1048 lines
42 KiB
HTML
1048 lines
42 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 -->
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<!-- Copyright (c) 2001 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved -->
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<title>more</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="white">
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<script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../jscript/codes.js">
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</script>
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<basefont size="3"> <a name="more"></a> <a name="tag_04_89"></a><!-- more -->
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<!--header start-->
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<center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001<br>
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Copyright © 2001 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center>
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<!--header end-->
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<hr size="2" noshade>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_01"></a>NAME</h4>
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<blockquote>more - display files on a page-by-page basis</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_02"></a>SYNOPSIS</h4>
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<blockquote class="synopsis">
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<div class="box"><code><tt><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('UP')">UP</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt=
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"[Option Start]" border="0"> more</tt> <b>[</b><tt>-ceisu</tt><b>][</b><tt>-n</tt> <i>number</i><b>][</b><tt>-p</tt>
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<i>command</i><b>][</b><tt>-t</tt> <i>tagstring</i><b>][</b><i>file</i> <tt>...</tt><b>]</b><tt><img src="../images/opt-end.gif"
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alt="[Option End]" border="0"></tt></code></div>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_03"></a>DESCRIPTION</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The <i>more</i> utility shall read files and either write them to the terminal on a page-by-page basis or filter them to
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standard output. If standard output is not a terminal device, all input files shall be copied to standard output in their entirety,
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without modification, except as specified for the <b>-s</b> option. If standard output is a terminal device, the files shall be
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written a number of lines (one screenful) at a time under the control of user commands. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.</p>
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<p>Certain block-mode terminals do not have all the capabilities necessary to support the complete <i>more</i> definition; they are
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incapable of accepting commands that are not terminated with a <newline>. Implementations that support such terminals shall
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provide an operating mode to <i>more</i> in which all commands can be terminated with a <newline> on those terminals. This
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mode:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Shall be documented in the system documentation</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Shall, at invocation, inform the user of the terminal deficiency that requires the <newline> usage and provide
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instructions on how this warning can be suppressed in future invocations</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Shall not be required for implementations supporting only fully capable terminals</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Shall not affect commands already requiring <newline>s</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Shall not affect users on the capable terminals from using <i>more</i> as described in this volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_04"></a>OPTIONS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The <i>more</i> utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href=
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"../basedefs/xbd_chap12.html#tag_12_02">Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines</a>.</p>
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<p>The following options shall be supported:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><b>-c</b></dt>
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<dd>If a screen is to be written that has no lines in common with the current screen, or <i>more</i> is writing its first screen,
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<i>more</i> shall not scroll the screen, but instead shall redraw each line of the screen in turn, from the top of the screen to
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the bottom. In addition, if <i>more</i> is writing its first screen, the screen shall be cleared. This option may be silently
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ignored on devices with insufficient terminal capabilities.</dd>
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<dt><b>-e</b></dt>
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<dd>By default, <i>more</i> shall exit immediately after writing the last line of the last file in the argument list. If the
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<b>-e</b> option is specified:
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p>If there is only a single file in the argument list and that file was completely displayed on a single screen, <i>more</i> shall
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exit immediately after writing the last line of that file.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Otherwise, <i>more</i> shall exit only after reaching end-of-file on the last file in the argument list twice without an
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intervening operation. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</dd>
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<dt><b>-i</b></dt>
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<dd>Perform pattern matching in searches without regard to case; see the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
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<a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_02">Section 9.2, Regular Expression General Requirements</a>.</dd>
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<dt><b>-n </b> <i>number</i></dt>
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<dd>Specify the number of lines per screenful. The <i>number</i> argument is a positive decimal integer. The <b>-n</b> option shall
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override any values obtained from any other source.</dd>
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<dt><b>-p </b> <i>command</i></dt>
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<dd>Each time a screen from a new file is displayed or redisplayed (including as a result of <i>more</i> commands; for example,
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<b>:p</b>), execute the <i>more</i> command(s) in the command arguments in the order specified, as if entered by the user after the
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first screen has been displayed. No intermediate results shall be displayed (that is, if the command is a movement to a screen
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different from the normal first screen, only the screen resulting from the command shall be displayed.) If any of the commands fail
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for any reason, an informational message to this effect shall be written, and no further commands specified using the <b>-p</b>
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option shall be executed for this file.</dd>
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<dt><b>-s</b></dt>
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<dd>Behave as if consecutive empty lines were a single empty line.</dd>
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<dt><b>-t </b> <i>tagstring</i></dt>
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<dd>Write the screenful of the file containing the tag named by the <i>tagstring</i> argument. See the <a href=
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"ctags.html"><i>ctags</i></a> utility. The tags feature represented by <b>-t</b> <i>tagstring</i> and the <b>:t</b> command is
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optional. It shall be provided on any system that also provides a conforming implementation of <a href=
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"../utilities/ctags.html"><i>ctags</i></a>; otherwise, the use of <b>-t</b> produces undefined results.
