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study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/a1376.html
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133
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/a1376.html
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|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Resources and pointers</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list"
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Pre-made Bootdisks"
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
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HREF="premade.html"
|
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>Next</A
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></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1376"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When retrieving a package, always get the latest version unless you have
|
||||
good reasons for not doing so.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Pre-made Bootdisks</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
300
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/a1483.html
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300
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/a1483.html
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||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>LILO boot error codes</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux boot process"
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Sample root filesystem listings"
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1483"
|
||||
>B. LILO boot error codes</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Questions about these codes are asked so often on Usenet that we include
|
||||
them here as a public service. This summary is excerpted from Werner
|
||||
Almsberger's <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-u-21.ps.gz"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>LILO User Documentation</A
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> When LILO loads itself, it displays the word
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>LILO</TT
|
||||
>. Each letter is printed before or after performing
|
||||
some specific action. If LILO fails at some point, the letters printed so
|
||||
far can be used to identify the problem.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1492"
|
||||
></A
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
|
||||
><THEAD
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Output</TH
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Problem</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></THEAD
|
||||
><TBODY
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>(nothing)</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> No part of LILO has been loaded. LILO either isn't installed or
|
||||
the partition on which its boot sector is located isn't active.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>L</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> The first stage boot loader has been loaded and started, but it
|
||||
can't load the second stage boot loader. The two-digit error
|
||||
codes indicate the type of problem. (See also section ``Disk error
|
||||
codes''.) This condition usually indicates a media failure or a
|
||||
geometry mismatch (e.g. bad disk parameters).
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>LI</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> The first stage boot loader was able to load the second stage boot
|
||||
loader, but has failed to execute it. This can either be caused by
|
||||
a geometry mismatch or by moving <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/boot/boot.b
|
||||
</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
without running the map installer.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>LIL</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> The second stage boot loader has been started, but it can't load
|
||||
the descriptor table from the map file. This is typically caused
|
||||
by a media failure or by a geometry mismatch.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>LIL?</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> The second stage boot loader has been loaded at an incorrect
|
||||
address. This is typically caused by a subtle geometry mismatch or
|
||||
by moving <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/boot/boot.b</TT
|
||||
> without running the
|
||||
map installer.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>LIL-</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> The descriptor table is corrupt. This can either be caused by a
|
||||
geometry mismatch or by moving /boot/map without running the map
|
||||
installer.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>LILO</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
> All parts of LILO have been successfully loaded.
|
||||
</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TBODY
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If the BIOS signals an error when LILO is trying to load a boot image, the
|
||||
respective error code is displayed. These codes range from
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>0x00</TT
|
||||
> through <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>0xbb</TT
|
||||
>. See the LILO User
|
||||
Guide for an explanation of these.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>The Linux boot process</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Sample root filesystem listings</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
1981
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/buildroot.html
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1981
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/buildroot.html
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File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
373
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/cd-roms.html
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373
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/cd-roms.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Creating bootable CD-ROMs</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="How the pros do it"
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list"
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="CD-ROMS"
|
||||
>11. Creating bootable CD-ROMs</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NOTE"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
CLASS="NOTE"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="25"
|
||||
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><IMG
|
||||
SRC="../images/note.gif"
|
||||
HSPACE="5"
|
||||
ALT="Note"></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This section was contributed by Rizwan Mohammed Darwe
|
||||
(<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>rizwan AT clovertechnologies dot com</TT
|
||||
>)
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This section assumes that you are familiar with the process and workings of
|
||||
writing CDs in linux. Consider this to be a quick reference to include the
|
||||
ability to boot the CD which you will burn. The CD-Writing-HOWTO should give you
|
||||
an in-depth reference.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1106"
|
||||
>11.1. What is El Torito?</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>For the x86 platform, many BIOS's have begun to support bootable CDs.
|
||||
The patches for mkisofs is based on the standard called "El Torito".
|
||||
Simply put, El Torito is a specification that says how a cdrom should
|
||||
be formatted such that you can directly boot from it.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> The "El Torito" spec says that <EM
|
||||
>any</EM
|
||||
> cdrom drive
|
||||
should work (SCSI or EIDE) as long as the BIOS supports El Torito. So far
|
||||
this has only been tested with EIDE drives because none of the SCSI
|
||||
controllers that has been tested so far appears to support El Torito. The
|
||||
motherboard definately has to support El Torito. How do you know if your
|
||||
motherboard supports "El Torito"? Well, the ones that support it let you
|
||||
choose booting from hard disk, Floppy, Network or CDROM. </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1111"
|
||||
>11.2. How it Works</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> The El Torito standard works by making the CD drive appear, through
|
||||
BIOS calls, to be a normal floppy drive. This way you simply put any floppy
|
||||
size image (exactly 1440k for a 1.44 meg floppy) somewhere in the ISO
|
||||
filesystem. In the headers of the ISO fs you place a pointer to this image.
|
||||
The BIOS will then grab this image from the CD and for all purposes it acts as
|
||||
if it were booting from the floppy drive. This allows a working LILO boot
|
||||
disk, for example, to simply be used as is. </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Roughly speaking, the first 1.44 (or 2.88 if supported) Mbytes of the
|
||||
CD-ROM contains a floppy-disk image supplied by you. This image is treated
|
||||
like a floppy by the BIOS and booted from. (As a consequence, while booting
|
||||
from this virtual floppy, your original drive A:
|
||||
(<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
||||
>) may not be accessible, but you can try with
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd1</TT
|
||||
>). </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1117"
|
||||
>11.3. How to make it work</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>First create a file, say "boot.img", which is an exact image of the bootable
|
||||
floppy-disk which you want to boot via the CD-ROM. This must be an 1.44 MB
|
||||
bootable floppy-disk. The command below will do this
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> dd if=/dev/fd0 of=boot.img bs=10k count=144</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
assuming the floppy is in the A: drive.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Place this image somewhere in the hierarchy which will be the source
|
||||
for the iso9660 filesystem. It is a good idea to put all boot related
|
||||
files in their own directory ("boot/" under the root of the iso9660 fs,
|
||||
for example).</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>One caveat -- Your boot floppy <EM
|
||||
>must</EM
|
||||
> load any initial
|
||||
ramdisk via LILO, not the kernel ramdisk driver! This is because once the
|
||||
linux kernel starts up, the BIOS emulation of the CD as a floppy disk is
|
||||
circumvented and will fail. LILO will load the initial ramdisk using BIOS
|
||||
disk calls, so the emulation works as designed.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>
|
||||
The El Torito specification requires a "boot catalog" to be created as
|
||||
well. This is a 2048 byte file which is of no interest except it is required.
|
||||
The patchwork done by the author of mkisofs will cause it to automatically
|
||||
create the boot catalog, but you must specify where the boot catalog will go
|
||||
in the iso9660 filesystem. Usually it is a good idea to put it in the same
|
||||
place as the boot image, and a name like <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot.catalog</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
seems appropriate.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>So we have our boot image in the file <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot.img</TT
|
||||
>,
|
||||
and we are going to put it in the directory <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot/</TT
|
||||
> under the root of the iso9660 filesystem.
|
||||
We will have the boot catalog go in the same directory with the name
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot.catalog</TT
|
||||
>. The command to create the iso9660 fs in
|
||||
the file <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>bootcd.iso</TT
|
||||
> is then:
|
||||
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>mkisofs -r -b boot/boot.img -c boot/boot.catalog -o bootcd.iso .</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
The <TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>-b</TT
|
||||
> option specifies the boot image to be used (note the
|
||||
path is relative to the root of the iso9660 disk), and the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>-c</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
option is for the boot catalog file. The <TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>-r</TT
|
||||
> option will make
|
||||
approptiate file ownerships and modes (see the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>mkisofs</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
manpage). The "." in the end says to take the source from the current
|
||||
directory. </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Now burn the CD with the usual cdrecord command and it is ready to boot.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1137"
|
||||
>11.4. Create Win9x Bootable CD-Roms</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The first step is to get hold of the bootable image used by the source
|
||||
CD. But you cannot simply mount the CD under linux and dd the first 1440k to
|
||||
a floppy disk or to a file like <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot.img</TT
|
||||
>. Instead you
|
||||
simply boot with the source CD-ROM. </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When you boot the Win98 CD you are dropped to A: prompt which is the
|
||||
actual ramdisk. And D: or Z: is where all the installables are residing. By
|
||||
using the diskcopy command of dos copy the A: image into the actual floppy
|
||||
drive which is now B: The command below will do this.
