531 lines
20 KiB
HTML
531 lines
20 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
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<title>strftime</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="white">
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../jscript/codes.js">
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</script>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="strftime"></a> <a name="tag_03_729"></a><!-- strftime -->
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<!--header start-->
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<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
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Copyright © 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
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<!--header end-->
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<hr size="2" noshade>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_01"></a>NAME</h4>
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<blockquote>strftime - convert date and time to a string</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
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<blockquote class="synopsis">
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<p><code><tt>#include <<a href="../basedefs/time.h.html">time.h</a>><br>
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<br>
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size_t strftime(char *restrict</tt> <i>s</i><tt>, size_t</tt> <i>maxsize</i><tt>,<br>
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const char *restrict</tt> <i>format</i><tt>, const struct tm *restrict</tt>
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<i>timeptr</i><tt>);<br>
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</tt></code></p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<div class="box"><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('CX')">CX</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]"
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border="0"> The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the
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requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defers to
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the ISO C standard. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></div>
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<p>The <i>strftime</i>() function shall place bytes into the array pointed to by <i>s</i> as controlled by the string pointed to by
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<i>format</i>. The format is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, if any. The <i>format</i> string
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consists of zero or more conversion specifications and ordinary characters. A conversion specification consists of a <tt>'%'</tt>
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character, possibly followed by an <tt>E</tt> or <tt>O</tt> modifier, and a terminating conversion specifier character that
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determines the conversion specification's behavior. All ordinary characters (including the terminating null byte) are copied
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unchanged into the array. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. No more than
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<i>maxsize</i> bytes are placed into the array. Each conversion specifier is replaced by appropriate characters as described in the
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following list. The appropriate characters are determined using the <i>LC_TIME</i> category of the current locale and by the values
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of zero or more members of the broken-down time structure pointed to by <i>timeptr</i>, as specified in brackets in the
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description. If any of the specified values are outside the normal range, the characters stored are unspecified.</p>
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<p><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('CX')">CX</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
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Local timezone information is used as though <i>strftime</i>() called <a href="../functions/tzset.html"><i>tzset</i>()</a>. <img
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src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"></p>
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<p>The following conversion specifications are supported:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><tt>%a</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's abbreviated weekday name. [ <i>tm_wday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%A</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's full weekday name. [ <i>tm_wday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%b</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's abbreviated month name. [ <i>tm_mon</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%B</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's full month name. [ <i>tm_mon</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%c</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's appropriate date and time representation. (See the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/time.h.html"><i><time.h></i></a>.)</dd>
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<dt><tt>%C</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer, as a decimal number [00,99]. [ <i>tm_year</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%d</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. [ <i>tm_mday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%D</tt></dt>
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%m</tt> / <tt>%d</tt> / <tt>%y</tt> . [ <i>tm_mon</i>, <i>tm_mday</i>, <i>tm_year</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%e</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number [1,31]; a single digit is preceded by a space. [ <i>tm_mday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%F</tt></dt>
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%Y</tt> - <tt>%m</tt> - <tt>%d</tt> (the ISO 8601:2000 standard date format). [ <i>tm_year</i>,
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<i>tm_mon</i>, <i>tm_mday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%g</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the last 2 digits of the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number [00,99]. [ <i>tm_year</i>, <i>tm_wday</i>,
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<i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%G</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week-based year (see below) as a decimal number (for example, 1977). [ <i>tm_year</i>, <i>tm_wday</i>,
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<i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%h</tt></dt>
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%b</tt> . [ <i>tm_mon</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%H</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. [ <i>tm_hour</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%I</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. [ <i>tm_hour</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%j</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. [ <i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%m</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the month as a decimal number [01,12]. [ <i>tm_mon</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%M</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the minute as a decimal number [00,59]. [ <i>tm_min</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%n</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by a <newline>.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%p</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's equivalent of either a.m. or p.m. [ <i>tm_hour</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%r</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the time in a.m. and p.m. notation; <sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('CX')">CX</a>]</sup> <img src=
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"../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0"> in the POSIX locale this shall be equivalent to <tt>%I</tt> :
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<tt>%M</tt> : <tt>%S</tt> <tt>%p</tt> . <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" border="0"> [ <i>tm_hour</i>,
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<i>tm_min</i>, <i>tm_sec</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%R</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the time in 24-hour notation ( <tt>%H</tt> : <tt>%M</tt> ). [ <i>tm_hour</i>, <i>tm_min</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%S</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the second as a decimal number [00,60]. [ <i>tm_sec</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%t</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by a <tab>.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%T</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the time ( <tt>%H</tt> : <tt>%M</tt> : <tt>%S</tt> ). [ <i>tm_hour</i>, <i>tm_min</i>, <i>tm_sec</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%u</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the weekday as a decimal number [1,7], with 1 representing Monday. [ <i>tm_wday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%U</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year as a decimal number [00,53]. The first Sunday of January is the first day of week 1;
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days in the new year before this are in week 0. [ <i>tm_year</i>, <i>tm_wday</i>, <i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%V</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [01,53]. If the week
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containing 1 January has four or more days in the new year, then it is considered week 1. Otherwise, it is the last week of the
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previous year, and the next week is week 1. Both January 4th and the first Thursday of January are always in week 1. [
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<i>tm_year</i>, <i>tm_wday</i>, <i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%w</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the weekday as a decimal number [0,6], with 0 representing Sunday. [ <i>tm_wday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%W</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year as a decimal number [00,53]. The first Monday of January is the first day of week 1;
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days in the new year before this are in week 0. [ <i>tm_year</i>, <i>tm_wday</i>, <i>tm_yday</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%x</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's appropriate date representation. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
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<a href="../basedefs/time.h.html"><i><time.h></i></a>.)</dd>
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<dt><tt>%X</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's appropriate time representation. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
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<a href="../basedefs/time.h.html"><i><time.h></i></a>.)</dd>
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<dt><tt>%y</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the last two digits of the year as a decimal number [00,99]. [ <i>tm_year</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Y</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the year as a decimal number (for example, 1997). [ <i>tm_year</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%z</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601:2000 standard format ( <tt>+hhmm</tt> or <tt>-hhmm</tt> ), or by no
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characters if no timezone is determinable. For example, <tt>"-0430"</tt> means 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC (west of Greenwich).