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<p>The filename resulting from the <b>-t</b> option shall be logically added as a prefix to the list of command line files, as if
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specified by the user. If the tag named by the <i>tagstring</i> argument is not found, it shall be an error, and <i>more</i> shall
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take no further action.</p>
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<p>If the tag specifies a line number, the first line of the display shall contain the beginning of that line. If the tag specifies
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a pattern, the first line of the display shall contain the beginning of the matching text from the first line of the file that
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contains that pattern. If the line does not exist in the file or matching text is not found, an informational message to this
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effect shall be displayed, and <i>more</i> shall display the default screen as if <b>-t</b> had not been specified.</p>
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<p>If both the <b>-t</b> <i>tagstring</i> and <b>-p</b> <i>command</i> options are given, the <b>-t</b> <i>tagstring</i> shall be
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processed first; that is, the file and starting line for the display shall be as specified by <b>-t</b>, and then the <b>-p</b>
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<i>more</i> command shall be executed. If the line (matching text) specified by the <b>-t</b> command does not exist (is not
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found), no <b>-p</b> <i>more</i> command shall be executed for this file at any time.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><b>-u</b></dt>
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<dd>Treat a <backspace> as a printable control character, displayed as an implementation-defined character sequence (see the
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EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section), suppressing backspacing and the special handling that produces underlined or standout mode text on
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some terminal types. Also, do not ignore a <carriage-return> at the end of a line.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_05"></a>OPERANDS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following operand shall be supported:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><i>file</i></dt>
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<dd>A pathname of an input file. If no <i>file</i> operands are specified, the standard input shall be used. If a <i>file</i> is
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<tt>'-'</tt> , the standard input shall be read at that point in the sequence.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_06"></a>STDIN</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The standard input shall be used only if no <i>file</i> operands are specified, or if a <i>file</i> operand is <tt>'-'</tt>
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.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_07"></a>INPUT FILES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The input files being examined shall be text files. If standard output is a terminal, standard error shall be used to read
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commands from the user. If standard output is a terminal, standard error is not readable, and command input is needed, <i>more</i>
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may attempt to obtain user commands from the controlling terminal (for example, <b>/dev/tty</b>); otherwise, <i>more</i> shall
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terminate with an error indicating that it was unable to read user commands. If standard output is not a terminal, no error shall
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result if standard error cannot be opened for reading.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_08"></a>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following environment variables shall affect the execution of <i>more</i>:</p>
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<dl compact>
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<dt><i>COLUMNS</i></dt>
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<dd>Override the system-selected horizontal display line size. See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
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<a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap08.html">Chapter 8, Environment Variables</a> for valid values and results when it is unset or
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null.</dd>
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<dt><i>EDITOR</i></dt>
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<dd>Used by the <b>v</b> command to select an editor. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.</dd>
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<dt><i>LANG</i></dt>
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<dd>Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap08.html#tag_08_02">Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables</a> for
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the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_ALL</i></dt>
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<dd>If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_COLLATE</i></dt>
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<dd><br>
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Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character collating elements within regular
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expressions.</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_CTYPE</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
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opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and the behavior of character classes within regular
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expressions.</dd>
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<dt><i>LC_MESSAGES</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error and
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informative messages written to standard output.</dd>
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<dt><i>NLSPATH</i></dt>
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<dd><sup>[<a href="javascript:open_code('XSI')">XSI</a>]</sup> <img src="../images/opt-start.gif" alt="[Option Start]" border="0">