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>diskcopy A: B: </PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
It works just like dd. You can try booting from this newly created disk to
|
||||
test if the booting process is similar to that of the source CD. Then the
|
||||
usual dd of this floppy to a file like boot.img and then rest is as usual.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>How the pros do it</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
415
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/index.html
Normal file
415
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/index.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Preface"
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="ARTICLE"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="ARTICLE"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="TITLE"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN2"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><H3
|
||||
CLASS="AUTHOR"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN5"
|
||||
>Tom Fawcett</A
|
||||
></H3
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="AFFILIATION"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="ADDRESS"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
CLASS="ADDRESS"
|
||||
> Bootdisk-HOWTO@linuxdoc.org<br>
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><P
|
||||
CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="ln14.html"
|
||||
>Copyright</A
|
||||
> © 1995-2002 by Tom Fawcett</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
CLASS="PUBDATE"
|
||||
>v4.5, January 2002<BR></P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="ABSTRACT"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN18"
|
||||
></A
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> This document describes how to design and build boot/root
|
||||
diskettes for Linux. These disks can be used as rescue disks or
|
||||
to test new system components. You should be reasonably
|
||||
familiar with system administration tasks before attempting to
|
||||
build a bootdisk. If you just want a rescue disk to have for
|
||||
emergencies, see <A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Appendix A.1</A
|
||||
>.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><HR></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="TOC"
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
><B
|
||||
>Table of Contents</B
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>1. <A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"
|
||||
>Preface</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>1.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html#AEN27"
|
||||
>Version notes</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>1.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html#AEN35"
|
||||
>To do list</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>1.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html#AEN52"
|
||||
>Feedback and credits</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>1.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html#AEN60"
|
||||
>Distribution policy</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"
|
||||
>Introduction</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>3. <A
|
||||
HREF="x88.html"
|
||||
>Bootdisks and the boot process</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>3.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="x88.html#AEN93"
|
||||
>The boot process</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>3.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x88.html#AEN159"
|
||||
>Disk types</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Building a root filesystem</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#AEN195"
|
||||
>Overview</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#CREATINGROOTFS"
|
||||
>Creating the filesystem</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#AEN315"
|
||||
>Populating the filesystem</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#PAMANDNSS"
|
||||
>Providing for PAM and NSS</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.5. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#AEN643"
|
||||
>Modules</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.6. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#AEN664"
|
||||
>Some final details</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>4.7. <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#WRAPPINGITUP"
|
||||
>Wrapping it up</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>5. <A
|
||||
HREF="x688.html"
|
||||
>Choosing a kernel</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>6. <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"
|
||||
>Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>6.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#TRANSFERRINGWITHLILO"
|
||||
>Transferring the kernel with LILO</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>6.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#TRANSFERRINGWITHOUTLILO"
|
||||
>Transferring the kernel without LILO</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>6.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#SETTINGRAMDISKWORD"
|
||||
>Setting the ramdisk word</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>6.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#AEN831"
|
||||
>Transferring the root filesystem</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>7. <A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"
|
||||
>Reducing root filesystem size</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html#AEN955"
|
||||
>Increase the diskette density</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html#AEN966"
|
||||
>Replace common utilities with BusyBox</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html#AEN973"
|
||||
>Use an alternate shell</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html#AEN987"
|
||||
>Strip libraries and binaries</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>8.5. <A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html#AEN1008"
|
||||
>Move files to a utility disk</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>9. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"
|
||||
>Miscellaneous topics</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>9.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html#NONRAMDISKROOT"
|
||||
>Non-ramdisk root filesystems</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>9.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html#UTILITYDISK"
|
||||
>Building a utility disk</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>10. <A
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"
|
||||
>How the pros do it</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>11. <A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html"
|
||||
>Creating bootable CD-ROMs</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>11.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html#AEN1106"
|
||||
>What is El Torito?</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>11.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html#AEN1111"
|
||||
>How it Works</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>11.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html#AEN1117"
|
||||
>How to make it work</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>11.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html#AEN1137"
|
||||
>Create Win9x Bootable CD-Roms</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>12. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1143.html"
|
||||
>Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A. <A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Resources and pointers</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A.1. <A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Pre-made Bootdisks</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A.2. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"
|
||||
>Rescue packages</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A.3. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"
|
||||
>LILO -- the Linux loader</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A.4. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"
|
||||
>Ramdisk usage</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>A.5. <A
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"
|
||||
>The Linux boot process</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>B. <A
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"
|
||||
>LILO boot error codes</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>C. <A
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"
|
||||
>Sample root filesystem listings</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>D. <A
|
||||
HREF="utilitylist.html"
|
||||
>Sample utility disk directory listing</A
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Preface</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
463
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/listings.html
Normal file
463
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/listings.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Sample root filesystem listings</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="LILO boot error codes"
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Sample utility disk directory listing"
|
||||
HREF="utilitylist.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="utilitylist.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="LISTINGS"
|
||||
>C. Sample root filesystem listings</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>/:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 bin
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 4096 Nov 1 15:39 dev
|
||||
drwx––x––x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 etc
|
||||
drwx––x––x 4 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 lib
|
||||
drwx––x––x 5 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 mnt
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 proc
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 root
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 sbin
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 tmp
|
||||
drwx––x––x 7 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 usr
|
||||
drwx––x––x 5 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 var
|
||||
|
||||
/bin:
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 62660 Nov 1 15:39 ash
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 9032 Nov 1 15:39 cat
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 10276 Nov 1 15:39 chmod
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 9592 Nov 1 15:39 chown
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 23124 Nov 1 15:39 cp
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 23028 Nov 1 15:39 date
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 14052 Nov 1 15:39 dd
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 14144 Nov 1 15:39 df
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 69444 Nov 1 15:39 egrep
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 395 Nov 1 15:39 false
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 69444 Nov 1 15:39 fgrep
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 69444 Nov 1 15:39 grep
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 3 root root 45436 Nov 1 15:39 gunzip
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 3 root root 45436 Nov 1 15:39 gzip
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 8008 Nov 1 15:39 hostname
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 12736 Nov 1 15:39 ln
|
||||
-rws––x––x 1 root root 15284 Nov 1 15:39 login
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 29308 Nov 1 15:39 ls
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 8268 Nov 1 15:39 mkdir
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 8920 Nov 1 15:39 mknod
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 24836 Nov 1 15:39 more
|
||||
-rws––x––x 1 root root 37640 Nov 1 15:39 mount
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 12240 Nov 1 15:39 mt
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 12932 Nov 1 15:39 mv
|
||||
-r-x––x––x 1 root root 12324 Nov 1 15:39 ps
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 5388 Nov 1 15:39 pwd
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 10092 Nov 1 15:39 rm
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Nov 1 15:39 sh -> ash
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 25296 Nov 1 15:39 stty
|
||||
-rws––x––x 1 root root 12648 Nov 1 15:39 su
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 4444 Nov 1 15:39 sync
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 19712 Nov 1 15:39 touch
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 395 Nov 1 15:39 true
|
||||
-rws––x––x 1 root root 19084 Nov 1 15:39 umount
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 1 root root 5368 Nov 1 15:39 uname
|
||||
-rwx––x––x 3 root root 45436 Nov 1 15:39 zcat
|
||||
|
||||
/dev:
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Nov 1 15:39 cdrom -> cdu31a
|
||||
brw–rw–r–– 1 root root 15, 0 May 5 1998 cdu31a
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 0 Nov 1 15:29 console
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root uucp 5, 64 Sep 9 19:46 cua0
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root uucp 5, 65 May 5 1998 cua1
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root uucp 5, 66 May 5 1998 cua2
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root uucp 5, 67 May 5 1998 cua3
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 0 Aug 8 13:54 fd0
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 36 Aug 8 13:54 fd0CompaQ
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 84 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D1040
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 88 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D1120
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 12 Aug 8 13:54 fd0D360
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 16 Aug 8 13:54 fd0D720
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 120 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D800
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 32 Aug 8 13:54 fd0E2880
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 104 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3200
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 108 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3520
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 112 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3840
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 28 Aug 8 13:54 fd0H1440
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 124 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1600
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 44 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1680
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 60 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1722
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 76 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1743
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 96 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1760
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 116 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1840
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 100 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1920
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Nov 1 15:39 fd0H360 –> fd0D360
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Nov 1 15:39 fd0H720 –> fd0D720
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 52 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H820
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 68 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H830
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 4 Aug 8 13:54 fd0d360
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 8 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h1200
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 40 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h1440
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 56 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1476
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 72 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1494
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 92 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1600
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 20 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h360
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 48 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h410
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 64 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h420
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 24 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h720
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root floppy 2, 80 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h880
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 0 May 5 1998 hda
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 1 May 5 1998 hda1
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 2 May 5 1998 hda2
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 3 May 5 1998 hda3
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 4 May 5 1998 hda4
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 5 May 5 1998 hda5
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 6 May 5 1998 hda6
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 64 May 5 1998 hdb
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 65 May 5 1998 hdb1
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 66 May 5 1998 hdb2
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 67 May 5 1998 hdb3
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 68 May 5 1998 hdb4
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 69 May 5 1998 hdb5
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 3, 70 May 5 1998 hdb6
|
||||
crw–r––––– 1 root kmem 1, 2 May 5 1998 kmem
|
||||
crw–r––––– 1 root kmem 1, 1 May 5 1998 mem
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Nov 1 15:39 modem –> ttyS1
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Nov 1 15:39 mouse –> psaux
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root root 1, 3 May 5 1998 null
|
||||
crwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10, 1 Oct 5 20:22 psaux
|
||||
brw–r––––– 1 root disk 1, 1 May 5 1998 ram
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 0 May 5 1998 ram0
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 1 May 5 1998 ram1
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 2 May 5 1998 ram2
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 3 May 5 1998 ram3
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 4 May 5 1998 ram4
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 5 May 5 1998 ram5
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 6 May 5 1998 ram6
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 7 May 5 1998 ram7
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 8 May 5 1998 ram8
|
||||
brw–rw–––– 1 root disk 1, 9 May 5 1998 ram9
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 ramdisk –> ram0
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>*** I have only included devices for the IDE partitions I use.
