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study/sabre/os/files/Sound/MIDI/MIDIInstrumentPatchMap.txt
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study/sabre/os/files/Sound/MIDI/MIDIInstrumentPatchMap.txt
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**** Brief Overview of Proposed General MIDI Level 1 Spec ****
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The heart of General MIDI (GM) is the _Instrument Patch Map_, shown in
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Table 1 (see below). This is a list of 128 sounds, with corresponding
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MIDI program numbers. Most of these are imitative sounds, though the
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list includes synth sounds, ethnic instruments and a handful of sound
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effects.
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The sounds fall roughtly into sixteen families of eight variations
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each. Grouping sounds makes it easy to re-orchestrate a piece using
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similar sounds. The Instrument Map isn't the final word on musical
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instruments of the world, but it's pretty complete
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General MIDI also includes a _Percusssion Key Map_, show in Table 2
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(see below). This mapping derives from the Roland/Sequential mapping
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used on early drum machines. As with the Instrument Map, it doesn't
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cover every percussive instrument in the world, but it's more than
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adequate as a basic set.
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To avoid concerns with channels, GM restricts percussion to MIDI
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Channel 10. Theoretically, the lower nine channels are for the
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instruments, but the GM spec states that a sound module must respond
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to all sixteen MIDI channels, with dynamic voice allocation and a
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minimum of 24 voices.
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General MIDI doesn't mention sound quality of synthesis methods.
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Discussions are under way on standardizing sound parameters such as
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playable range and envelope times. This will ensure that an arrangement
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that relies on phrsing and balance can play back on a variety of
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modules.
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Other requirements for a GM sound module include response to velocity,
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mod wheel, aftertouch, sustain and expression pedal, main volume and
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pan, and the All Notes Off and Reset All Controllers messages. The
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module also must respond to both Pitch Bend and Pitch Bend Sensitivity
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(a MIDI registered parameter). The default pitch bend range is +-2
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semitones.
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Middle C (C3) corresponds to MIDI key 60, and master tuning must be
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adjustable. Finally, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) created a
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new Universal System Exclusive message to turn General MIDI on and off
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(for devices that might have "consumer" and "programmable" settings).
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Table 3 (see below) summarizes these requirements.
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General MIDI has room for future expansion, including additional drum
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and instrument assignments and more required controllers. Also under
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discussion is an "authorizing document" that would standardize things
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such as channel assignments (e.g., lead on 1, bass on 2, etc.) and setup
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information in a MIDI file.
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Copies of the Level 1 Specification documents for General MIDI ($5 each
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at last notice) are available from the Internation MIDI Association,
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5316 West 57th Street Los Angeles, CA 90056, (213) 649-6434. The first
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issue of the Journal of the MMA (back issues, $15 each) contains an
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article by PassPort Designs and Stanley Junglieb about General MIDI.
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Roland's GS Standard
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When Warner New Media first proposed a General MIDI standard, most MMA
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members gave it little thought. As discussions proceeded, Roland
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listened and developed a sound module to meet the proposed
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specification. At the same NAMM show where the MMA ratified General MIDI
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Level 1, Roland showed their Sound Brush and Sound Canvas, a Standard
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MIDI File player and GM-compatible sound module.
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Some companies feel that General MIDI doesn't go far enough, so Roland
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created a superset of General MIDI Level 1, which they call GS Standard.
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It obeys all the protocols and sound maps of General MIDI and adds many
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extra controllers and sounds. Some of the controllers use Unregistered
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Parameter Numbers to give macro control over synth parameters such as
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envelope attack and decay rates.
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The new MIDI Bank Select message provides access to extra sounds
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(including variations on the stock sounds and a re-creation of the MT-32
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factory patches). The programs in each bank align with the original 128
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in General MIDI's Instrument Patch Map, with eight banks housing related
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families. The GS Standard includes a "fall back" system. If the Sound
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Canvas receives a request for a bank/program number combination that
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does not exist, it will reassign it to the master instrument in that
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family. A set of Roland System Exclusive messages allows reconfiguration
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and customization of the sound module.
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This means that a Roland GS Standard sound module will correctly play
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back any song designed for General MIDI. In addition, if the song's
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creator wants to create some extra nuance, they can include the GS
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Standard extensions in their sequence. None of these extensions are so
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radical as to make the song unplayable on a normal GM sound module.
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After all, compatibility is what MIDI - and especially General MIDI - is
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all about.
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Music authors interested in the GS Standard should contact Tom White
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at RolandCorp USA, 7200 Dominion Circle, Los Angeles, CA 90040, (213)
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685-5141.