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Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of <i>LC_MESSAGES .</i> <img src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt=
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"[Option End]" border="0"></dd>
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<dt><i>LINES</i></dt>
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<dd>Override the system-selected vertical screen size, used as the number of lines in a screenful. See the Base Definitions volume
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of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap08.html">Chapter 8, Environment Variables</a> for valid values and
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results when it is unset or null. The <b>-n</b> option shall take precedence over the <i>LINES</i> variable for determining the
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number of lines in a screenful.</dd>
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<dt><i>MORE</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine a string containing options described in the OPTIONS section preceded with hyphens and <blank>-separated as on
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the command line. Any command line options shall be processed after those in the <i>MORE</i> variable, as if the command line were:
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<pre>
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<tt>more $MORE</tt> <i>options operands</i>
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</pre>
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<p>The <i>MORE</i> variable shall take precedence over the <i>TERM</i> and <i>LINES</i> variables for determining the number of
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lines in a screenful.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><i>TERM</i></dt>
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<dd>Determine the name of the terminal type. If this variable is unset or null, an unspecified default terminal type is used.</dd>
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</dl>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_09"></a>ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>Default.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_10"></a>STDOUT</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The standard output shall be used to write the contents of the input files.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_11"></a>STDERR</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages and user commands (see the INPUT FILES section), and, if standard
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output is a terminal device, to write a prompting string. The prompting string shall appear on the screen line below the last line
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of the file displayed in the current screenful. The prompt shall contain the name of the file currently being examined and shall
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contain an end-of-file indication and the name of the next file, if any, when prompting at the end-of-file. If an error or
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informational message is displayed, it is unspecified whether it is contained in the prompt. If it is not contained in the prompt,
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it shall be displayed and then the user shall be prompted for a continuation character, at which point another message or the user
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prompt may be displayed. The prompt is otherwise unspecified. It is unspecified whether informational messages are written for
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other user commands.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_12"></a>OUTPUT FILES</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>None.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h4><a name="tag_04_89_13"></a>EXTENDED DESCRIPTION</h4>
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<blockquote>
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<p>The following section describes the behavior of <i>more</i> when the standard output is a terminal device. If the standard
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output is not a terminal device, no options other than <b>-s</b> shall have any effect, and all input files shall be copied to
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standard output otherwise unmodified, at which time <i>more</i> shall exit without further action.</p>
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<p>The number of lines available per screen shall be determined by the <b>-n</b> option, if present, or by examining values in the
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environment (see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section). If neither method yields a number, an unspecified number of lines shall be
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used.</p>
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<p>The maximum number of lines written shall be one less than this number, because the screen line after the last line written
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shall be used to write a user prompt and user input. If the number of lines in the screen is less than two, the results are
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undefined. It is unspecified whether user input is permitted to be longer than the remainder of the single line where the prompt
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has been written.</p>
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<p>The number of columns available per line shall be determined by examining values in the environment (see the ENVIRONMENT
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VARIABLES section), with a default value as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href=
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"../basedefs/xbd_chap08.html">Chapter 8, Environment Variables</a>.</p>
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<p>Lines that are longer than the display shall be folded; the length at which folding occurs is unspecified, but should be
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appropriate for the output device. Folding may occur between glyphs of single characters that take up multiple display columns.</p>
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<p>When standard output is a terminal and <b>-u</b> is not specified, <i>more</i> shall treat <backspace>s and