|
||||
*** If you use SCSI, then use the /dev/sdXX devices instead.</EM
|
||||
>
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 0 May 5 1998 tty0
|
||||
crw–w––––– 1 root tty 4, 1 Nov 1 15:39 tty1
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 2 Nov 1 15:29 tty2
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 3 Nov 1 15:29 tty3
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 4 Nov 1 15:29 tty4
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 5 Nov 1 15:29 tty5
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 6 Nov 1 15:29 tty6
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root root 4, 7 May 5 1998 tty7
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root tty 4, 8 May 5 1998 tty8
|
||||
crw––––––– 1 root tty 4, 9 May 8 12:57 tty9
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root root 4, 65 Nov 1 12:17 ttyS1
|
||||
crw–rw–rw– 1 root root 1, 5 May 5 1998 zero
|
||||
|
||||
/etc:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 164 Nov 1 15:39 conf.modules
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 668 Nov 1 15:39 fstab
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 71 Nov 1 15:39 gettydefs
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 389 Nov 1 15:39 group
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 413 Nov 1 15:39 inittab
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 65 Nov 1 15:39 issue
|
||||
–rw–r––r–– 1 root root 746 Nov 1 15:39 ld.so.cache
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 32 Nov 1 15:39 motd
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 949 Nov 1 15:39 nsswitch.conf
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 pam.d
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 139 Nov 1 15:39 passwd
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 516 Nov 1 15:39 profile
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 387 Nov 1 15:39 rc
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 55 Nov 1 15:39 shells
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 774 Nov 1 15:39 termcap
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 78 Nov 1 15:39 ttytype
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 utmp –> ../var/run/utmp
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 wtmp –> ../var/log/wtmp
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/pam.d:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 356 Nov 1 15:39 other
|
||||
|
||||
/lib:
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 45415 Nov 1 15:39 ld–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Nov 1 15:39 ld–linux.so.2 –> ld–2.0.7.so
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 731548 Nov 1 15:39 libc–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Nov 1 15:39 libc.so.6 –> libc–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2 –> libcom_err.so.2.0
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 6209 Nov 1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2.0
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 153881 Nov 1 15:39 libcrypt–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libcrypt.so.1 –> libcrypt–2.0.7.so
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 12962 Nov 1 15:39 libdl–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libdl.so.2 –> libdl–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2 –> libext2fs.so.2.4
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 81382 Nov 1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2.4
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 25222 Nov 1 15:39 libnsl–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 libnsl.so.1 –> libnsl–2.0.7.so
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 178336 Nov 1 15:39 libnss_files–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Nov 1 15:39 libnss_files.so.1 –> libnss_files–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libpam.so.0 –> libpam.so.0.64
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 26906 Nov 1 15:39 libpam.so.0.64
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Nov 1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0 –> libpam_misc.so.0.64
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 7086 Nov 1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0.64
|
||||
–r–xr–xr–x 1 root root 35615 Nov 1 15:39 libproc.so.1.2.6
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0 –> libpwdb.so.0.54
|
||||
–rw–r–r––– 1 root root 121899 Nov 1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0.54
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Nov 1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2 –> libtermcap.so.2.0.8
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 12041 Nov 1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2.0.8
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 12874 Nov 1 15:39 libutil–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 1 15:39 libutil.so.1 –> libutil–2.0.7.so
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libuuid.so.1 –> libuuid.so.1.1
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 8039 Nov 1 15:39 libuuid.so.1.1
|
||||
drwx––x––x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 modules
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 security
|
||||
|
||||
/lib/modules:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 4 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 2.0.35
|
||||
|
||||
/lib/modules/2.0.35:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 block
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 cdrom
|
||||
|
||||
/lib/modules/2.0.35/block:
|
||||
drwx–––––– 1 root root 7156 Nov 1 15:39 loop.o
|
||||
|
||||
/lib/modules/2.0.35/cdrom:
|
||||
drwx–––––– 1 root root 24108 Nov 1 15:39 cdu31a.o
|
||||
|
||||
/lib/security:
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 8771 Nov 1 15:39 pam_permit.so
|
||||
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>*** Directory stubs for mounting</EM
|
||||
>
|
||||
/mnt:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 cdrom
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 floppy
|
||||
|
||||
/proc:
|
||||
|
||||
/root:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 176 Nov 1 15:39 .bashrc
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 182 Nov 1 15:39 .cshrc
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 455 Nov 1 15:39 .profile
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 4014 Nov 1 15:39 .tcshrc
|
||||
|
||||
/sbin:
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 23976 Nov 1 15:39 depmod
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 2 root root 274600 Nov 1 15:39 e2fsck
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 41268 Nov 1 15:39 fdisk
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 9396 Nov 1 15:39 fsck
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 2 root root 274600 Nov 1 15:39 fsck.ext2
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 29556 Nov 1 15:39 getty
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 6620 Nov 1 15:39 halt
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 23116 Nov 1 15:39 init
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 25612 Nov 1 15:39 insmod
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 10368 Nov 1 15:39 kerneld
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 110400 Nov 1 15:39 ldconfig
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 6108 Nov 1 15:39 lsmod
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 2 root root 17400 Nov 1 15:39 mke2fs
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 4072 Nov 1 15:39 mkfs
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 2 root root 17400 Nov 1 15:39 mkfs.ext2
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 5664 Nov 1 15:39 mkswap
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 22032 Nov 1 15:39 modprobe
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 reboot –> halt
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 7492 Nov 1 15:39 rmmod
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 12932 Nov 1 15:39 shutdown
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Nov 1 15:39 swapoff –> swapon
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 5124 Nov 1 15:39 swapon
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 telinit –> init
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 6944 Nov 1 15:39 update
|
||||
|
||||
/tmp:
|
||||
|
||||
/usr:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 bin
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 lib
|
||||
drwx––x––x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 man
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 sbin
|
||||
drwx––x––x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 share
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Nov 1 15:39 tmp –> ../var/tmp
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/bin:
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 37164 Nov 1 15:39 afio
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 5044 Nov 1 15:39 chroot
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 10656 Nov 1 15:39 cut
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 63652 Nov 1 15:39 diff
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 12972 Nov 1 15:39 du
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 56552 Nov 1 15:39 find
|
||||
–r–x––x––x 1 root root 6280 Nov 1 15:39 free
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 7680 Nov 1 15:39 head
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 8504 Nov 1 15:39 id
|
||||
–r–sr–xr–x 1 root bin 4200 Nov 1 15:39 passwd
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 14856 Nov 1 15:39 tail
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 19008 Nov 1 15:39 tr
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 7160 Nov 1 15:39 wc
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 4412 Nov 1 15:39 whoami
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/lib:
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libncurses.so.4 –> libncurses.so.4.2
|
||||
–rw–r–r––– 1 root root 260474 Nov 1 15:39 libncurses.so.4.2
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/sbin:
|
||||
–r–x––x––x 1 root root 13684 Nov 1 15:39 fuser
|
||||
–rwx––x––x 1 root root 3876 Nov 1 15:39 mklost+found
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/share:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 4 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 terminfo
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/share/terminfo:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 l
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 v
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/share/terminfo/l:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 1552 Nov 1 15:39 linux
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 1516 Nov 1 15:39 linux–m
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 1583 Nov 1 15:39 linux–nic
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/share/terminfo/v:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 2 root root 1143 Nov 1 15:39 vt100
|
||||
–rw––––––– 2 root root 1143 Nov 1 15:39 vt100–am
|
||||
|
||||
/var:
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 log
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 run
|
||||
drwx––x––x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 tmp
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 0 Nov 1 15:39 wtmp
|
||||
|
||||
/var/run:
|
||||
–rw––––––– 1 root root 0 Nov 1 15:39 utmp
|
||||
|
||||
/var/tmp:</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="utilitylist.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>LILO boot error codes</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Sample utility disk directory listing</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
284
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/premade.html
Normal file
284
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/premade.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Pre-made Bootdisks</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="UP"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Rescue packages"
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="PREMADE"
|
||||
>A.1. Pre-made Bootdisks</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>These are sources for distribution bootdisks. <EM
|
||||
>Please use one of
|
||||
the mirror sites to reduce the load on these machines.</EM
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <A
|
||||
HREF="http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/bootdsks.144/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Slackware bootdisks</A
|
||||
>,
|
||||
<A
|
||||
HREF="http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/rootdsks/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>rootdisks</A
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
and <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.slackware.com/getslack/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Slackware mirror sites</A
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <A
|
||||
HREF="ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/current/en/os/i386/images/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>RedHat bootdisks</A
|
||||
> and <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.redhat.com/mirrors.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Red Hat mirror sites</A
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <A
|
||||
HREF="ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-i386/current/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Debian bootdisks</A
|
||||
> and <A
|
||||
HREF="ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/README.mirrors.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Debian mirror sites</A
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.linux-mandrake.com/en/ftp.php3"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Mandrake
|
||||
downloads</A
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> In addition to the distribution bootdisks, the following rescue disk
|
||||
images are available. Unless otherwise specified, these are available in
|
||||
the directory
|
||||
<A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html</TT
|
||||
></A
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>RIP</TT
|
||||
> is a boot/rescue system which comes in several
|
||||
versions: one that fits on a 1.44M floppy diskette and one that fits on a
|
||||
CD-ROM. It has large file support and many utility programs for disk
|
||||
maintenance and rescue. It has support for ext2, ext3, iso9660, msdos, ntfs,
|
||||
reiserfs, ufs and vfat. RIP is available from
|
||||
<A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.tux.org/pub/people/kent-robotti/looplinux/rip/index.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>http://www.tux.org/pub/people/kent-robotti/looplinux/rip/index.html</A
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>tomsrtbt</TT
|
||||
>, by Tom Oehser, is a single-disk boot/root disk
|
||||
based on kernel 2.0, with a large set of features and support programs. It
|
||||
supports IDE, SCSI, tape, network adaptors, PCMCIA and more. About 100
|
||||
utility programs and tools are included for fixing and restoring disks.
|
||||
The package also includes scripts for disassembling and reconstructing the
|
||||
images so that new material can be added if necessary.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>rescue02</TT
|
||||
>, by John Comyns, is a rescue disk based on kernel
|
||||
1.3.84, with support for IDE and Adaptec 1542 and NCR53C7,8xx. It uses ELF
|
||||
binaries but it has enough commands so that it can be used on any system.
|
||||
There are modules that can be loaded after booting for all other SCSI
|
||||
cards. It probably won't work on systems with 4 mb of ram since it uses a
|
||||
3 mb ram disk.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>resque_disk-2.0.22</TT
|
||||
>, by Sergei Viznyuk, is a
|
||||
full-featured boot/root disk based on kernel 2.0.22 with built-in
|
||||
support for IDE, many difference SCSI controllers, and ELF/AOUT. Also
|
||||
includes many modules and useful utilities for repairing and restoring
|
||||
a hard disk.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/recovery/images"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>cramdisk</TT
|
||||
> images</A
|
||||
>, based on the 2.0.23 kernel,
|
||||
available for 4 meg and 8 meg machines. They include math emulation and
|
||||
networking (PPP and dialin script, NE2000, 3C509), or support for the
|
||||
parallel port ZIP drive. These diskette images will boot on a 386 with 4MB
|
||||
RAM. MSDOS support is included so you can download from the net to a DOS
|
||||
partition.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Up</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Rescue packages</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
224
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/pros.html
Normal file
224
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/pros.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>How the pros do it</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Miscellaneous topics"
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Creating bootable CD-ROMs"
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="PROS"
|
||||
>10. How the pros do it</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>You may notice that the bootdisks used by major distributions such as
|
||||
Slackware, RedHat or Debian seem more sophisticated than what is described
|
||||
in this document. Professional distribution bootdisks are based on the
|
||||
same principles outlined here, but employ various tricks because their
|
||||
bootdisks have additional requirements. First, they must be able to work
|
||||
with a wide variety of hardware, so they must be able to interact with the
|
||||
user and load various device drivers. Second, they must be prepared to
|
||||
work with many different installation options, with varying degrees of
|
||||
automation. Finally, distribution bootdisks usually combine installation
|
||||
and rescue capabilities.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Some bootdisks use a feature called <EM
|
||||
>initrd</EM
|
||||
>
|
||||
(<EM
|
||||
>initial ramdisk</EM
|
||||
>). This feature was introduced
|
||||
around 2.0.x and allows a kernel to boot in two phases. When the
|
||||
kernel first boots, it loads an initial ramdisk image from the boot
|
||||
disk. This initial ramdisk is a root filesystem containing a program
|
||||
that runs before the real root fs is loaded. This program usually
|
||||
inspects the environment and/or asks the user to select various boot
|
||||
options, such as the device from which to load the real rootdisk. It
|
||||
typically loads additional modules not built in to the kernel. When
|
||||
this initial program exits, the kernel loads the real root image and
|
||||
booting continues normally. For further information on
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>initrd</B
|
||||
>, see your local file <A
|
||||
HREF="file:/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt</TT
|
||||
></A
|
||||
>
|
||||
and <A
|
||||
HREF="ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz</TT
|
||||
></A
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The following are summaries of how each distribution's installation
|
||||
disks seem to work, based on inspecting their filesystems and/or
|
||||
source code. We do not guarantee that this information is completely
|
||||
accurate, or that they have not changed since the versions noted.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Slackware (v.3.1) uses a straightforward LILO boot similar to what
|
||||
is described in <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#TRANSFERRINGWITHLILO"
|
||||
>Section 6.1</A
|
||||
>. The
|
||||
Slackware bootdisk prints a bootup message (“<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>Welcome to the
|
||||
Slackware Linux bootkernel disk!</TT
|
||||
>”) using LILO's
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>message</TT
|
||||
> parameter. This instructs the user to enter a
|
||||
boot parameter line if necessary. After booting, a root filesystem is
|
||||
loaded from a second disk. The user invokes a <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>setup</B
|
||||
>
|
||||
script which starts the installation. Instead of using a modular kernel,
|
||||
Slackware provides many different kernels and depends upon the user to
|
||||
select the one matching his or her hardware requirements.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> RedHat (v.4.0) also uses a LILO boot. It loads a compressed ramdisk
|
||||
on the first disk, which runs a custom <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
> program.
