trace event type. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>trace_event_set_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC TEF')">TRC TEF</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]"
border="0"> Used to identify a trace event type set. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>trace_id_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used to identify a trace stream. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt><b>uid_t</b></dt>
<dd>Used for user IDs.</dd>
<dt><b>useconds_t</b></dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> Used for time in microseconds. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
</dl>
<p>All of the types shall be defined as arithmetic types of an appropriate length, with the following exceptions:</p>
<p><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>key_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_attr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('BAR')">BAR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_barrier_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_barrierattr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_cond_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_condattr_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_key_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_mutex_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_mutexattr_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_once_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_rwlock_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_rwlockattr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SPI')">SPI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_spinlock_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>trace_attr_t</b><br>
<b>trace_event_id_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC TEF')">TRC TEF</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]"
border="0"><br>
<b>trace_event_set_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>trace_id_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
</p>
<p>Additionally:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><b>mode_t</b> shall be an integer type.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>nlink_t</b>, <b>uid_t</b>, <b>gid_t</b>, and <b>id_t</b> shall be integer types.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>blkcnt_t</b> and <b>off_t</b> shall be signed integer types.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> <b>fsblkcnt_t</b>, <b>fsfilcnt_t</b>, <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"> &nbsp;and
<b>ino_t</b> shall be defined as unsigned integer types.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>size_t</b> shall be an unsigned integer type.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>blksize_t</b>, <b>pid_t</b>, and <b>ssize_t</b> shall be signed integer types.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>time_t</b> and <b>clock_t</b> shall be integer or real-floating types.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The type <b>ssize_t</b> shall be capable of storing values at least in the range [-1,&nbsp;{SSIZE_MAX}]. <sup>[<a href=
"javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0"> &nbsp;The type
<b>useconds_t</b> shall be an unsigned integer type capable of storing values at least in the range [0,&nbsp;1000000]. The type
<b>suseconds_t</b> shall be a signed integer type capable of storing values at least in the range [-1,&nbsp;1000000]. <img src=
"../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
<p>The implementation shall support one or more programming environments in which the widths of <b>blksize_t</b>, <b>pid_t</b>,
<b>size_t</b>, <b>ssize_t</b>, <b>suseconds_t</b>, and <b>useconds_t</b> are no greater than the width of type <b>long</b>. The
names of these programming environments can be obtained using the <a href="../../functions/confstr.html"><i>confstr</i>()</a>
function or the <a href="../../utilities/getconf.html"><i>getconf</i></a> utility.</p>
<p>There are no defined comparison or assignment operators for the following types:</p>
<p><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_attr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('BAR')">BAR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_barrier_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_barrierattr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('THR')">THR</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_cond_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_condattr_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_mutex_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_mutexattr_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_rwlock_t</b><br>
<b>pthread_rwlockattr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('SPI')">SPI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>pthread_spinlock_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('TRC')">TRC</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"><br>
<b>trace_attr_t</b><br>
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"><br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="time.h.html"><i>&lt;time.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href=
"../../functions/confstr.html"><i>confstr</i>()</a>, the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href=
"../../utilities/getconf.html"><i>getconf</i></a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 1. Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_09"></a>Issue 5</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <b>clockid_t</b> and <b>timer_t</b> types are defined for alignment with the POSIX Realtime Extension.</p>
<p>The types <b>blkcnt_t</b>, <b>blksize_t</b>, <b>fsblkcnt_t</b>, <b>fsfilcnt_t</b>, and <b>suseconds_t</b> are added.</p>
<p>Large File System extensions are added.</p>
<p>Updated for alignment with the POSIX Threads Extension.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_67_10"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <b>pthread_barrier_t</b>, <b>pthread_barrierattr_t</b>, and <b>pthread_spinlock_t</b> types are added for alignment with
