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study/Ref-docs/manual as/as_15.html
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study/Ref-docs/manual as/as_15.html
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52
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from ../texi/as.texinfo on 24 April 1999 -->
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<TITLE>Using as - HPPA Dependent Features</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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Go to the <A HREF="as_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="as_14.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="as_16.html">next</A>, <A HREF="as_27.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="as_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
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<P><HR><P>
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<H1><A NAME="SEC189" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC189">HPPA Dependent Features</A></H1>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX569"></A>
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC190" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC190">Notes</A></H2>
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<P>
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As a back end for GNU CC <CODE>as</CODE> has been throughly tested and should
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work extremely well. We have tested it only minimally on hand written assembly
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code and no one has tested it much on the assembly output from the HP
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compilers.
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</P>
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<P>
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The format of the debugging sections has changed since the original
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<CODE>as</CODE> port (version 1.3X) was released; therefore,
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you must rebuild all HPPA objects and libraries with the new
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assembler so that you can debug the final executable.
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</P>
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<P>
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The HPPA <CODE>as</CODE> port generates a small subset of the relocations
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available in the SOM and ELF object file formats. Additional relocation
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support will be added as it becomes necessary.
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC191" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC191">Options</A></H2>
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<P>
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<CODE>as</CODE> has no machine-dependent command-line options for the HPPA.
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</P>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX570"></A>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC192" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC192">Syntax</A></H2>
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<P>
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The assembler syntax closely follows the HPPA instruction set
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reference manual; assembler directives and general syntax closely follow the
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HPPA assembly language reference manual, with a few noteworthy differences.
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</P>
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<P>
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First, a colon may immediately follow a label definition. This is
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simply for compatibility with how most assembly language programmers
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write code.
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</P>
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<P>
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Some obscure expression parsing problems may affect hand written code which
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uses the <CODE>spop</CODE> instructions, or code which makes significant
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use of the <CODE>!</CODE> line separator.
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</P>
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<P>
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<CODE>as</CODE> is much less forgiving about missing arguments and other
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similar oversights than the HP assembler. <CODE>as</CODE> notifies you
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of missing arguments as syntax errors; this is regarded as a feature, not a
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bug.
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</P>
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<P>
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Finally, <CODE>as</CODE> allows you to use an external symbol without
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explicitly importing the symbol. <EM>Warning:</EM> in the future this will be
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an error for HPPA targets.
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</P>
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<P>
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Special characters for HPPA targets include:
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</P>
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<P>
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<SAMP>`;'</SAMP> is the line comment character.
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</P>
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<P>
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<SAMP>`!'</SAMP> can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
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</P>
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<P>
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Since <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC193" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC193">Floating Point</A></H2>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX571"></A>
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<A NAME="IDX572"></A>
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The HPPA family uses IEEE floating-point numbers.
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</P>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC194" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC194">HPPA Assembler Directives</A></H2>
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<P>
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<CODE>as</CODE> for the HPPA supports many additional directives for
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compatibility with the native assembler. This section describes them only
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briefly. For detailed information on HPPA-specific assembler directives, see
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<CITE>HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual</CITE> (HP 92432-90001).
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</P>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX573"></A>
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<CODE>as</CODE> does <EM>not</EM> support the following assembler directives
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described in the HP manual:
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</P>
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<PRE>
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.endm .liston
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.enter .locct
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.leave .macro
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.listoff
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</PRE>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX574"></A>
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Beyond those implemented for compatibility, <CODE>as</CODE> supports one
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additional assembler directive for the HPPA: <CODE>.param</CODE>. It conveys
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register argument locations for static functions. Its syntax closely follows
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the <CODE>.export</CODE> directive.
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</P>
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<P>
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<A NAME="IDX575"></A>
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These are the additional directives in <CODE>as</CODE> for the HPPA:
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</P>
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<DL COMPACT>
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<DT><CODE>.block <VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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<DT><CODE>.blockz <VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Reserve <VAR>n</VAR> bytes of storage, and initialize them to zero.
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<DT><CODE>.call</CODE>
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<DD>
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Mark the beginning of a procedure call. Only the special case with <EM>no
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arguments</EM> is allowed.
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<DT><CODE>.callinfo [ <VAR>param</VAR>=<VAR>value</VAR>, ... ] [ <VAR>flag</VAR>, ... ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Specify a number of parameters and flags that define the environment for a
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procedure.