|
||||
This program queries for drivers then loads additional files from a
|
||||
supplemental disk if necessary.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Debian (v.1.3) is probably the most sophisticated of the
|
||||
installation disk sets. It uses the SYSLINUX loader to arrange various
|
||||
load options, then uses an <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>initrd</TT
|
||||
> image to guide the
|
||||
user through installation. It appears to use both a customized
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
> and a customized shell.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="cd-roms.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Miscellaneous topics</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Creating bootable CD-ROMs</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
369
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/slimfast.html
Normal file
369
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/slimfast.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Reducing root filesystem size</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat"
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Miscellaneous topics"
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="SLIMFAST"
|
||||
>8. Reducing root filesystem size</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> One of the main problems with building bootdisks is getting everything to fit
|
||||
into one (or even two) diskettes. Even when files are compressed this can be
|
||||
very difficult, because Linux system components keep growing. Here are some
|
||||
common techniques used to make everything fit.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN955"
|
||||
>8.1. Increase the diskette density</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>By default, floppy diskettes are formatted at 1440K, but higher density
|
||||
formats are possible. Whether you can boot from higher density
|
||||
disks depends mostly on your BIOS.
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>fdformat</TT
|
||||
> will format disks for
|
||||
the following sizes: 1600K, 1680K, 1722K, 1743K, 1760K, 1840K, and 1920K.
|
||||
See the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>fdformat</B
|
||||
> man page and
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt</TT
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> But what diskette densities/geometries will your machine support? Here
|
||||
are some (lightly edited) answers from Alain Knaff, the author of fdutils.</P
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN962"
|
||||
></A
|
||||
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
||||
CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This is more an issue of the BIOS rather than the physical format of the disk.
|
||||
If the BIOS decides that any sector number greater than 18 is bad, then
|
||||
there is not much we can do. Indeed, short of disassembling the BIOS, trial
|
||||
and error seems to be the only way to find out. However, if the BIOS supports
|
||||
ED disks (extra density: 36 sectors/track and 2.88MB), there's a chance that
|
||||
1722K disks are supported as well.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Superformatted disks with more than 21 sectors/track are likely not bootable:
|
||||
indeed, those use sectors of non-standard sizes (1024 bytes in a sector
|
||||
instead of 512, for example), and are likely not bootable. It should however
|
||||
be possible to write a special bootsector program to work around this. If I
|
||||
remember correctly, the DOS 2m utility has such a beast, as does OS/2's XDF
|
||||
utilities.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Some BIOSes artificially claim that any sector number greater than 18
|
||||
must be in error. As 1722K disks use sector numbers up to 21, these
|
||||
would not be bootable. The best way to test would be to format a test
|
||||
DOS or syslinus disk as 1722K and make it bootable. If you use LILO,
|
||||
don't use the option linear (or else LILO would assume that the disk
|
||||
is the default 18 sectors/track, and the disk will fail to boot even
|
||||
if supported by the BIOS).</P
|
||||
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN966"
|
||||
>8.2. Replace common utilities with BusyBox</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Much root filesystem space is consumed by common GNU system utilities
|
||||
such as <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>cat, chmod, cp, dd, df</TT
|
||||
>, etc. The
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>BusyBox</EM
|
||||
> project was designed to provide minimal
|
||||
replacements for these common system utilities. BusyBox supplies one single
|
||||
monolithic executable file, <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>/bin/busybox</TT
|
||||
>, about 150K, which
|
||||
implements the functions of these utilities. You then create symlinks from
|
||||
different utilities to this executable; busybox sees how it was called and
|
||||
invokes the correct code. BusyBox even includes a basic shell.
|
||||
|
||||
BusyBox is available in binary packages for many distributions, and source
|
||||
code is available from <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.busybox.net/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>the BusyBox
|
||||
site</A
|
||||
>.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN973"
|
||||
>8.3. Use an alternate shell</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Some of the popular shells for Linux, such as <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>bash</B
|
||||
>
|
||||
and <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>tcsh</B
|
||||
>, are large and require many libraries. If you
|
||||
don't use the BusyBox shell, you should still consider replacing your shell
|
||||
anyway. Some light-weight alternatives are <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ash</B
|
||||
>,
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>lsh</B
|
||||
>, <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>kiss</B
|
||||
> and <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>smash</B
|
||||
>,
|
||||
which are much smaller and require few (or no) libraries. Most of these
|
||||
replacement shells are available from <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/shells/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/shells/</TT
|
||||
></A
|
||||
>. Make sure any shell you use is capable of running
|
||||
commands in all the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>rc</TT
|
||||
> files you include on your
|
||||
bootdisk.
|
||||
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN987"
|
||||
>8.4. Strip libraries and binaries</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Many libraries and binaries are distributed with debugging information.
|
||||
Running <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>file</B
|
||||
> on these files will tell you ``<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>not
|
||||
stripped</TT
|
||||
>'' if so.
|
||||
When copying binaries to
|
||||
your root filesystem, it is good practice to use: <TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> objcopy --strip-all FROM TO</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<DIV
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="25"
|
||||
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><IMG
|
||||
SRC="../images/important.gif"
|
||||
HSPACE="5"
|
||||
ALT="Important"></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When copying libraries, be sure to use <TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>strip-debug</TT
|
||||
> instead of
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>strip-all</TT
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1008"
|
||||
>8.5. Move files to a utility disk</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If some of your binaries are not needed immediately to boot or login,
|
||||
you can move them to a utility disk. See <A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html#UTILITYDISK"
|
||||
>Section 9.2</A
|
||||
> for
|
||||
details. You may also consider moving modules to a utility disk as well.
|
||||
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1014.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Miscellaneous topics</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)"
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Reducing root filesystem size"
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="TROUBLESHOOTING"
|
||||
>7. Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When building bootdisks, the first few tries often will not boot. The general
|
||||
approach to building a root disk is to assemble components from your existing
|
||||
system, and try and get the diskette-based system to the point where it displays
|
||||
messages on the console. Once it starts talking to you, the battle is half over
|
||||
because you can see what it is complaining about, and you can fix individual
|
||||
problems until the system works smoothly. If the system just hangs with no
|
||||
explanation, finding the cause can be difficult. The recommended procedure for
|
||||
investigating the problem where the system will not talk to you is as follows:</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>You may see a message like this:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="90%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
This is a common problem and it has only a few causes. First, check the device
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>XX:YY</EM
|
||||
> against the list of device codes in
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt</TT
|
||||
>. If it is
|
||||
incorrect, you probably didn't do an <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev -R</B
|
||||
>, or you did it
|
||||
on the wrong image. If the device code is correct, then check carefully the
|
||||
device drivers compiled into your kernel. Make sure it has floppy disk, ramdisk
|
||||
and ext2 filesystem support built-in.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If you see many errors like:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="90%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>end_request: I/O error, dev 01:00 (ramdisk), sector NNN</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
This is an I/O error from the ramdisk driver, usually because the kernel is
|
||||
trying to write beyond the end of the device. The ramdisk is too small to hold
|
||||
the root filesystem. Check your bootdisk kernel's initialization messages for a
|
||||
line like:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="90%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 4096K size</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
Check this size against the <EM
|
||||
>uncompressed</EM
|
||||
> size of
|
||||
the root filesystem. If the ramdisks aren't large enough, make them
|
||||
larger.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check that the root disk actually contains the directories you think
|
||||
it does. It is easy to copy at the wrong level so that you end up
|
||||
with something like <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/rootdisk/bin</TT
|
||||
> instead of
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/bin</TT
|
||||
> on your root diskette. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check that there is a <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/lib/libc.so</TT
|
||||
> with the same link that
|
||||
appears in your <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/lib</TT
|
||||
> directory on your hard disk. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check that any symbolic links in your <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
directory in your existing system also exist on your root diskette
|
||||
filesystem, where those links are to devices which you have included
|
||||
in your root diskette. In particular,
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/console</TT
|
||||
> links are essential in many cases.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check that you have included <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/tty1, /dev/null, /dev/zero,
|
||||
/dev/mem, /dev/ram</TT
|
||||
> and <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/kmem</TT
|
||||
> files. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check your kernel configuration -- support for all resources
|
||||
required up to login point must be built in, not modules.
|
||||
So <EM
|
||||
>ramdisk and ext2 support must be built-in</EM
|
||||
>. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check that your kernel root device and ramdisk settings are correct. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Once these general aspects have been covered, here are some more
|
||||
specific files to check:
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><OL
|
||||
TYPE="1"
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Make sure <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
> is included as
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/sbin/init</TT
|
||||
> or <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/bin/init</TT
|
||||
>.