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<carriage-return>s specially:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>A character, followed first by a sequence of <i>n</i> <backspace>s (where <i>n</i> is the same as the number of column
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positions that the character occupies), then by <i>n</i> underscore characters ( <tt>'_'</tt> ), shall cause that character to be
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written as underlined text, if the terminal type supports that. The <i>n</i> underscore characters, followed first by <i>n</i>
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<backspace>s, then any character with <i>n</i> column positions, shall also cause that character to be written as underlined
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text, if the terminal type supports that.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>A sequence of <i>n</i> <backspace>s (where <i>n</i> is the same as the number of column positions that the previous
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character occupies) that appears between two identical printable characters shall cause the first of those two characters to be
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written as emboldened text (that is, visually brighter, standout mode, or inverse-video mode), if the terminal type supports that,
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and the second to be discarded. Immediately subsequent occurrences of <backspace>/ character pairs for that same character
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shall also be discarded. (For example, the sequence <tt>"a\ba\ba\ba"</tt> is interpreted as a single emboldened <tt>'a'</tt> .)</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The <i>more</i> utility shall logically discard all other <backspace>s from the line as well as the character which
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precedes them, if any.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>A <carriage-return> at the end of a line shall be ignored, rather than being written as a non-printable character, as
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described in the next paragraph.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It is implementation-defined how other non-printable characters are written. Implementations should use the same format that
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they use for the <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a> <b>print</b> command; see the OPTIONS section within the <a href=
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"../utilities/ed.html"><i>ed</i></a> utility. It is unspecified whether a multi-column character shall be separated if it crosses a
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display line boundary; it shall not be discarded. The behavior is unspecified if the number of columns on the display is less than
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the number of columns any single character in the line being displayed would occupy.</p>
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<p>When each new file is displayed (or redisplayed), <i>more</i> shall write the first screen of the file. Once the initial screen
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has been written, <i>more</i> shall prompt for a user command. If the execution of the user command results in a screen that has
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lines in common with the current screen, and the device has sufficient terminal capabilities, <i>more</i> shall scroll the screen;
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otherwise, it is unspecified whether the screen is scrolled or redrawn.</p>
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<p>For all files but the last (including standard input if no file was specified, and for the last file as well, if the <b>-e</b>
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option was not specified), when <i>more</i> has written the last line in the file, <i>more</i> shall prompt for a user command.
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This prompt shall contain the name of the next file as well as an indication that <i>more</i> has reached end-of-file. If the user
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command is <b>f</b>, <control>-F, <space>, <b>j</b>, <newline>, <b>d</b>, <control>-D, or <b>s</b>,
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<i>more</i> shall display the next file. Otherwise, if displaying the last file, <i>more</i> shall exit. Otherwise, <i>more</i>
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shall execute the user command specified.</p>
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<p>Several of the commands described in this section display a previous screen from the input stream. In the case that text is
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being taken from a non-rewindable stream, such as a pipe, it is implementation-defined how much backwards motion is supported. If a
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command cannot be executed because of a limitation on backwards motion, an error message to this effect shall be displayed, the
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current screen shall not change, and the user shall be prompted for another command.</p>
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<p>If a command cannot be performed because there are insufficient lines to display, <i>more</i> shall alert the terminal. If a
|
|
command cannot be performed because there are insufficient lines to display or a <b>/</b> command fails: if the input is the
|
|
standard input, the last screen in the file may be displayed; otherwise, the current file and screen shall not change, and the user
|
|
shall be prompted for another command.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The interactive commands in the following sections shall be supported. Some commands can be preceded by a decimal integer,
|
|
called <i>count</i> in the following descriptions. If not specified with the command, <i>count</i> shall default to 1. In the
|
|
following descriptions, <i>pattern</i> is a basic regular expression, as described in the Base Definitions volume of
|
|
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <a href="../basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03">Section 9.3, Basic Regular Expressions</a>. The
|
|
term "examine" is historical usage meaning "open the file for viewing''; for example, <i>more</i> <b>foo</b> would be expressed
|
|
as examining file <b>foo</b>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In the following descriptions, unless otherwise specified, <i>line</i> is a line in the <i>more</i> display, not a line from the