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<VAR>param</VAR> may be any of <SAMP>`frame'</SAMP> (frame size), <SAMP>`entry_gr'</SAMP> (end of
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general register range), <SAMP>`entry_fr'</SAMP> (end of float register range),
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<SAMP>`entry_sr'</SAMP> (end of space register range).
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The values for <VAR>flag</VAR> are <SAMP>`calls'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`caller'</SAMP> (proc has
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subroutines), <SAMP>`no_calls'</SAMP> (proc does not call subroutines), <SAMP>`save_rp'</SAMP>
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(preserve return pointer), <SAMP>`save_sp'</SAMP> (proc preserves stack pointer),
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<SAMP>`no_unwind'</SAMP> (do not unwind this proc), <SAMP>`hpux_int'</SAMP> (proc is interrupt
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routine).
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<DT><CODE>.code</CODE>
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<DD>
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Assemble into the standard section called <SAMP>`$TEXT$'</SAMP>, subsection
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<SAMP>`$CODE$'</SAMP>.
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<DT><CODE>.copyright "<VAR>string</VAR>"</CODE>
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<DD>
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In the SOM object format, insert <VAR>string</VAR> into the object code, marked as a
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copyright string.
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<DT><CODE>.copyright "<VAR>string</VAR>"</CODE>
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<DD>
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In the ELF object format, insert <VAR>string</VAR> into the object code, marked as a
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version string.
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<DT><CODE>.enter</CODE>
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<DD>
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Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
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<DT><CODE>.entry</CODE>
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<DD>
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Mark the beginning of a procedure.
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<DT><CODE>.exit</CODE>
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<DD>
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Mark the end of a procedure.
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<DT><CODE>.export <VAR>name</VAR> [ ,<VAR>typ</VAR> ] [ ,<VAR>param</VAR>=<VAR>r</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Make a procedure <VAR>name</VAR> available to callers. <VAR>typ</VAR>, if present, must
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be one of <SAMP>`absolute'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`code'</SAMP> (ELF only, not SOM), <SAMP>`data'</SAMP>,
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<SAMP>`entry'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`data'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`entry'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`millicode'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`plabel'</SAMP>,
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<SAMP>`pri_prog'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`sec_prog'</SAMP>.
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<VAR>param</VAR>, if present, provides either relocation information for the
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procedure arguments and result, or a privilege level. <VAR>param</VAR> may be
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<SAMP>`argw<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> (where <VAR>n</VAR> ranges from <CODE>0</CODE> to <CODE>3</CODE>, and
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indicates one of four one-word arguments); <SAMP>`rtnval'</SAMP> (the procedure's
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result); or <SAMP>`priv_lev'</SAMP> (privilege level). For arguments or the result,
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<VAR>r</VAR> specifies how to relocate, and must be one of <SAMP>`no'</SAMP> (not
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relocatable), <SAMP>`gr'</SAMP> (argument is in general register), <SAMP>`fr'</SAMP> (in
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floating point register), or <SAMP>`fu'</SAMP> (upper half of float register).
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For <SAMP>`priv_lev'</SAMP>, <VAR>r</VAR> is an integer.
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<DT><CODE>.half <VAR>n</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Define a two-byte integer constant <VAR>n</VAR>; synonym for the portable
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<CODE>as</CODE> directive <CODE>.short</CODE>.
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<DT><CODE>.import <VAR>name</VAR> [ ,<VAR>typ</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Converse of <CODE>.export</CODE>; make a procedure available to call. The arguments
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use the same conventions as the first two arguments for <CODE>.export</CODE>.
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<DT><CODE>.label <VAR>name</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Define <VAR>name</VAR> as a label for the current assembly location.
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<DT><CODE>.leave</CODE>
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<DD>
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Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
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<DT><CODE>.origin <VAR>lc</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Advance location counter to <VAR>lc</VAR>. Synonym for the <CODE></CODE>
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portable directive <CODE>.org</CODE>.
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<DT><CODE>.param <VAR>name</VAR> [ ,<VAR>typ</VAR> ] [ ,<VAR>param</VAR>=<VAR>r</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Similar to <CODE>.export</CODE>, but used for static procedures.
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<DT><CODE>.proc</CODE>
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<DD>
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Use preceding the first statement of a procedure.
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<DT><CODE>.procend</CODE>
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<DD>
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Use following the last statement of a procedure.
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<DT><CODE><VAR>label</VAR> .reg <VAR>expr</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Synonym for <CODE>.equ</CODE>; define <VAR>label</VAR> with the absolute expression
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<VAR>expr</VAR> as its value.