|
||||
Make sure it is executable.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Run <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ldd init</B
|
||||
> to check init's libraries. Usually
|
||||
this is just <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>libc.so</TT
|
||||
>, but check anyway. Make
|
||||
sure you included the necessary libraries and loaders.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Make sure you have the right loader for your libraries --
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>ld.so</TT
|
||||
> for a.out or <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>ld-linux.so</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
for ELF. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Check the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
||||
> on your bootdisk filesystem for
|
||||
the calls to <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> (or some <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
>-like
|
||||
program, such as <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>agetty</B
|
||||
>, <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>mgetty</B
|
||||
> or
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty_ps</B
|
||||
>). Double-check these against your hard
|
||||
disk <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>inittab</TT
|
||||
>. Check the man pages of the program you use
|
||||
to make sure these make sense. <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>inittab</TT
|
||||
> is possibly the
|
||||
trickiest part because its syntax and content depend on the init program used
|
||||
and the nature of the system. The only way to tackle it is to read the man
|
||||
pages for <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
> and <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>inittab</TT
|
||||
> and work
|
||||
out exactly what your existing system is doing when it boots. Check to make
|
||||
sure <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
||||
> has a system initialisation entry.
|
||||
This should contain a command to execute the system initialization script,
|
||||
which must exist. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> As with <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
>, run <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ldd</B
|
||||
> on your
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> to see what it needs, and make sure the necessary
|
||||
library files and loaders were included in your root filesystem. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Be sure you have included a shell program (e.g., <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>bash</B
|
||||
> or
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ash</B
|
||||
>)
|
||||
capable of running all of your rc scripts. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If you have a <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/ld.so.cache</TT
|
||||
> file on your rescue disk,
|
||||
remake it.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></OL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
> starts, but you get a message like:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes </PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
it is coming from <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
>, usually indicating that
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> or <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>login</B
|
||||
> is dying as soon as it
|
||||
starts up. Check the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> and <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>login</B
|
||||
>
|
||||
executables and the libraries they depend upon. Make sure the invocations in
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
||||
> are correct. If you get strange messages
|
||||
from <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
>, it may mean the calling form in
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
||||
> is wrong.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If you get a login prompt, and you enter a valid login name but the
|
||||
system prompts you for another login name immediately, the problem may be
|
||||
with PAM or NSS. See <A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html#PAMANDNSS"
|
||||
>Section 4.4</A
|
||||
>. The problem may also be
|
||||
that you use shadow passwords and didn't copy
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/shadow</TT
|
||||
> to your bootdisk.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If you try to run some executable, such as <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>df</B
|
||||
>, which
|
||||
is on your rescue disk but you yields a message like: <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>df: not
|
||||
found</TT
|
||||
>, check two things: (1) Make sure the directory containing the
|
||||
binary is in your PATH, and (2) make sure you have libraries (and loaders) the
|
||||
program needs. </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Reducing root filesystem size</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
153
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/utilitylist.html
Normal file
153
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/utilitylist.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Sample utility disk directory listing</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Sample root filesystem listings"
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="APPENDIX"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="UTILITYLIST"
|
||||
>D. Sample utility disk directory listing</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>total 579
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 42333 Jul 28 19:05 cpio
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 32844 Aug 28 19:50 debugfs
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 103560 Jul 29 21:31 elvis
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 29536 Jul 28 19:04 fdisk
|
||||
–rw–r–r––– 1 root root 128254 Jul 28 19:03 ftape.o
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 17564 Jul 25 03:21 ftmt
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 64161 Jul 29 20:47 grep
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 45309 Jul 29 20:48 gzip
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 23560 Jul 28 19:04 insmod
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 118 Jul 28 19:04 lsmod
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 28 19:04 mt –> mt–st
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 9573 Jul 28 19:03 mt–st
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 28 19:05 rmmod –> insmod
|
||||
–rwxr–xr–x 1 root root 104085 Jul 28 19:05 tar
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 29 21:35 vi –> elvis</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="listings.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Sample root filesystem listings</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
307
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1014.html
Normal file
307
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1014.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Miscellaneous topics</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Reducing root filesystem size"
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="How the pros do it"
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1014"
|
||||
>9. Miscellaneous topics</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="NONRAMDISKROOT"
|
||||
>9.1. Non-ramdisk root filesystems</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Section 4</A
|
||||
> gave instructions for building a compressed root
|
||||
filesystem which is loaded to ramdisk when the system boots. This method
|
||||
has many advantages so it is commonly used. However, some systems with
|
||||
little memory cannot afford the RAM needed for this, and they must use root
|
||||
filesystems mounted directly from the diskette.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Such filesystems are actually easier to build than compressed root filesystems
|
||||
because they can be built on a diskette rather than on some other device, and
|
||||
they do not have to be compressed. We will outline the procedure as it
|
||||
differs from the instructions above. If you choose to do this, keep in mind
|
||||
that you will have <EM
|
||||
>much less space</EM
|
||||
> available.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><OL
|
||||
TYPE="1"
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Calculate how much space you will have available for root files.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are building a single boot/root disk, you must fit all blocks for the
|
||||
kernel plus all blocks for the root filesystem on the one disk. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Using <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>mke2fs</B
|
||||
>, create a root filesystem on a diskette of the
|
||||
appropriate size. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Populate the filesystem as described above. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When done, unmount the filesystem and transfer it to a disk file
|
||||
but <EM
|
||||
>do not compress it</EM
|
||||
>. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Transfer the kernel to a floppy diskette, as described above. When
|
||||
calculating the ramdisk word, <EM
|
||||
>set bit 14 to zero</EM
|
||||
>, to indicate that the
|
||||
root filesystem is not to be loaded to ramdisk. Run the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev</B
|
||||
>'s as
|
||||
described.
|
||||
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Transfer the root filesystem as before. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></OL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> There are several shortcuts you can take. If you are building a
|
||||
two-disk set, you can build the complete root filesystem directly on the
|
||||
second disk and you need not transfer it to a hard disk file and then back.
|
||||
Also, if you are building a single boot/root disk and using LILO, you can
|
||||
build a <EM
|
||||
>single</EM
|
||||
> filesystem on the entire disk,
|
||||
containing the kernel, LILO files and root files, and simply run LILO as
|
||||
the last step.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="UTILITYDISK"
|
||||
>9.2. Building a utility disk</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Building a utility disk is relatively easy -- simply create a filesystem
|
||||
on a formatted disk and copy files to it. To use it with a bootdisk,
|
||||
mount it manually after the system is booted.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>In the instructions above, we mentioned that the utility disk could be
|
||||
mounted as <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr</TT
|
||||
>. In this case, binaries could be placed into a
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/bin</TT
|
||||
> directory on your utility disk, so that placing
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/bin</TT
|
||||
> in your path will access them. Additional libraries
|
||||
needed by the binaries are placed in <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/lib</TT
|
||||
> on the utility disk.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>There are several important points to keep in mind when designing a utility
|
||||
disk:</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><OL
|
||||
TYPE="1"
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Do not place critical system binaries or libraries onto the utility
|
||||
disk, since it will not be mountable until after the system has booted. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>You cannot access a floppy diskette and a floppy tape drive
|
||||
simultaneously. This means that if you have a floppy tape drive, you will not
|
||||
be able to access it while your utility disk is mounted. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Access to files on the utility disk will be slow. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></OL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="utilitylist.html"
|
||||
>Appendix D</A
|
||||
> shows a sample of files on a utility disk.
|
||||
Here are some ideas for files you may find useful: programs for examining
|
||||
and manipulating disks (<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>format, fdisk</B
|
||||
>) and filesystems
|
||||
(<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>mke2fs, fsck, debugfs, isofs.o</B
|
||||
>), a lightweight text
|
||||
editor (<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>elvis, jove</B
|
||||
>), compression and archive utilities
|
||||
(<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>gzip, bzip, tar, cpio, afio</B
|
||||
>), tape utilities
|
||||
(<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>mt, ftmt, tob, taper</B
|
||||
>), communications utilities
|
||||
(<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ppp.o, slip.o, minicom</B
|
||||
>) and utilities for devices
|
||||
(<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>setserial, mknod</B
|
||||
>).</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="slimfast.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="pros.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Reducing root filesystem size</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>How the pros do it</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
1231
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1143.html
Normal file
1231
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1143.html
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
159
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1422.html
Normal file
159
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1422.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Rescue packages</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="UP"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Pre-made Bootdisks"
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="LILO -- the Linux loader"
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1422"
|
||||
>A.2. Rescue packages</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Several packages for creating rescue disks are available on
|
||||
www.ibiblio.org. With these packages you specify a set of files for inclusion
|
||||
and the software automates (to varying degrees) the creation of a bootdisk.
|
||||
See <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html</TT
|
||||
></A
|
||||
>
|
||||
for more information. <EM
|
||||
>Check the file dates carefully</EM
|
||||
>.
|
||||
Some of these packages have not been updated in several years and will not
|
||||
support the creation of a compressed root filesystem loaded into ramdisk. To
|
||||
the best of our knowledge, <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.linuxlots.com/~fawcett/yard/index.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Yard</A
|
||||
> is the only
|
||||
package that will.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Pre-made Bootdisks</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Up</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>LILO -- the Linux loader</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
147
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1429.html
Normal file
147
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1429.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>LILO -- the Linux loader</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="UP"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Rescue packages"
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Ramdisk usage"
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1429"
|
||||
>A.3. LILO -- the Linux loader</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Written by Werner Almesberger. Excellent boot loader, and the documentation
|
||||
includes information on the boot sector contents and the early stages of the
|
||||
boot process.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Ftp from <A
|
||||
HREF="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/</A
|
||||
>. It is also
|
||||
available on Metalab and mirrors.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1422.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Rescue packages</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Up</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Ramdisk usage</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
145
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1434.html
Normal file
145
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1434.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Ramdisk usage</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="UP"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="LILO -- the Linux loader"
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux boot process"
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1434"
|
||||
>A.4. Ramdisk usage</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>An excellent description of the how the ramdisk code works may be found
|
||||
with the documentation supplied with the Linux kernel. See
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt</TT
|
||||
>. It is
|
||||
written by Paul Gortmaker and includes a section on creating a compressed
|
||||
ramdisk.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1429.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1440.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>LILO -- the Linux loader</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Up</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>The Linux boot process</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
247
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1440.html
Normal file
247
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x1440.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>The Linux boot process</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="UP"
|
||||
TITLE="Resources and pointers"
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Ramdisk usage"
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="LILO boot error codes"
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
>A. Resources and pointers</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN1440"
|
||||
>A.5. The Linux boot process</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>For more detail on the Linux boot process, here are some pointers:
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The <A
|
||||
HREF="http://linuxdoc.org/LDP/sag/index.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
><I
|
||||
CLASS="CITETITLE"
|
||||
>Linux
|
||||
System Administrators' Guide</I
|
||||
></A
|
||||
> has a section on booting.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-t-21.ps.gz"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>LILO ``Technical overview''</A
|
||||
> has the definitive technical, low-level
|
||||
description of the boot process, up to where the kernel is started.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> The source code is the ultimate guide. Below are some kernel
|
||||
files related to the boot process. If you have the Linux kernel source code,
|
||||
you can find these under <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux</TT
|
||||
> on your machine;
|
||||
alternatively, Shigio Yamaguchi (shigio at tamacom.com) has a very nice <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.tamacom.com/tour/linux/index.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>hypertext kernel
|
||||
browser</A
|
||||
> for reading kernel source files. Here are some relevant files
|
||||
to look at:
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S</TT
|
||||
> and
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>setup.S</TT
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Contain assembly code for the bootsector itself.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c</TT
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Contains code for uncompressing the kernel.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>arch/i386/kernel/</TT
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Directory containing kernel initialization code.