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1j-2000.</p>
<p>The margin code is changed from XSI to THR for the <b>pthread_rwlock_t</b> and <b>pthread_rwlockattr_t</b> types as Read-Write
Locks have been absorbed into the POSIX Threads option. The threads types are marked THR.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</title>
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_68"></a><!-- &lt;sys/uio.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/uio.h - definitions for vector I/O operations</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<div class="box"><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
"[Option Start]" border="0"> #include &lt;sys/uio.h&gt; <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border=
"0"></tt></div>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>iovec</b> structure that includes at least the following members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>void *iov_base </tt> Base address of a memory region for input or output. <tt>
size_t iov_len </tt> The size of the memory pointed to by <i>iov_base.</i> <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/uio.h&gt;</i> header uses the <b>iovec</b> structure for scatter/gather I/O.</p>
<p>The <b>ssize_t</b> and <b>size_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/types.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>ssize_t readv(int, const struct iovec *, int);
ssize_t writev(int, const struct iovec *, int);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The implementation can put a limit on the number of scatter/gather elements which can be processed in one call. The symbol
{IOV_MAX} defined in <a href="../../basedefs/limits.h.html"><i>&lt;limits.h&gt;</i></a> should always be used to learn about the
limits instead of assuming a fixed value.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Traditionally, the maximum number of scatter/gather elements the system can process in one call were described by the symbolic
value {UIO_MAXIOV}. In IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001 this value is replaced by the constant {IOV_MAX} which can be found in <a
href="../../basedefs/limits.h.html"><i>&lt;limits.h&gt;</i></a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../limits.h.html#tag_13_24"><i>&lt;limits.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a
href="../../functions/read.html"><i>read</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/write.html"><i>write</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 4, Version 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_68_09"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Text referring to scatter/gather I/O is added to the DESCRIPTION.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
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<title>&lt;sys/un.h&gt;</title>
</head>
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/un.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_69"></a><!-- &lt;sys/un.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/un.h - definitions for UNIX domain sockets</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/un.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/un.h&gt;</i> header shall define the <b>sockaddr_un</b> structure that includes at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>sa_family_t sun_family </tt> Address family. <tt>
char sun_path[] </tt> Socket pathname. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The <b>sockaddr_un</b> structure is used to store addresses for UNIX domain sockets. Values of this type shall be cast by
applications to <b>struct sockaddr</b> for use with socket functions.</p>
<p>The <b>sa_family_t</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/socket.h.html#tag_13_61"><i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The size of <i>sun_path</i> has intentionally been left undefined. This is because different implementations use different
sizes. For example, 4.3 BSD uses a size of 108, and 4.4 BSD uses a size of 104. Since most implementations originate from BSD
versions, the size is typically in the range 92 to 108.</p>
<p>Applications should not assume a particular length for <i>sun_path</i> or assume that it can hold {_POSIX_PATH_MAX} characters
(255).</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../sys/socket.h.html#tag_13_61"><i>&lt;sys/socket.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/bind.html"><i>bind</i>()</a>, <a href=
"../../functions/socket.html"><i>socket</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/socketpair.html"><i>socketpair</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_69_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 6. Derived from the XNS, Issue 5.2 specification.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
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<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
<title>&lt;sys/utsname.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/utsname.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_70"></a><!-- &lt;sys/utsname.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/utsname.h - system name structure</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/utsname.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/utsname.h&gt;</i> header shall define the structure <b>utsname</b> which shall include at least the following
members:</p>
<pre>
<tt>char sysname[] </tt> Name of this implementation of the operating system. <tt>
char nodename[]</tt> Name of this node within an implementation-defined <tt>
</tt> communications network. <tt>
char release[] </tt> Current release level of this implementation. <tt>
char version[] </tt> Current version level of this release. <tt>
char machine[] </tt> Name of the hardware type on which the system is running. <tt>
</tt>
</pre>
<p>The character arrays are of unspecified size, but the data stored in them shall be terminated by a null byte.</p>
