181 lines
6.8 KiB
TeX
181 lines
6.8 KiB
TeX
% This is a sample LaTeX input file. (Version of 9 April 1986)
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%
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% A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line,
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% and is used for comments like this one.
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\documentstyle{article} % Specifies the document style.
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% The preamble begins here.
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\title{A Sample Document} % Declares the document's title.
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\author{Leslie Lamport} % Declares the author's name.
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\date{December 12, 1984} % Deleting this command produces today's date.
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\begin{document} % End of preamble and beginning of text.
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\maketitle % Produces the title.
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This is a sample input file. Comparing it with the output it
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generates can show you how to produce a simple document of
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your own.
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\section{Ordinary Text} % Produces section heading. Lower-level
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% sections are begun with similar
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% \subsection and \subsubsection commands.
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The ends of words and sentences are marked
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by spaces. It doesn't matter how many
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spaces you type; one is as good as 100. The
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end of a line counts as a space.
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One or more blank lines denote the end
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of a paragraph.
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Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated like a single
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one, the formatting of the input file makes no difference to
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\TeX, % The \TeX command generates the TeX logo.
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but it makes a difference to you.
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When you use
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\LaTeX, % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.
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making your input file as easy to read as possible
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will be a great help as you write your document and when you
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change it. This sample file shows how you can add comments to
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your own input file.
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Because printing is different from typewriting, there are a
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number of things that you have to do differently when preparing
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an input file than if you were just typing the document directly.
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Quotation marks like
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``this''
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have to be handled specially, as do quotes within quotes:
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``\,`this' % \, separates the double and single quote.
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is what I just
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wrote, not `that'\,''.
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Dashes come in three sizes: an
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intra-word
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dash, a medium dash for number ranges like
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1--2,
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and a punctuation
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dash---like
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this.
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A sentence-ending space should be larger than the space between words
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within a sentence. You sometimes have to type special commands in
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conjunction with punctuation characters to get this right, as in the
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following sentence.
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Gnats, gnus, etc.\ % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.
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all begin with G\@. % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.
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You should check the spaces after periods when reading your output to
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make sure you haven't forgotten any special cases.
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Generating an ellipsis
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\ldots\ % `\ ' needed because TeX ignores spaces after
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% command names like \ldots made from \ + letters.
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%
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% Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore the
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% end of the input line, so these blank lines do not
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% start a new paragraph.
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with the right spacing around the periods
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requires a special command.
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\TeX\ interprets some common characters as commands, so you must type
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special commands to generate them. These characters include the
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following:
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\$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.
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In printing, text is emphasized by using an
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{\em italic\/} % The \/ command produces the tiny extra space that
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% should be added between a slanted and a following
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% unslanted letter.
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type style.
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\begin{em}
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A long segment of text can also be emphasized in this way. Text within
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such a segment given additional emphasis
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with\/ {\em Roman}
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type. Italic type loses its ability to emphasize and become simply
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distracting when used excessively.
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\end{em}
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It is sometimes necessary to prevent \TeX\ from breaking a line where
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it might otherwise do so. This may be at a space, as between the
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``Mr.'' and ``Jones'' in
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``Mr.~Jones'', % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.
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or within a word---especially when the word is a symbol like
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\mbox{\em itemnum\/}
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that makes little sense when hyphenated across
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lines.
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Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.}
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pose no problem.
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\TeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas like
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\( x-3y = 7 \)
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or
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\( a_{1} > x^{2n} / y^{2n} > x' \).
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Remember that a letter like
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$x$ % $ ... $ and \( ... \) are equivalent
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is a formula when it denotes a mathematical symbol, and should
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be treated as one.
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\section{Displayed Text}
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Text is displayed by indenting it from the left margin.
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Quotations are commonly displayed. There are short quotations
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\begin{quote}
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This is a short a quotation. It consists of a
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single paragraph of text. There is no paragraph
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indentation.
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\end{quote}
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and longer ones.
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\begin{quotation}
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This is a longer quotation. It consists of two paragraphs
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of text. The beginning of each paragraph is indicated
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by an extra indentation.
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This is the second paragraph of the quotation. It is just
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as dull as the first paragraph.
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\end{quotation}
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Another frequently-displayed structure is a list.
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The following is an example of an {\em itemized} list.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item This is the first item of an itemized list. Each item
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in the list is marked with a ``tick''. The document
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style determines what kind of tick mark is used.
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\item This is the second item of the list. It contains another
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list nested inside it. The inner list is an {\em enumerated}
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list.
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item This is the first item of an enumerated list that
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is nested within the itemized list.
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\item This is the second item of the inner list. \LaTeX\
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allows you to nest lists deeper than you really should.
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\end{enumerate}
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This is the rest of the second item of the outer list. It
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is no more interesting than any other part of the item.
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\item This is the third item of the list.
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\end{itemize}
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You can even display poetry.
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\begin{verse}
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There is an environment for verse \\ % The \\ command separates lines
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Whose features some poets will curse. % within a stanza.
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% One or more blank lines separate stanzas.
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For instead of making\\
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Them do {\em all\/} line breaking, \\
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It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd
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rather be forced to be terse.
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\end{verse}
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Mathematical formulas may also be displayed. A displayed formula is
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one-line long; multiline formulas require special formatting
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instructions.
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\[ x' + y^{2} = z_{i}^{2}\]
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Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation, nor make
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one a paragraph by itself.
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\end{document} % End of document.
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