195 lines
6.2 KiB
Groff
195 lines
6.2 KiB
Groff
.TH LS 1L \" -*- nroff -*-
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.SH NAME
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ls, dir, vdir \- list contents of directories
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B ls
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[\-abcdgiklmnpqrstuxABCFLNQRSUX1] [\-w cols] [\-T cols] [\-I pattern]
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[\-\-all] [\-\-escape] [\-\-directory] [\-\-inode] [\-\-kilobytes]
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[\-\-numeric-uid-gid] [\-\-hide-control-chars] [\-\-reverse] [\-\-size]
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[\-\-width=cols] [\-\-tabsize=cols] [\-\-almost-all] [\-\-ignore-backups]
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[\-\-classify] [\-\-file-type] [\-\-ignore=pattern] [\-\-dereference]
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[\-\-literal] [\-\-quote-name] [\-\-recursive]
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[\-\-sort={none,time,size,extension}]
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[\-\-format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
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[\-\-time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [path...]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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This manual page
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documents the GNU version of
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.BR ls .
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.B dir
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and
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.B vdir
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are versions of
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.B ls
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with different default output formats.
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These programs list each given file or directory path. Directory contents are
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sorted alphabetically. For
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.BR ls ,
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files are by default listed in columns, sorted
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vertically, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise they are
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listed one per line. For
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.BR dir ,
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files are by default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For
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.BR vdir ,
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files are by default listed in long format.
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.SS OPTIONS
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.TP
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.I "\-a, \-\-all"
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List all files in directories, including all files that start with `.'.
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.TP
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.I "\-b, \-\-escape"
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Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal
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backslash sequences like those used in C.
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.TP
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.I "\-c, \-\-time=ctime, \-\-time=status"
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Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time
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instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being
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used, print the status change time instead of the modification time.
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.TP
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.I "\-d, \-\-directory"
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List directories like other files, rather than listing their contents.
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.TP
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.I \-g
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Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
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.TP
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.I "\-i, \-\-inode"
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Print the index number of each file to the left of the file name.
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.TP
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.I "\-k, \-\-kilobytes"
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If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilobytes. This
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overrides the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT.
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.TP
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.I "\-l, \-\-format=long, \-\-format=verbose"
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In addition to the name of each file, print the file type,
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permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in
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bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are
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selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or
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more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year
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instead of the time of day.
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.TP
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.I "\-m, \-\-format=commas"
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List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line,
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separated by commas.
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.TP
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.I "\-n, \-\-numeric-uid-gid"
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List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
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.TP
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.I \-p
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Append a character to each file name indicating the file type.
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.TP
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.I "\-q, \-\-hide-control-chars"
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Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names.
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.TP
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.I "\-r, \-\-reverse"
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Sort directory contents in reverse order.
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.TP
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.I "\-s, \-\-size"
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Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the left of the file name.
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If the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks
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are used instead.
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.TP
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.I "\-t, \-\-sort=time"
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Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of alphabetically, with
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the newest files listed first.
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.TP
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.I "\-u, \-\-time=atime, \-\-time=access, \-\-time=use"
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Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time
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instead of the modification time. If the long listing format is being
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used, print the last access time instead of the modification time.
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.TP
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.I "\-x, \-\-format=across, \-\-format=horizontal"
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List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
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.TP
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.I "\-A, \-\-almost-all"
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List all files in directories except for `.' and `..'.
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.TP
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.I "\-B, \-\-ignore-backups"
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Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the
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command line.
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.TP
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.I "\-C, \-\-format=vertical"
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List files in columns, sorted vertically.
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.TP
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.I "\-F, \-\-classify"
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Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. For
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regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type
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indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for
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FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
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.TP
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.I "\-L, \-\-dereference"
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List the files linked to by symbolic links instead of listing the
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contents of the links.
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.TP
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.I "\-N, \-\-literal"
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Do not quote file names.
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.TP
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.I "\-Q, \-\-quote-name"
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Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as
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in C.
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.TP
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.I "\-R, \-\-recursive"
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List the contents of all directories recursively.
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.TP
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.I "\-S, \-\-sort=size"
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Sort directory contents by file size instead of alaphabetically, with
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the largest files listed first.
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.TP
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.I "\-U, \-\-sort=none"
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Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are
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stored on the disk. This option is not called
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.I \-f
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because the Unix
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.B ls
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.I \-f
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option also enables
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.I \-a
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and disables
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.IR \-l ,
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.IR \-s ,
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and
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.IR \-t .
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It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated things together in
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one option. Since this option doesn't do that, it has a different
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name.
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.TP
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.I "\-X, \-\-sort=extension"
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Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters
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after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.
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.TP
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.I "\-1, \-\-format=single-column"
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List one file per line.
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.TP
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.I "\-w, \-\-width cols"
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Assume the screen is
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.I cols
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columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal driver if
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possible; otherwise the environment variable
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.B COLUMNS
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is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
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.TP
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.I "\-T, \-\-tabsize cols"
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Assume that each tabstop is
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.I cols
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columns wide. The default is 8.
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.TP
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.I "\-I, \-\-ignore pattern"
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Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern
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.I pattern
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unless they are given on the command line. As in the shell, an
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initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard at the start of
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.I pattern.
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.SH BUGS
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On BSD systems, the
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.I \-s
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option reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that
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are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports
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sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted
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from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the
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HP-UX
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.B ls
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program.
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.PP
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The long-named options can be introduced with `+' as well as `\-\-',
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for compatibility with previous releases. Eventually support for `+'
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will be removed, because it is incompatible with the POSIX.2 standard.
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