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<sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('CX')">CX</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
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If <i>tm_isdst</i> is zero, the standard time offset is used. If <i>tm_isdst</i> is greater than zero, the daylight savings
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time offset is used. If <i>tm_isdst</i> is negative, no characters are returned. <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt=
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"[Option End]" border="0"> [ <i>tm_isdst</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Z</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the timezone name or abbreviation, or by no bytes if no timezone information exists. [ <i>tm_isdst</i>]</dd>
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<dt><tt>%%</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by <tt>%</tt> .</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>If a conversion specification does not correspond to any of the above, the behavior is undefined.</p>
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<h5><a name="tag_03_729_03_01"></a>Modified Conversion Specifiers</h5>
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<p>Some conversion specifiers can be modified by the <tt>E</tt> or <tt>O</tt> modifier characters to indicate that an alternative
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format or specification should be used rather than the one normally used by the unmodified conversion specifier. If the alternative
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format or specification does not exist for the current locale (see ERA in the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap07.html#tag_07_03_05">Section 7.3.5, LC_TIME</a>), the behavior shall
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be as if the unmodified conversion specification were used.</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><tt>%Ec</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's alternative appropriate date and time representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%EC</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternative representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Ex</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's alternative date representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%EX</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the locale's alternative time representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Ey</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the offset from <tt>%EC</tt> (year only) in the locale's alternative representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%EY</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the full alternative year representation.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Od</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the day of the month, using the locale's alternative numeric symbols, filled as needed with leading zeros if there
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is any alternative symbol for zero; otherwise, with leading spaces.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Oe</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the day of the month, using the locale's alternative numeric symbols, filled as needed with leading spaces.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OH</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OI</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Om</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OM</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the minutes using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OS</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the seconds using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Ou</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the weekday as a number in the locale's alternative representation (Monday=1).</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OU</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week, rules corresponding to <tt>%U</tt> ) using the
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locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OV</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week, rules corresponding to <tt>%V</tt> ) using the
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locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Ow</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the number of the weekday (Sunday=0) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%OW</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using the locale's alternative numeric
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symbols.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%Oy</tt></dt>
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<dd>Replaced by the year (offset from <tt>%C</tt> ) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.</dd>
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</dl>
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<p><tt>%g</tt> , <tt>%G</tt> , and <tt>%V</tt> give values according to the ISO 8601:2000 standard week-based year. In this
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system, weeks begin on a Monday and week 1 of the year is the week that includes January 4th, which is also the week that includes
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the first Thursday of the year, and is also the first week that contains at least four days in the year. If the first Monday of
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January is the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, the preceding days are part of the last week of the preceding year; thus, for Saturday 2nd January
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1999, <tt>%G</tt> is replaced by 1998 and <tt>%V</tt> is replaced by 53. If December 29th, 30th, or 31st is a Monday, it and any
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following days are part of week 1 of the following year. Thus, for Tuesday 30th December 1997, <tt>%G</tt> is replaced by 1998 and
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<tt>%V</tt> is replaced by 01.</p>
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<p>If a conversion specifier is not one of the above, the behavior is undefined.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_04"></a>RETURN VALUE</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>If the total number of resulting bytes including the terminating null byte is not more than <i>maxsize</i>, <i>strftime</i>()
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shall return the number of bytes placed into the array pointed to by <i>s</i>, not including the terminating null byte. Otherwise,
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0 shall be returned and the contents of the array are unspecified.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_05"></a>ERRORS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>No errors are defined.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<hr>
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<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_06"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<h5><a name="tag_03_729_06_01"></a>Getting a Localized Date String</h5>
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<p>The following example first sets the locale to the user's default. The locale information will be used in the <a href=
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"../functions/nl_langinfo.html"><i>nl_langinfo</i>()</a> and <i>strftime</i>() functions. The <a href=
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"../functions/nl_langinfo.html"><i>nl_langinfo</i>()</a> function returns the localized date string which specifies how the date is
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laid out. The <i>strftime</i>() function takes this information and, using the <b>tm</b> structure for values, places the date and
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time information into <i>datestring</i>.</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>#include <time.h>
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#include <locale.h>
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#include <langinfo.h>
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...