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>setup.c</TT
|
||||
> defines the ramdisk word.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
><TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>drivers/block/rd.c</TT
|
||||
></DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Contains the ramdisk driver. The procedures
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rd_load</B
|
||||
> and <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rd_load_image</B
|
||||
> load blocks from a device into a
|
||||
ramdisk. The procedure
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>identify_ramdisk_image</B
|
||||
> determines what
|
||||
kind of filesystem is found and whether it is compressed.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x1434.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1483.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Ramdisk usage</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="a1376.html"
|
||||
>Up</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>LILO boot error codes</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
326
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x21.html
Normal file
326
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x21.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Preface</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Introduction"
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN21"
|
||||
>1. Preface</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="25"
|
||||
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><IMG
|
||||
SRC="../images/important.gif"
|
||||
HSPACE="5"
|
||||
ALT="Important"></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> This document may be outdated. If the date on the title page is
|
||||
more than six months ago, please check the <A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.linuxlots.com/~fawcett/Bootdisk-HOWTO/index.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
> Bootdisk-HOWTO homepage</A
|
||||
> to see if a more recent version exists.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Although this document should be legible in its text form,
|
||||
it looks much better in Postscript, PDF or HTML forms because of
|
||||
the typographical conventions used.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN27"
|
||||
>1.1. Version notes</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Graham Chapman wrote the original Bootdisk-HOWTO and supported it
|
||||
through version 3.1. Tom Fawcett started as co-author around the time
|
||||
kernel v2 was introduced, and he is the document's current maintainer.
|
||||
Chapman has disappeared from the Linux community and his whereabouts are
|
||||
currently unknown.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This information is intended for Linux on the
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>Intel</EM
|
||||
> platform. Much of this information may be
|
||||
applicable to Linux on other processors, but I have no first-hand
|
||||
experience or information about this. If you have experience with
|
||||
bootdisks on other platforms, please contact me.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN35"
|
||||
>1.2. To do list</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><OL
|
||||
TYPE="1"
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> User-mode-linux (<A
|
||||
HREF=" http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
> http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net</A
|
||||
>) seems like a great
|
||||
way to test out bootdisks without having to reboot your machine
|
||||
constantly. I haven't been able to get it to work. If anyone has
|
||||
been using this consistently with homemade bootdisks, please let
|
||||
me know.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Re-analyze distribution bootdisks and update the "How the
|
||||
Pros do it" section.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Figure out just how much of the init-getty-login sequence can
|
||||
be simplified, and rip it out. A few people have said that
|
||||
init can be linked directly to /bin/sh; if so, and if this imposes
|
||||
no great limitations, alter the instructions to do this.
|
||||
This would eliminate the need for getty, login, gettydefs, and
|
||||
maybe all that PAM and NSS stuff.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Go through the 2.4 kernel source code again and write a
|
||||
detailed explanation of how the boot process and ramdisk-loading
|
||||
process work, in detail. (If only so that I understand it
|
||||
better.) There are some issues about initrd and limitations of
|
||||
booting devices (eg flash memory) that I don't understand yet.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Delete section that describes how to upgrade existing
|
||||
distribution bootdisks. This is usually more trouble than it's
|
||||
worth.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Replace rdev commands with LILO keywords.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></OL
|
||||
>
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN52"
|
||||
>1.3. Feedback and credits</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>I welcome any feedback, good or bad, on the content of this
|
||||
document. I have done my best to ensure that the instructions and
|
||||
information herein are accurate and reliable, but I don't know
|
||||
everything and I don't keep up on kernel development. Please let me
|
||||
know if you find errors or omissions. When writing, please indicate the
|
||||
version number of the document you're referencing. Be nice.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> We thank the many people who assisted with corrections and
|
||||
suggestions. Their contributions have made it far better than we
|
||||
could ever have done alone.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Send comments and corrections to the author at the email address
|
||||
above. <EM
|
||||
>Please read <A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Section 7</A
|
||||
>
|
||||
before asking me questions</EM
|
||||
>. Do
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>not</EM
|
||||
> email me disk images.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN60"
|
||||
>1.4. Distribution policy</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Copyright <20> 1995-2002 by Tom Fawcett and Graham Chapman.
|
||||
This document may be distributed under the terms set forth in the <A
|
||||
HREF="http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>Linux Documentation Project
|
||||
License</A
|
||||
>. Please contact the authors if you are unable to get
|
||||
the license.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> This is free documentation. It is distributed in the hope
|
||||
that it will be useful, but <EM
|
||||
>without any
|
||||
warranty</EM
|
||||
>; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>merchantability</EM
|
||||
> or <EM
|
||||
>fitness for a
|
||||
particular purpose</EM
|
||||
>.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Introduction</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
201
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x68.html
Normal file
201
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x68.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Introduction</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Preface"
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Bootdisks and the boot process"
|
||||
HREF="x88.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x88.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN68"
|
||||
>2. Introduction</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Linux boot disks are useful in a number of situations, such as testing a
|
||||
new kernel, recovering from a disk failure (anything from a lost boot
|
||||
sector to a disk head crash), fixing a disabled system, or upgrading
|
||||
critical system files safely (such as <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>libc.so</TT
|
||||
>).</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>There are several ways of obtaining boot disks:
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Use one from a distribution such as Slackware. This will at
|
||||
least allow you to boot.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Use a rescue package to set up disks designed to be used
|
||||
as rescue disks.
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Learn what is required for each of the types of disk to operate,
|
||||
then build your own.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
Some people choose the last option so they can do it themselves. That way,
|
||||
if something breaks, they can work out what to do to fix it. Plus it's a
|
||||
great way to learn about how a Linux system works.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This document assumes some basic familiarity with Linux system
|
||||
administration concepts. For example, you should know about
|
||||
directories, filesystems and floppy diskettes. You should know how to
|
||||
use <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>mount</B
|
||||
> and <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>df</B
|
||||
>. You should
|
||||
know what <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/passwd</TT
|
||||
> and
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>fstab</TT
|
||||
> files are for and what they look like. You
|
||||
should know that most of the commands in this HOWTO should be run as
|
||||
root.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Constructing a bootdisk from scratch can be complicated. If you
|
||||
haven't read the Linux FAQ and related documents, such as the Linux
|
||||
Installation HOWTO and the Linux Installation Guide, you should not be
|
||||
trying to build boot diskettes. If you just need a working bootdisk
|
||||
for emergencies, it is <EM
|
||||
>much</EM
|
||||
> easier to download a
|
||||
prefabricated one. See <A
|
||||
HREF="premade.html"
|
||||
>Appendix A.1</A
|
||||
>, below, for where to
|
||||
find these.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x21.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x88.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Preface</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Bootdisks and the boot process</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
175
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x688.html
Normal file
175
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x688.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Choosing a kernel</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Building a root filesystem"
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)"
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
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VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN688"
|
||||
>5. Choosing a kernel</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>At this point you have a complete compressed root filesystem. The next step
|
||||
is to build or select a kernel. In most cases it would be possible to copy
|
||||
your current kernel and boot the diskette from that. However, there may be
|
||||
cases where you wish to build a separate one.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>One reason is size. If you are building a single boot/root diskette, the
|
||||
kernel will be one of the largest files on the diskette so you will have to
|
||||
reduce the size of the kernel as much as possible. To reduce kernel size,
|
||||
build it with the minumum set of facilities necessary to support the desired
|
||||
system. This means leaving out everything you don't need. Networking is a
|
||||
good thing to leave out, as well as support for any disk drives and other
|
||||
devices which you don't need when running your boot/root system. As stated
|
||||
before, your kernel <EM
|
||||
>must</EM
|
||||
> have ramdisk and ext2 support
|
||||
built into it.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> Having worked out a minimum set of facilities to include in a kernel,
|
||||
you then need to work out what to add back in. Probably the most common uses
|
||||
for a boot/root diskette system would be to examine and restore a corrupted
|
||||
root file system, and to do this you may need kernel support. For example, if
|
||||
your backups are all held on tape using Ftape to access your tape drive, then,
|
||||
if you lose your current root drive and drives containing Ftape, then you will
|
||||
not be able to restore from your backup tapes. You will have to reinstall
|
||||
Linux, download and reinstall <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ftape</B
|
||||
>, and then try to read
|
||||
your backups.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The point here is that, whatever I/O support you have added to your kernel to
|
||||
support backups should also be added into your boot/root kernel.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The procedure for actually building the kernel is described in the
|
||||
documentation that comes with the kernel. It is quite easy to follow, so
|
||||
start by looking in <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/usr/src/linux</TT
|
||||
>. If you have trouble
|
||||
building a kernel, you should probably not attempt to build boot/root
|
||||
systems anyway. Remember to compress the kernel with ``<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>make zImage</B
|
||||
>''.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Building a root filesystem</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
833
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x703.html
Normal file
833
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x703.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Choosing a kernel"
|
||||
HREF="x688.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat"
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x688.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN703"
|
||||
>6. Putting them together: Making the diskette(s)</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>At this point you have a kernel and a compressed root filesystem. If you are
|
||||
making a boot/root disk, check their sizes to make sure they will both fit on
|
||||
one disk. If you are making a two disk boot+root set, check the root
|
||||
filesystem to make sure it will fit on a single diskette.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> You should decide whether to use LILO to boot the bootdisk kernel.