|
|
file being examined.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In the following descriptions, the <i>current position</i> refers to two things:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The position of the current line on the screen</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The line number (in the file) of the current line on the screen</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>Usually, the line on the screen corresponding to the current position is the third line on the screen. If this is not possible
|
|
(there are fewer than three lines to display or this is the first page of the file, or it is the last page of the file), then the
|
|
current position is either the first or last line on the screen as described later.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_01"></a>Help</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>h
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Write a summary of these commands and other implementation-defined commands. The behavior shall be as if the <i>more</i> utility
|
|
were executed with the <b>-e</b> option on a file that contained the summary information. The user shall be prompted as described
|
|
earlier in this section when end-of-file is reached. If the user command is one of those specified to continue to the next file,
|
|
<i>more</i> shall return to the file and screen state from which the <b>h</b> command was executed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_02"></a>Scroll Forward One Screenful</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>f
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><control>-F
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll forward <i>count</i> lines, with a default of one screenful. If <i>count</i> is more than the screen size, only the final
|
|
screenful shall be written.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_03"></a>Scroll Backward One Screenful</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>b
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><control>-B
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll backward <i>count</i> lines, with a default of one screenful (see the <b>-n</b> option). If <i>count</i> is more than the
|
|
screen size, only the final screenful shall be written.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_04"></a>Scroll Forward One Line</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><space>
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>j
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><newline>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll forward <i>count</i> lines. The default <i>count</i> for the <space> shall be one screenful; for <b>j</b> and
|
|
<newline>, one line. The entire <i>count</i> lines shall be written, even if <i>count</i> is more than the screen size.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_05"></a>Scroll Backward One Line</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>k
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll backward <i>count</i> lines. The entire <i>count</i> lines shall be written, even if <i>count</i> is more than the screen
|
|
size.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_06"></a>Scroll Forward One Half Screenful</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>d
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><control>-D
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll forward <i>count</i> lines, with a default of one half of the screen size. If <i>count</i> is specified, it shall become
|
|
the new default for subsequent <b>d</b>, <control>-D, and <b>u</b> commands.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_07"></a>Skip Forward One Line</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>s
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Display the screenful beginning with the line <i>count</i> lines after the last line on the current screen. If <i>count</i>
|
|
would cause the current position to be such that less than one screenful would be written, the last screenful in the file shall be
|
|
written.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_08"></a>Scroll Backward One Half Screenful</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>u
|
|
</tt><b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt><control>-U
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Scroll backward <i>count</i> lines, with a default of one half of the screen size. If <i>count</i> is specified, it shall become
|
|
the new default for subsequent <b>d</b>, <control>-D, <b>u</b>, and <control>-U commands. The entire <i>count</i> lines
|
|
shall be written, even if <i>count</i> is more than the screen size.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_09"></a>Go to Beginning of File</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>g
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Display the screenful beginning with line <i>count</i>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_10"></a>Go to End-of-File</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>G
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>If <i>count</i> is specified, display the screenful beginning with the line <i>count</i>. Otherwise, display the last screenful
|
|
of the file.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_11"></a>Refresh the Screen</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>r
|
|
<control>-L
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Refresh the screen.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_12"></a>Discard and Refresh</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>R
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Refresh the screen, discarding any buffered input. If the current file is non-seekable, buffered input shall not be discarded
|
|
and the <b>R</b> command shall be equivalent to the <b>r</b> command.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_13"></a>Mark Position</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>m</tt><i>letter</i>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Mark the current position with the letter named by <i>letter</i>, where <i>letter</i> represents the name of one of the
|
|
lowercase letters of the portable character set. When a new file is examined, all marks may be lost.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_14"></a>Return to Mark</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>'</tt><i>letter</i>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Return to the position that was previously marked with the letter named by <i>letter</i>, making that line the current
|
|