<p>The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined as a macro:</p>
<pre>
<tt>int uname(struct utsname *);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a href="../../functions/uname.html"><i>uname</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_70_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 1. Derived from Issue 1 of the SVID.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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POSIX &reg; is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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"../../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href=
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<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
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<title>&lt;sys/wait.h&gt;</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../../jscript/dotcode.js">
</script>
<basefont size="3"> <a name="&lt;sys/wait.h&gt;"></a> <a name="tag_13_71"></a><!-- &lt;sys/wait.h&gt; -->
<!--header start-->
<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
Copyright &copy; 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
<!--header end-->
<hr size="2" noshade>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_01"></a>NAME</h4>
<blockquote>sys/wait.h - declarations for waiting</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
<blockquote class="synopsis">
<p><tt>#include &lt;sys/wait.h&gt;</tt></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/wait.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following symbolic constants for use with <a href=
"../../functions/waitpid.html"><i>waitpid</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>WNOHANG</dt>
<dd>Do not hang if no status is available; return immediately.</dd>
<dt>WUNTRACED</dt>
<dd>Report status of stopped child process.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The <i>&lt;sys/wait.h&gt;</i> header shall define the following macros for analysis of process status values:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>WEXITSTATUS</dt>
<dd>Return exit status.</dd>
<dt>WIFCONTINUED</dt>
<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> True if child has been continued. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
<dt>WIFEXITED</dt>
<dd>True if child exited normally.</dd>
<dt>WIFSIGNALED</dt>
<dd>True if child exited due to uncaught signal.</dd>
<dt>WIFSTOPPED</dt>
<dd>True if child is currently stopped.</dd>
<dt>WSTOPSIG</dt>
<dd>Return signal number that caused process to stop.</dd>
<dt>WTERMSIG</dt>
<dd>Return signal number that caused process to terminate.</dd>
</dl>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values for the <i>options</i> argument to <a href=
"../../functions/waitid.html"><i>waitid</i>()</a>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>WEXITED</dt>
<dd>Wait for processes that have exited.</dd>
<dt>WSTOPPED</dt>
<dd>Status is returned for any child that has stopped upon receipt of a signal.</dd>
<dt>WCONTINUED</dt>
<dd>Status is returned for any child that was stopped and has been continued.</dd>
<dt>WNOHANG</dt>
<dd>Return immediately if there are no children to wait for.</dd>
<dt>WNOWAIT</dt>
<dd>Keep the process whose status is returned in <i>infop</i> in a waitable state.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The type <b>idtype_t</b> shall be defined as an enumeration type whose possible values shall include at least the following:
P_ALL P_PID P_PGID <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
<p>The <b>id_t</b> and <b>pid_t</b> types shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border=
"0"> The <b>siginfo_t</b> type shall be defined as described in <a href="../signal.h.html#tag_13_43"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a>
.</p>
<p>The <b>rusage</b> structure shall be defined as described in <a href=
"../sys/resource.h.html#tag_13_57"><i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i></a> .</p>
<p>Inclusion of the <i>&lt;sys/wait.h&gt;</i> header may also make visible all symbols from <a href=
"../../basedefs/signal.h.html"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a> and <a href=
"../../basedefs/sys/resource.h.html"><i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i></a>. <img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]"
border="0"></p>
<p>The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.</p>
<pre>
<tt>pid_t wait(int *);
<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup><img src="../../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
int waitid(idtype_t, id_t, siginfo_t *, int);
<img src="../../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0">
pid_t waitpid(pid_t, int *, int);
</tt>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_04"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_05"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_06"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>None.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_07"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="../signal.h.html#tag_13_43"><i>&lt;signal.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/resource.h.html#tag_13_57"><i>&lt;sys/resource.h&gt;</i></a> , <a href=
"../sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67"><i>&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</i></a> , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE&nbsp;Std&nbsp;1003.1-2001, <a
href="../../functions/wait.html"><i>wait</i>()</a>, <a href="../../functions/waitid.html"><i>waitid</i>()</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_08"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>First released in Issue 3.</p>
<p>Included for alignment with the POSIX.1-1988 standard.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="tag_13_71_09"></a>Issue 6</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>The <i>wait3</i>() function is removed.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
<hr>
<hr size="2" noshade>
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