|
||||
The alternative is to copy the kernel directly to the diskette and boot
|
||||
without LILO. The advantage of using LILO is that it enables you to supply
|
||||
some parameters to the kernel which may be necessary to initialize your
|
||||
hardware (Check the file <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/lilo.conf</TT
|
||||
> on your
|
||||
system. If it exists and has a line like
|
||||
``<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>append=...</TT
|
||||
>'', you probably need this feature). The
|
||||
disadvantage of using LILO is that building the bootdisk is more
|
||||
complicated and takes slightly more space. You will have to set up a small
|
||||
separate filesystem, which we shall call the <EM
|
||||
>kernel
|
||||
filesystem</EM
|
||||
>, where you transfer the kernel and a few other files
|
||||
that LILO needs.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If you are going to use LILO, read on; if you are going to transfer
|
||||
the kernel directly, skip ahead to <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#TRANSFERRINGWITHOUTLILO"
|
||||
>Section 6.2</A
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="TRANSFERRINGWITHLILO"
|
||||
>6.1. Transferring the kernel with LILO</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>First, make sure you have a recent version of LILO.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>You must create a small configuration file for LILO.
|
||||
It should look like this:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
||||
> boot =/dev/fd0
|
||||
install =/boot/boot.b
|
||||
map =/boot/map
|
||||
read-write
|
||||
backup =/dev/null
|
||||
compact
|
||||
image = KERNEL
|
||||
label = Bootdisk
|
||||
root =/dev/fd0</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
For an explanation of these parameters, see LILO's user documentation. You
|
||||
will probably also want to add an <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>append=...</TT
|
||||
> line to
|
||||
this file from your hard disk's <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/lilo.conf</TT
|
||||
> file.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Save this file as <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>bdlilo.conf</TT
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> You now have to create a small filesystem, which we shall call a
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>kernel filesystem</EM
|
||||
>, to distinguish it from the root
|
||||
filesystem.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>First, figure out how large the filesystem should be. Take the size of your
|
||||
kernel in blocks (the size shown by ``<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>ls -s KERNEL</B
|
||||
>'') and
|
||||
add 50. Fifty blocks is approximately the space needed for inodes plus other
|
||||
files. You can calculate this number exactly if you want to, or just use 50.
|
||||
If you're creating a two-disk set, you may as well overestimate the space since
|
||||
the first disk is only used for the kernel anyway. Call this number
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>KERNEL_BLOCKS</TT
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Put a floppy diskette in the drive (for simplicity we'll assume
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
||||
>) and create an ext2 kernel filesystem on it:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> mke2fs -N 24 -m 0 /dev/fd0 KERNEL_BLOCKS</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ``<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>-N 24</TT
|
||||
>'' specifies 24 inodes, which is all you should
|
||||
need for this filesystem. Next, mount the filesystem, remove the
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>lost+found</TT
|
||||
> directory, and create <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>dev</TT
|
||||
>
|
||||
and <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot</TT
|
||||
> directories for LILO:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> mount -o dev /dev/fd0 /mnt
|
||||
rm -rf /mnt/lost+found
|
||||
mkdir /mnt/{boot,dev}</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Next, create devices <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/null</TT
|
||||
> and
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
||||
>. Instead of looking up the device numbers, you
|
||||
can just copy them from your hard disk using <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>-R</TT
|
||||
>:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> cp -R /dev/{null,fd0} /mnt/dev</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
LILO needs a copy of its boot loader, <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>boot.b</TT
|
||||
>, which
|
||||
you can take from your hard disk. It is usually kept in the
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/boot</TT
|
||||
> directory.
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> cp /boot/boot.b /mnt/boot</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
Finally, copy in the LILO configuration file you created in the last section,
|
||||
along with your kernel. Both can be put in the root directory:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> cp bdlilo.conf KERNEL /mnt</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
Everything LILO needs is now on the kernel filesystem, so you are ready to run
|
||||
it. LILO's <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>-r</TT
|
||||
> flag is used for installing the boot loader on some other
|
||||
root:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> lilo -v -C bdlilo.conf -r /mnt</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
LILO should run without error, after which the kernel filesystem
|
||||
should look something like this:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
>total 361
|
||||
1 –rw–r––r–– 1 root root 176 Jan 10 07:22 bdlilo.conf
|
||||
1 drwxr–xr–x 2 root root 1024 Jan 10 07:23 boot/
|
||||
1 drwxr–xr–x 2 root root 1024 Jan 10 07:22 dev/
|
||||
358 –rw–r––r–– 1 root root 362707 Jan 10 07:23 vmlinuz
|
||||
boot:
|
||||
total 8
|
||||
4 –rw–r––r–– 1 root root 3708 Jan 10 07:22 boot.b
|
||||
4 –rw––––––– 1 root root 3584 Jan 10 07:23 map
|
||||
dev:
|
||||
total 0
|
||||
0 brw–r––––– 1 root root 2, 0 Jan 10 07:22 fd0
|
||||
0 crw–r––r–– 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 10 07:22 null </PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Do not worry if the file sizes are slightly different from yours.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Now leave the diskette in the drive and go to <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#SETTINGRAMDISKWORD"
|
||||
>Section 6.3</A
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="TRANSFERRINGWITHOUTLILO"
|
||||
>6.2. Transferring the kernel without LILO</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If you are <EM
|
||||
>not</EM
|
||||
> using LILO, transfer the kernel to the
|
||||
bootdisk with <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>dd</B
|
||||
>:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> % dd if=KERNEL of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
|
||||
353+1 records in
|
||||
353+1 records out</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>dd</B
|
||||
> wrote 353 complete records + 1
|
||||
partial record, so the kernel occupies the first 354 blocks of the
|
||||
diskette. Call this number <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>KERNEL_BLOCKS</TT
|
||||
> and
|
||||
remember it for use in the next section.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Finally, set the root device to be the diskette itself, then set the
|
||||
root to be loaded read/write:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
|
||||
rdev -R /dev/fd0 0</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Be careful to use a capital <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>-R</TT
|
||||
> in the second
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev</B
|
||||
> command.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="SETTINGRAMDISKWORD"
|
||||
>6.3. Setting the ramdisk word</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>
|
||||
Inside the kernel image is the <EM
|
||||
>ramdisk word</EM
|
||||
> that
|
||||
specifies where the root filesystem is to be found, along with other
|
||||
options. The word can be accessed and set via the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev</B
|
||||
>
|
||||
command, and its contents are interpreted as follows:
|
||||
<DIV
|
||||
CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN782"
|
||||
></A
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
|
||||
><THEAD
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="RIGHT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Bit field</TH
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Description</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></THEAD
|
||||
><TBODY
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="RIGHT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>0-10</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Offset to start of ramdisk, in 1024 byte blocks</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="RIGHT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>11-13</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>unused</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="RIGHT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>14</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Flag indicating that ramdisk is to be loaded</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="96"
|
||||
ALIGN="RIGHT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>15</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
>Flag indicating to prompt before loading rootfs</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TBODY
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If bit 15 is set, on boot-up you will be prompted to place a new floppy
|
||||
diskette in the drive. This is necessary for a two-disk boot set.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>There are two cases, depending on whether you are building a single
|
||||
boot/root diskette or a double ``boot+root'' diskette set.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><OL
|
||||
TYPE="1"
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If you are building a single disk, the compressed root filesystem
|
||||
will be placed right after the kernel, so the offset will be the first free
|
||||
block (which should be the same as
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>KERNEL_BLOCKS</TT
|
||||
>). Bit 14 will be set to 1, and bit
|
||||
15 will be zero.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, say you're building a single disk and the root filesystem will
|
||||
begin at block 253 (decimal). The ramdisk word value should be 253
|
||||
(decimal) with bit 14 set to 1 and bit 15 set to 0. To calculate the value
|
||||
you can simply add the decimal values. 253 + (2^14) = 253 + 16384 =
|
||||
16637. If you don't quite understand where this number comes from, plug it
|
||||
into a scientific calculator and convert it to binary,</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If you are building a two-disk set, the root filesystem will begin at
|
||||
block zero of the second disk, so the offset will be zero. Bit 14 will be
|
||||
set to 1 and bit 15 will be 1. The decimal value will be
|
||||
2^14 + 2^15 = 49152 in this case.</P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></OL
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>After carefully calculating the value for the ramdisk word, set it with
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev -r</B
|
||||
>. Be sure to use the
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>decimal</EM
|
||||
> value. If you used LILO, the argument to
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>rdev</B
|
||||
> here should be the <EM
|
||||
>mounted kernel
|
||||
path</EM
|
||||
>,
|
||||
e.g. <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/mnt/vmlinuz</TT
|
||||
>; if you copied the kernel with
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>dd</B
|
||||
>, instead
|
||||
use the floppy device name (<EM
|
||||
>e.g.,</EM
|
||||
> <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
||||
>).