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struct tm *tm;
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char datestring[256];
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...
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setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
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...
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strftime (datestring, sizeof(datestring), nl_langinfo (D_T_FMT), tm);
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...
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</tt>
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</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_03_729_07"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The range of values for <tt>%S</tt> is [00,60] rather than [00,59] to allow for the occasional leap second.</p>
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<p>Some of the conversion specifications are duplicates of others. They are included for compatibility with <i>nl_cxtime</i>() and
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<i>nl_ascxtime</i>(), which were published in Issue 2.</p>
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<p>Applications should use <tt>%Y</tt> (4-digit years) in preference to <tt>%y</tt> (2-digit years).</p>
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<p>In the C locale, the <tt>E</tt> and <tt>O</tt> modifiers are ignored and the replacement strings for the following specifiers
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are:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><tt>%a</tt></dt>
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<dd>The first three characters of <tt>%A</tt> .</dd>
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<dt><tt>%A</tt></dt>
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<dd>One of Sunday, Monday, ..., Saturday.</dd>
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<dt><tt>%b</tt></dt>
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<dd>The first three characters of <tt>%B</tt> .</dd>
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<dt><tt>%B</tt></dt>
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<dd>One of January, February, ..., December.</dd>
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|
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<dt><tt>%c</tt></dt>
|
|
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%a</tt> <tt>%b</tt> <tt>%e</tt> <tt>%T</tt> <tt>%Y</tt> .</dd>
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|
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|
<dt><tt>%p</tt></dt>
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<dd>One of AM or PM.</dd>
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|
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|
<dt><tt>%r</tt></dt>
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|
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%I</tt> : <tt>%M</tt> : <tt>%S</tt> <tt>%p</tt> .</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><tt>%x</tt></dt>
|
|
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<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%m</tt> / <tt>%d</tt> / <tt>%y</tt> .</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><tt>%X</tt></dt>
|
|
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|
<dd>Equivalent to <tt>%T</tt> .</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><tt>%Z</tt></dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>Implementation-defined.</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_08"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>None.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_09"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>None.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_10"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p><a href="asctime.html"><i>asctime</i>()</a> , <a href="clock.html"><i>clock</i>()</a> , <a href="ctime.html"><i>ctime</i>()</a>
|
|
, <a href="difftime.html"><i>difftime</i>()</a> , <a href="getdate.html"><i>getdate</i>()</a> , <a href=
|
|
"gmtime.html"><i>gmtime</i>()</a> , <a href="localtime.html"><i>localtime</i>()</a> , <a href="mktime.html"><i>mktime</i>()</a> ,
|
|
<a href="strptime.html"><i>strptime</i>()</a> , <a href="time.html"><i>time</i>()</a> , <a href="tzset.html"><i>tzset</i>()</a> ,
|
|
<a href="utime.html"><i>utime</i>()</a> , Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href=
|
|
"../basedefs/xbd_chap07.html#tag_07_03_05">Section 7.3.5, LC_TIME</a>, <a href=
|
|
"../basedefs/time.h.html"><i><time.h></i></a></p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_11"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>First released in Issue 3.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_12"></a>Issue 5</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The description of <tt>%OV</tt> is changed to be consistent with <tt>%V</tt> and defines Monday as the first day of the
|
|
week.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The description of <tt>%Oy</tt> is clarified.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_03_729_13"></a>Issue 6</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Extensions beyond the ISO C standard are marked.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The Open Group Corrigendum U033/8 is applied. The <tt>%V</tt> conversion specifier is changed from "Otherwise, it is week 53 of
|
|
the previous year, and the next week is week 1" to "Otherwise, it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is
|
|
week 1".</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following new requirements on POSIX implementations derive from alignment with the Single UNIX Specification:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <tt>%C</tt> , <tt>%D</tt> , <tt>%e</tt> , <tt>%h</tt> , <tt>%n</tt> , <tt>%r</tt> , <tt>%R</tt> , <tt>%t</tt> , and
|
|
<tt>%T</tt> conversion specifiers are added.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The modified conversion specifiers are added for consistency with the ISO POSIX-2 standard <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/date.html"><i>date</i></a> utility.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following changes are made for alignment with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <i>strftime</i>() prototype is updated.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The DESCRIPTION is extensively revised.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <tt>%z</tt> conversion specifier is added.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>A new example is added.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<hr>
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