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<DT><CODE>.space <VAR>secname</VAR> [ ,<VAR>params</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Switch to section <VAR>secname</VAR>, creating a new section by that name if
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necessary. You may only use <VAR>params</VAR> when creating a new section, not
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when switching to an existing one. <VAR>secname</VAR> may identify a section by
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number rather than by name.
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If specified, the list <VAR>params</VAR> declares attributes of the section,
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identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are <SAMP>`spnum=<VAR>exp</VAR>'</SAMP>
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(identify this section by the number <VAR>exp</VAR>, an absolute expression),
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<SAMP>`sort=<VAR>exp</VAR>'</SAMP> (order sections according to this sort key when linking;
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<VAR>exp</VAR> is an absolute expression), <SAMP>`unloadable'</SAMP> (section contains no
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loadable data), <SAMP>`notdefined'</SAMP> (this section defined elsewhere), and
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<SAMP>`private'</SAMP> (data in this section not available to other programs).
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<DT><CODE>.spnum <VAR>secnam</VAR></CODE>
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<DD>
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Allocate four bytes of storage, and initialize them with the section number of
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the section named <VAR>secnam</VAR>. (You can define the section number with the
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HPPA <CODE>.space</CODE> directive.)
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<A NAME="IDX576"></A>
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<DT><CODE>.string "<VAR>str</VAR>"</CODE>
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<DD>
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Copy the characters in the string <VAR>str</VAR> to the object file.
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See section <A HREF="as_3.html#SEC33">Strings</A>, for information on escape sequences you can use in
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<CODE>as</CODE> strings.
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<EM>Warning!</EM> The HPPA version of <CODE>.string</CODE> differs from the
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usual <CODE>as</CODE> definition: it does <EM>not</EM> write a zero byte
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after copying <VAR>str</VAR>.
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<DT><CODE>.stringz "<VAR>str</VAR>"</CODE>
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<DD>
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Like <CODE>.string</CODE>, but appends a zero byte after copying <VAR>str</VAR> to object
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file.
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<DT><CODE>.subspa <VAR>name</VAR> [ ,<VAR>params</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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<DT><CODE>.nsubspa <VAR>name</VAR> [ ,<VAR>params</VAR> ]</CODE>
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<DD>
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Similar to <CODE>.space</CODE>, but selects a subsection <VAR>name</VAR> within the
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current section. You may only specify <VAR>params</VAR> when you create a
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subsection (in the first instance of <CODE>.subspa</CODE> for this <VAR>name</VAR>).
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If specified, the list <VAR>params</VAR> declares attributes of the subsection,
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identified by keywords. The keywords recognized are <SAMP>`quad=<VAR>expr</VAR>'</SAMP>
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("quadrant" for this subsection), <SAMP>`align=<VAR>expr</VAR>'</SAMP> (alignment for
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beginning of this subsection; a power of two), <SAMP>`access=<VAR>expr</VAR>'</SAMP> (value
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for "access rights" field), <SAMP>`sort=<VAR>expr</VAR>'</SAMP> (sorting order for this
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subspace in link), <SAMP>`code_only'</SAMP> (subsection contains only code),
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<SAMP>`unloadable'</SAMP> (subsection cannot be loaded into memory), <SAMP>`common'</SAMP>
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(subsection is common block), <SAMP>`dup_comm'</SAMP> (initialized data may have
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duplicate names), or <SAMP>`zero'</SAMP> (subsection is all zeros, do not write in
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object file).
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<CODE>.nsubspa</CODE> always creates a new subspace with the given name, even
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if one with the same name already exists.
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<DT><CODE>.version "<VAR>str</VAR>"</CODE>
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<DD>
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Write <VAR>str</VAR> as version identifier in object code.
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</DL>
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<H2><A NAME="SEC195" HREF="as_toc.html#TOC195">Opcodes</A></H2>
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<P>
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For detailed information on the HPPA machine instruction set, see
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<CITE>PA-RISC Architecture and Instruction Set Reference Manual</CITE>
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(HP 09740-90039).
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</P>
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||||
<P><HR><P>
|
||||
Go to the <A HREF="as_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="as_14.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="as_16.html">next</A>, <A HREF="as_27.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="as_toc.html">table of contents</A>.
|
||||
</BODY>
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||||
</HTML>
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||||
Reference in New Issue
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