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> rdev -r KERNEL_OR_FLOPPY_DRIVE VALUE</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If you used LILO, unmount the diskette now.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="25"
|
||||
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><IMG
|
||||
SRC="../images/important.gif"
|
||||
HSPACE="5"
|
||||
ALT="Important"></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Do not believe what the rdev/ramsize manpage says about ramdisk
|
||||
size.
|
||||
The manpage is obsolete. As of kernel 2.0 or so, the ramdisk word no
|
||||
longer determines the ramdisk size; the word is instead interpreted
|
||||
according to the table at the beginning of section <A
|
||||
HREF="x703.html#SETTINGRAMDISKWORD"
|
||||
>Section 6.3</A
|
||||
>. For a detailed
|
||||
explanation, see the documentation file <A
|
||||
HREF="file:/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>ramdisk.txt</A
|
||||
> or
|
||||
<A
|
||||
HREF="http://www.linuxhq.com/kernel/v2.4/doc/ramdisk.txt.html"
|
||||
TARGET="_top"
|
||||
>http://www.linuxhq.com/kernel/v2.4/doc/ramdisk.txt.html</A
|
||||
>.
|
||||
|
||||
</P
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN831"
|
||||
>6.4. Transferring the root filesystem</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>The last step is to transfer the root filesystem.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> <P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
> If the root filesystem will be placed on the
|
||||
<EM
|
||||
>same</EM
|
||||
> disk as the kernel, transfer it using
|
||||
<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>dd</B
|
||||
> with the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="OPTION"
|
||||
>seek</TT
|
||||
> option, which
|
||||
specifies how many blocks to skip:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="90%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=<EM
|
||||
>KERNEL_BLOCKS</EM
|
||||
></PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If the root filesystem will be placed on a <EM
|
||||
>second</EM
|
||||
>
|
||||
disk, remove the first diskette, put the second diskette in the drive, then
|
||||
transfer the root filesystem to it:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="90%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Congratulations, you are done! </P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="25"
|
||||
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><IMG
|
||||
SRC="../images/important.gif"
|
||||
HSPACE="5"
|
||||
ALT="Important"></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
VALIGN="TOP"
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>You should always test a bootdisk before putting it aside for an emergency.
|
||||
If it fails to boot, read on.</P
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x688.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="troubleshooting.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Choosing a kernel</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
401
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x88.html
Normal file
401
study/boot/Bootdisk-HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO-v450/x88.html
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
|
||||
<HTML
|
||||
><HEAD
|
||||
><TITLE
|
||||
>Bootdisks and the boot process</TITLE
|
||||
><META
|
||||
NAME="GENERATOR"
|
||||
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63
|
||||
"><LINK
|
||||
REL="HOME"
|
||||
TITLE="The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO"
|
||||
HREF="index.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="PREVIOUS"
|
||||
TITLE="Introduction"
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"><LINK
|
||||
REL="NEXT"
|
||||
TITLE="Building a root filesystem"
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"></HEAD
|
||||
><BODY
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
|
||||
TEXT="#000000"
|
||||
LINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
VLINK="#840084"
|
||||
ALINK="#0000FF"
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
|
||||
><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TH
|
||||
COLSPAN="3"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
>The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO</TH
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="80%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="10%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="bottom"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><H1
|
||||
CLASS="SECT1"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN88"
|
||||
>3. Bootdisks and the boot process</A
|
||||
></H1
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A bootdisk is basically a miniature, self-contained Linux system on a
|
||||
diskette. It must perform many of the same functions that a complete
|
||||
full-size Linux system performs. Before trying to build one you should
|
||||
understand the basic Linux boot process. Here we present the basics, which
|
||||
are sufficient for understanding the rest of this document. Many details and
|
||||
alternative options have been omitted.</P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN93"
|
||||
>3.1. The boot process</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
All PC systems start the boot process by executing code in ROM
|
||||
(specifically, the <EM
|
||||
>BIOS</EM
|
||||
>) to load the sector from
|
||||
sector 0, cylinder 0 of the boot drive. The boot drive is usually the
|
||||
first floppy drive (designated <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>A:</TT
|
||||
> in DOS and
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
||||
> in Linux). The BIOS then tries to execute
|
||||
this sector. On most bootable disks, sector 0, cylinder 0 contains either:
|
||||
|
||||
<P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><UL
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>code from a boot loader such as LILO, which locates the kernel,
|
||||
loads it and executes it to start the boot proper; or </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
><LI
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>the start of an operating system kernel, such as Linux. </P
|
||||
></LI
|
||||
></UL
|
||||
> </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>If a Linux kernel has been raw-copied to a diskette, the first sector of the
|
||||
disk will be the first sector of the Linux kernel itself. This first sector
|
||||
will continue the boot process by loading the rest of the kernel from the boot
|
||||
device.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When the kernel is completely loaded, it initializes device drivers and its
|
||||
internal data structures. Once it is completely initialized, it consults a
|
||||
special location in its image called the <EM
|
||||
>ramdisk word</EM
|
||||
>.
|
||||
This word tells it how and where to find its <EM
|
||||
>root
|
||||
filesystem</EM
|
||||
>. A root filesystem is simply a filesystem that will be
|
||||
mounted as ``<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/</TT
|
||||
>''. The kernel has to be told where to
|
||||
look for the root filesystem; if it cannot find a loadable image there, it
|
||||
halts.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>In some boot situations — often when booting from a diskette
|
||||
— the root filesystem is loaded into a <EM
|
||||
>ramdisk</EM
|
||||
>,
|
||||
which is RAM accessed by the system as if it were a disk. RAM is several
|
||||
orders of magnitude faster than a floppy disk, so system operation is fast
|
||||
from a ramdisk. Also, the kernel can load a <EM
|
||||
>compressed
|
||||
filesystem</EM
|
||||
> from the floppy and uncompress it onto the ramdisk,
|
||||
allowing many more files to be squeezed onto the diskette. </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Once the root filesystem is loaded and mounted, you see a message like:
|
||||
<TABLE
|
||||
BORDER="1"
|
||||
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
><FONT
|
||||
COLOR="#000000"
|
||||
><PRE
|
||||
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
||||
> VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.</PRE
|
||||
></FONT
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Once the system has loaded a root filesystem successfully, it tries to
|
||||
execute the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>init</TT
|
||||
> program (in <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/bin</TT
|
||||
> or
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/sbin</TT
|
||||
>). <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>init</TT
|
||||
> reads its
|
||||
configuration file <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
||||
>, looks for a line
|
||||
designated <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>sysinit</TT
|
||||
>, and executes the named script. The
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>sysinit</TT
|
||||
> script is usually something like
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/rc</TT
|
||||
> or <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/init.d/boot</TT
|
||||
>. This
|
||||
script is a set of shell commands that set up basic system services, such as
|
||||
running <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>fsck</B
|
||||
> on hard disks, loading necessary kernel
|
||||
modules, initializing swapping, initializing the network, and mounting disks
|
||||
mentioned in <TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/fstab</TT
|
||||
>.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>This script often invokes various other scripts to do modular
|
||||
initialization. For example, in the common SysVinit structure, the directory
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>/etc/rc.d/</TT
|
||||
> contains a complex structure of subdirectories
|
||||
whose files specify how to enable and shut down most system services. However,
|
||||
on a bootdisk the sysinit script is often very simple.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>When the sysinit script finishes control returns to <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>init</B
|
||||
>,
|
||||
which then enters the <EM
|
||||
>default runlevel</EM
|
||||
>, specified in
|
||||
<TT
|
||||
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
||||
>inittab</TT
|
||||
> with the <TT
|
||||
CLASS="LITERAL"
|
||||
>initdefault</TT
|
||||
> keyword.
|
||||
The runlevel line usually specifies a program like <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
>,
|
||||
which is responsible for handling commununications through the console and
|
||||
ttys. It is the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> program which prints the familiar
|
||||
``<TT
|
||||
CLASS="PROMPT"
|
||||
>login:</TT
|
||||
>'' prompt. The <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>getty</B
|
||||
> program in
|
||||
turn invokes the <B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>login</B
|
||||
> program to handle login validation
|
||||
and to set up user sessions.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><H2
|
||||
CLASS="SECT2"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
NAME="AEN159"
|
||||
>3.2. Disk types</A
|
||||
></H2
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Having reviewed the basic boot process, we can now define various
|
||||
kinds of disks involved. We classify disks into four types. The
|
||||
discussion here and throughout this document uses the term ``disk'' to
|
||||
refer to floppy diskettes unless otherwise specified, though most of
|
||||
the discussion could apply equally well to hard disks.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
||||
><DL
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>boot</DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A disk containing a kernel which can be booted. The disk
|
||||
can be used to boot the kernel, which then may load a root file system on
|
||||
another disk. The kernel on a bootdisk usually must be told where to find
|
||||
its root filesystem.</P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>Often a bootdisk loads a root filesystem from another diskette, but it is
|
||||
possible for a bootdisk to be set up to load a hard disk's root filesystem
|
||||
instead. This is commonly done when testing a new kernel (in fact,
|
||||
``<B
|
||||
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
||||
>make zdisk</B
|
||||
>'' will create such a bootdisk automatically
|
||||
from the kernel source code).</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>root</DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A disk with a filesystem containing files
|
||||
required to run a Linux system. Such a disk does not necessarily
|
||||
contain either a kernel or a boot loader. </P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A root disk can be used to run the system independently of any other
|
||||
disks, once the kernel has been booted. Usually the root disk is
|
||||
automatically copied to a ramdisk. This makes root disk accesses much
|
||||
faster, and frees up the disk drive for a utility disk.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>boot/root</DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A disk which contains both the kernel and a root filesystem. In other
|
||||
words, it contains everything necessary to boot and run a Linux system
|
||||
without a hard disk. The advantage of this type of disk is that is it
|
||||
compact — everything required is on a single disk. However, the gradually
|
||||
increasing size of everything means that it is increasingly difficult to
|
||||
fit everything on a single diskette, even with compression.</P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
><DT
|
||||
>utility</DT
|
||||
><DD
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>A disk which contains a filesystem, but is not
|
||||
intended to be mounted as a root file system. It is an additional data
|
||||
disk. You would use this type of disk to carry additional utilities where
|
||||
you have too much to fit on your root disk. </P
|
||||
></DD
|
||||
></DL
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></P
|
||||
><P
|
||||
>In general, when we talk about ``building a bootdisk'' we mean
|
||||
creating both the boot (kernel) and root (files) portions. They may
|
||||
be either together (a single boot/root disk) or separate (boot + root
|
||||
disks). The most flexible approach for rescue diskettes is probably
|
||||
to use separate boot and root diskettes, and one or more utility
|
||||
diskettes to handle the overflow.</P
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
><DIV
|
||||
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
||||
><HR
|
||||
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
||||
WIDTH="100%"
|
||||
BORDER="0"
|
||||
CELLPADDING="0"
|
||||
CELLSPACING="0"
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="x68.html"
|
||||
>Prev</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="index.html"
|
||||
>Home</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
><A
|
||||
HREF="buildroot.html"
|
||||
>Next</A
|
||||
></TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
><TR
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="left"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Introduction</TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="34%"
|
||||
ALIGN="center"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
> </TD
|
||||
><TD
|
||||
WIDTH="33%"
|
||||
ALIGN="right"
|
||||
VALIGN="top"
|
||||
>Building a root filesystem</TD
|
||||
></TR
|
||||
></TABLE
|
||||
></DIV
|
||||
></BODY
|
||||
></HTML
|
||||
>
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user