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**** TABLE 1 - General MIDI Instrument Patch Map ****
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(groups sounds into sixteen families, w/8 instruments in each family)
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Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument
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(1-8 PIANO) (9-16 CHROM PERCUSSION)
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1 Acoustic Grand 9 Celesta
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2 Bright Acoustic 10 Glockenspiel
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3 Electric Grand 11 Music Box
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4 Honky-Tonk 12 Vibraphone
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5 Electric Piano 1 13 Marimba
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6 Electric Piano 2 14 Xylophone
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7 Harpsichord 15 Tubular Bells
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8 Clav 16 Dulcimer
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(17-24 ORGAN) (25-32 GUITAR)
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17 Drawbar Organ 25 Acoustic Guitar(nylon)
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18 Percussive Organ 26 Acoustic Guitar(steel)
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19 Rock Organ 27 Electric Guitar(jazz)
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20 Church Organ 28 Electric Guitar(clean)
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21 Reed Organ 29 Electric Guitar(muted)
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22 Accoridan 30 Overdriven Guitar
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23 Harmonica 31 Distortion Guitar
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24 Tango Accordian 32 Guitar Harmonics
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(33-40 BASS) (41-48 STRINGS)
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33 Acoustic Bass 41 Violin
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34 Electric Bass(finger) 42 Viola
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35 Electric Bass(pick) 43 Cello
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36 Fretless Bass 44 Contrabass
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37 Slap Bass 1 45 Tremolo Strings
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38 Slap Bass 2 46 Pizzicato Strings
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39 Synth Bass 1 47 Orchestral Strings
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40 Synth Bass 2 48 Timpani
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(49-56 ENSEMBLE) (57-64 BRASS)
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49 String Ensemble 1 57 Trumpet
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50 String Ensemble 2 58 Trombone
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51 SynthStrings 1 59 Tuba
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52 SynthStrings 2 60 Muted Trumpet
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53 Choir Aahs 61 French Horn
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54 Voice Oohs 62 Brass Section
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55 Synth Voice 63 SynthBrass 1
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56 Orchestra Hit 64 SynthBrass 2
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(65-72 REED) (73-80 PIPE)
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65 Soprano Sax 73 Piccolo
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66 Alto Sax 74 Flute
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67 Tenor Sax 75 Recorder
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68 Baritone Sax 76 Pan Flute
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69 Oboe 77 Blown Bottle
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70 English Horn 78 Skakuhachi
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71 Bassoon 79 Whistle
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72 Clarinet 80 Ocarina
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(81-88 SYNTH LEAD) (89-96 SYNTH PAD)
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81 Lead 1 (square) 89 Pad 1 (new age)
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82 Lead 2 (sawtooth) 90 Pad 2 (warm)
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83 Lead 3 (calliope) 91 Pad 3 (polysynth)
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84 Lead 4 (chiff) 92 Pad 4 (choir)
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85 Lead 5 (charang) 93 Pad 5 (bowed)
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86 Lead 6 (voice) 94 Pad 6 (metallic)
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87 Lead 7 (fifths) 95 Pad 7 (halo)
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88 Lead 8 (bass+lead) 96 Pad 8 (sweep)
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(97-104 SYNTH EFFECTS) (105-112 ETHNIC)
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97 FX 1 (rain) 105 Sitar
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98 FX 2 (soundtrack) 106 Banjo
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99 FX 3 (crystal) 107 Shamisen
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100 FX 4 (atmosphere) 108 Koto
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101 FX 5 (brightness) 109 Kalimba
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102 FX 6 (goblins) 110 Bagpipe
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103 FX 7 (echoes) 111 Fiddle
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104 FX 8 (sci-fi) 112 Shanai
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(113-120 PERCUSSIVE) (121-128 SOUND EFFECTS)
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113 Tinkle Bell 121 Guitar Fret Noise
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114 Agogo 122 Breath Noise
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115 Steel Drums 123 Seashore
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116 Woodblock 124 Bird Tweet
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117 Taiko Drum 125 Telephone Ring
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118 Melodic Tom 126 Helicopter
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119 Synth Drum 127 Applause
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120 Reverse Cymbal 128 Gunshot
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**** TABLE 2 - General MIDI Percussion Key Map ****
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(assigns drum sounds to note numbers. MIDI Channel 10 is for percussion)
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MIDI Drum Sound MIDI Drum Sound
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Key Key
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35 Acoustic Bass Drum 59 Ride Cymbal 2
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36 Bass Drum 1 60 Hi Bongo
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37 Side Stick 61 Low Bongo
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38 Acoustic Snare 62 Mute Hi Conga
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39 Hand Clap 63 Open Hi Conga
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40 Electric Snare 64 Low Conga
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41 Low Floor Tom 65 High Timbale
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42 Closed Hi-Hat 66 Low Timbale
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43 High Floor Tom 67 High Agogo
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44 Pedal Hi-Hat 68 Low Agogo
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45 Low Tom 69 Cabasa
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46 Open Hi-Hat 70 Maracas
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47 Low-Mid Tom 71 Short Whistle
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48 Hi-Mid Tom 72 Long Whistle
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49 Crash Cymbal 1 73 Short Guiro
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50 High Tom 74 Long Guiro
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51 Ride Cymbal 1 75 Claves
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52 Chinese Cymbal 76 Hi Wood Block
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53 Ride Bell 77 Low Wood Block
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54 Tambourine 78 Mute Cuica
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55 Splash Cymbal 79 Open Cuica
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56 Cowbell 80 Mute Triangle
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57 Crash Cymbal 2 81 Open Triangle
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58 Vibraslap
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**** TABLE 3 - General MIDI minimum sound module specs ****
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Voices:
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A minimum of either 24 fully dynamically allocated voices
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available simultaneously for both melodic and percussive sounds or 16
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dynamically allocated voices for melody plus eight for percussion.
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Channels:
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General MIDI mode supports all sixteen MIDI channels. Each channel can
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play a variable number of voices (polyphony). Each channel can play a
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different instrument (timbre). Keybased Percussion is always on
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Channel 10.
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Instruments:
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A minimum of sixteen different timbres playing various instrument
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sounds. A minimum of 128 preset for Intruments (MIDI program numbers).
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Note on/Note off:
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Octabe Registration: Middle C(C3) = MIDI key 60. All Voices including
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percussion respond to velocity.
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Controllers:
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Controller # Description
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1 Modulation
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7 Main Volume
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10 Pan
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11 Expression
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64 Sustain
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121 Reset All Controllers
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123 All Notes Off
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Registered Description
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Parameter #
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0 Pitch Bend Sensitivity
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1 Fine Tuning
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2 Coarse Tuning
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Additional Channel Messages:
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Channel Pressure (Aftertouch)
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Pitch Bend
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Power-Up Defaults:
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Pitch Bend Amount = 0
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Pitch Bend Sensitivity = +-2 semitones
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Volume = 90
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All Other Controllers = reset
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