position.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_15"></a>Return to Previous Position</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>''
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Return to the position from which the last large movement command was executed (where a "large movement" is defined as any
|
|
movement of more than a screenful of lines). If no such movements have been made, return to the beginning of the file.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_16"></a>Search Forward for Pattern</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>/</tt><b>[</b><tt>!</tt><b>]</b><i>pattern</i><tt><newline>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Display the screenful beginning with the <i>count</i>th line containing the pattern. The search shall start after the first line
|
|
currently displayed. The null regular expression ( <tt>'/'</tt> followed by a <newline>) shall repeat the search using the
|
|
previous regular expression, with a default <i>count</i>. If the character <tt>'!'</tt> is included, the matching lines shall be
|
|
those that do not contain the <i>pattern</i>. If no match is found for the <i>pattern</i>, a message to that effect shall be
|
|
displayed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_17"></a>Search Backward for Pattern</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>?</tt><b>[</b><tt>!</tt><b>]</b><i>pattern</i><tt><newline>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Display the screenful beginning with the <i>count</i>th previous line containing the pattern. The search shall start on the last
|
|
line before the first line currently displayed. The null regular expression ( <tt>'?'</tt> followed by a <newline>) shall
|
|
repeat the search using the previous regular expression, with a default <i>count</i>. If the character <tt>'!'</tt> is included,
|
|
matching lines shall be those that do not contain the <i>pattern</i>. If no match is found for the <i>pattern</i>, a message to
|
|
that effect shall be displayed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_18"></a>Repeat Search</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>n
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Repeat the previous search for <i>count</i>th line containing the last <i>pattern</i> (or not containing the last
|
|
<i>pattern</i>, if the previous search was <tt>"/!"</tt> or <tt>"?!"</tt> ).</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_19"></a>Repeat Search in Reverse</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>N
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Repeat the search in the opposite direction of the previous search for the <i>count</i>th line containing the last
|
|
<i>pattern</i> (or not containing the last <i>pattern</i>, if the previous search was <tt>"/!"</tt> or <tt>"?!"</tt> ).</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_20"></a>Examine New File</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>:e</tt> <b>[</b><i>filename</i><b>]</b><tt><newline>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Examine a new file. If the <i>filename</i> argument is not specified, the current file (see the <b>:n</b> and <b>:p</b> commands
|
|
below) shall be re-examined. The <i>filename</i> shall be subjected to the process of shell word expansions (see <a href=
|
|
"xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06"><i>Word Expansions</i></a> ); if more than a single pathname results, the effects are unspecified. If
|
|
<i>filename</i> is a number sign ( <tt>'#'</tt> ), the previously examined file shall be re-examined. If <i>filename</i> is not
|
|
accessible for any reason (including that it is a non-seekable file), an error message to this effect shall be displayed and the
|
|
current file and screen shall not change.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_21"></a>Examine Next File</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>:n
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Examine the next file. If a number <i>count</i> is specified, the <i>count</i>th next file shall be examined. If <i>filename</i>
|
|
refers to a non-seekable file, the results are unspecified.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_22"></a>Examine Previous File</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<b>[</b><i>count</i><b>]</b><tt>:p
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Examine the previous file. If a number <i>count</i> is specified, the <i>count</i>th previous file shall be examined. If
|
|
<i>filename</i> refers to a non-seekable file, the results are unspecified.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_23"></a>Go to Tag</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>:t</tt> <i>tagstring</i><tt><newline>
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>If the file containing the tag named by the <i>tagstring</i> argument is not the current file, examine the file, as if the
|
|
<b>:e</b> command was executed with that file as the argument. Otherwise, or in addition, display the screenful beginning with the
|
|
tag, as described for the <b>-t</b> option (see the OPTIONS section). If the <a href="../utilities/ctags.html"><i>ctags</i></a>
|
|
utility is not supported by the system, the use of <b>:t</b> produces undefined results.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_24"></a>Invoke Editor</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>v
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Invoke an editor to edit the current file being examined. If standard input is being examined, the results are unspecified. The
|
|
name of the editor shall be taken from the environment variable <i>EDITOR ,</i> or shall default to <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a>. If the last pathname component in <i>EDITOR</i> is either <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a> or <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a>, the editor shall be invoked with a <b>-c</b>
|
|
<i>linenumber</i> command line argument, where <i>linenumber</i> is the line number of the file line containing the display line
|
|
currently displayed as the first line of the screen. It is implementation-defined whether line-setting options are passed to
|
|
editors other than <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a> and <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>When the editor exits, <i>more</i> shall resume with the same file and screen as when the editor was invoked.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_25"></a>Display Position</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>=
|
|
<control>-G
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Write a message for which the information references the first byte of the line after the last line of the file on the screen.
