356 lines
12 KiB
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356 lines
12 KiB
HTML
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
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<title>paste</title>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="paste"></a> <a name="tag_04_97"></a><!-- paste -->
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<!--header start-->
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<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
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Copyright © 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
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<!--header end-->
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<hr size="2" noshade>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_01"></a>NAME</h4>
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<blockquote>paste - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
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<blockquote class="synopsis">
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<p><code><tt>paste</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-s</tt><b>][</b><tt>-d</tt> <i>list</i><b>]</b> <i>file</i><tt>...</tt></code></p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The <i>paste</i> utility shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the given input files, and write the resulting lines to
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standard output.</p>
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<p>The default operation of <i>paste</i> shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the input files. The <newline> of every
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line except the line from the last input file shall be replaced with a <tab>.</p>
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<p>If an end-of-file condition is detected on one or more input files, but not all input files, <i>paste</i> shall behave as though
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empty lines were read from the files on which end-of-file was detected, unless the <b>-s</b> option is specified.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The <i>paste</i> utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href=
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"../basedefs/xbd_chap12.html#tag_12_02">Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines</a>.</p>
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<p>The following options shall be supported:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><b>-d </b> <i>list</i></dt>
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<dd>Unless a backslash character appears in <i>list</i>, each character in <i>list</i> is an element specifying a delimiter
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character. If a backslash character appears in <i>list</i>, the backslash character and one or more characters following it are an
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element specifying a delimiter character as described below. These elements specify one or more delimiters to use, instead of the
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default <tab>, to replace the <newline> of the input lines. The elements in <i>list</i> shall be used circularly; that
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is, when the list is exhausted the first element from the list is reused. When the <b>-s</b> option is specified:
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>The last <newline> in a file shall not be modified.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of <i>list</i> after each <i>file</i> operand is processed.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>When the <b>-s</b> option is not specified:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>The <newline>s in the file specified by the last <i>file</i> operand shall not be modified.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of list each time a line is processed from each file.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>If a backslash character appears in <i>list</i>, it and the character following it shall be used to represent the following
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delimiter characters:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><tt>\n</tt></dt>
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<dd><newline>.</dd>
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<dt><tt>\t</tt></dt>
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<dd><tab>.</dd>
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<dt><tt>\\</tt></dt>
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<dd>Backslash character.</dd>
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<dt><tt>\0</tt></dt>
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<dd>Empty string (not a null character). If <tt>'\0'</tt> is immediately followed by the character <tt>'x'</tt> , the character
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<tt>'X'</tt> , or any character defined by the <i>LC_CTYPE</i> <b>digit</b> keyword (see the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap07.html">Chapter 7, Locale</a>), the results are unspecified.</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>If any other characters follow the backslash, the results are unspecified.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><b>-s</b></dt>
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<dd>Concatenate all of the lines of each separate input file in command line order. The <newline> of every line except the
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last line in each input file shall be replaced with the <tab>, unless otherwise specified by the <b>-d</b> option.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following operand shall be supported:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><i>file</i></dt>
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<dd>A pathname of an input file. If <tt>'-'</tt> is specified for one or more of the <i>file</i>s, the standard input shall be
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used; the standard input shall be read one line at a time, circularly, for each instance of <tt>'-'</tt> . Implementations shall
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support pasting of at least 12 <i>file</i> operands.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The standard input shall be used only if one or more <i>file</i> operands is <tt>'-'</tt> . See the INPUT FILES section.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The input files shall be text files, except that line lengths shall be unlimited.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>paste</i>:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
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<dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap08.html#tag_08_02">Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables</a> for
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the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
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<dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
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opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
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error.</dd>
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<dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
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<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
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Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of <i>LC_MESSAGES .</i> <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt=
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"[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Default.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated by the <tab> (or other characters under the control of the <b>-d</b>
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option) and terminated by a <newline>.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>None.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>None.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt> 0</dt>
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<dd>Successful completion.</dd>
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<dt>>0</dt>
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<dd>An error occurred.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>If one or more input files cannot be opened when the <b>-s</b> option is not specified, a diagnostic message shall be written to
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standard error, but no output is written to standard output. If the <b>-s</b> option is specified, the <i>paste</i> utility shall
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provide the default behavior described in <a href="xcu_chap01.html#tag_01_11"><i>Utility Description Defaults</i></a> .</p>
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</blockquote>
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<hr>
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<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>When the escape sequences of the <i>list</i> option-argument are used in a shell script, they must be quoted; otherwise, the
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shell treats the <tt>'\'</tt> as a special character.</p>
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<p>Conforming applications should only use the specific backslash escaped delimiters presented in this volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Historical implementations treat <tt>'\x'</tt> , where <tt>'x'</tt> is not in this list, as
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<tt>'x'</tt> , but future implementations are free to expand this list to recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted
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by <a href="../utilities/printf.html"><i>printf</i></a> and other standard utilities.</p>
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<p>Most of the standard utilities work on text files. The <a href="../utilities/cut.html"><i>cut</i></a> utility can be used to
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turn files with arbitrary line lengths into a set of text files containing the same data. The <i>paste</i> utility can be used to
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create (or recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths. For example, if <i>file</i> contains long lines:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
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cut -b 501- -n file > file2
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</tt>
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</pre>
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<p>creates <b>file1</b> (a text file) with lines no longer than 500 bytes (plus the <newline>) and <b>file2</b> that contains
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the remainder of the data from <i>file</i>. Note that <b>file2</b> is not a text file if there are lines in <i>file</i> that are
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longer than 500 + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original file can be recreated from <b>file1</b> and <b>file2</b> using the command:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
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</tt>
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</pre>
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<p>The commands:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>paste -d "\0" ...
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paste -d "" ...
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</tt>
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</pre>
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<p>are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not specified by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and may result in
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an error. The construct <tt>'\0'</tt> is used to mean "no separator" because historical versions of <i>paste</i> did not follow
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the syntax guidelines, and the command:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>paste -d"" ...
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</tt>
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</pre>
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<p>could not be handled properly by <a href="../functions/getopt.html"><i>getopt</i>()</a>.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>Write out a directory in four columns:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>ls | paste - - - -
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</tt>
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:</p>
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<pre>
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<tt>paste -s -d "\t\n" file
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</tt>
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</pre>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>None.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>None.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p><a href="xcu_chap01.html#tag_01_11"><i>Utility Description Defaults</i></a> , <a href="cut.html"><i>cut</i></a> , <a href=
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"grep.html"><i>grep</i></a> , <a href="pr.html"><i>pr</i></a></p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>First released in Issue 2.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_97_22"></a>Issue 6</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
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<hr>
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<center><font size="2"><!--footer start-->
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UNIX ® is a registered Trademark of The Open Group.<br>
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POSIX ® is a registered Trademark of The IEEE.<br>
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[ <a href="../mindex.html">Main Index</a> | <a href="../basedefs/contents.html">XBD</a> | <a href=
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"../utilities/contents.html">XCU</a> | <a href="../functions/contents.html">XSH</a> | <a href="../xrat/contents.html">XRAT</a>
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