|
|
This message shall include the name of the file currently being examined, its number relative to the total number of files there
|
|
are to examine, the line number in the file, the byte number and the total bytes in the file, and what percentage of the file
|
|
precedes the current position. If <i>more</i> is reading from standard input, or the file is shorter than a single screen, the line
|
|
number, the byte number, the total bytes, and the percentage need not be written.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h5><a name="tag_04_89_13_26"></a>Quit</h5>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>Synopsis</i>:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
<tt>q
|
|
:q
|
|
ZZ
|
|
</tt>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Exit <i>more</i>.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_14"></a>EXIT STATUS</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The following exit values shall be returned:</p>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt> 0</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>Successful completion.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>>0</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>An error occurred.</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_15"></a>CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>If an error is encountered accessing a file when using the <b>:n</b> command, <i>more</i> shall attempt to examine the next file
|
|
in the argument list, but the final exit status shall be affected. If an error is encountered accessing a file via the <b>:p</b>
|
|
command, <i>more</i> shall attempt to examine the previous file in the argument list, but the final exit status shall be affected.
|
|
If an error is encountered accessing a file via the <b>:e</b> command, <i>more</i> shall remain in the current file and the final
|
|
exit status shall not be affected.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<div class="box"><em>The following sections are informative.</em></div>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_16"></a>APPLICATION USAGE</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>When the standard output is not a terminal, only the <b>-s</b> filter-modification option is effective. This is based on
|
|
historical practice. For example, a typical implementation of <a href="../utilities/man.html"><i>man</i></a> pipes its output
|
|
through <i>more</i> <b>-s</b> to squeeze excess white space for terminal users. When <a href="../utilities/man.html"><i>man</i></a>
|
|
is piped to <a href="../utilities/lp.html"><i>lp</i></a>, however, it is undesirable for this squeezing to happen.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_17"></a>EXAMPLES</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The <b>-p</b> allows arbitrary commands to be executed at the start of each file. Examples are:</p>
|
|
|
|
<dl compact>
|
|
<dt><i>more </i> <b>-p G </b> <i>file1 file2</i></dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd><br>
|
|
Examine each file starting with its last screenful.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><i>more </i> <b>-p </b> 100 <i>file1 file2</i></dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd><br>
|
|
Examine each file starting with line 100 in the current position (usually the third line, so line 98 would be the first line
|
|
written).</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt><i>more </i> <b>-p </b> /100 <i>file1 file2</i></dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd><br>
|
|
Examine each file starting with the first line containing the string <tt>"100"</tt> in the current position</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_18"></a>RATIONALE</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The <i>more</i> utility, available in BSD and BSD-derived systems, was chosen as the prototype for the POSIX file display
|
|
program since it is more widely available than either the public-domain program <i>less</i> or than <i>pg</i>, a pager provided in
|
|
System V. The 4.4 BSD <i>more</i> is the model for the features selected; it is almost fully upwards-compatible from the 4.3 BSD
|
|
version in wide use and has become more amenable for <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a> users. Several features
|
|
originally derived from various file editors, found in both <i>less</i> and <i>pg</i>, have been added to this volume of
|
|
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 as they have proved extremely popular with users.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are inconsistencies between <i>more</i> and <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a> that result from historical
|
|
practice. For example, the single-character commands <b>h</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>b</b>, and <space> are screen movers in
|
|
<i>more</i>, but cursor movers in <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a>. These inconsistencies were maintained because the
|
|
cursor movements are not applicable to <i>more</i> and the powerful functionality achieved without the use of the control key
|
|
justifies the differences.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The tags interface has been included in a program that is not a text editor because it promotes another degree of consistent
|
|
operation with <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a>. It is conceivable that the paging environment of <i>more</i> would be
|
|
superior for browsing source code files in some circumstances.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The operating mode referred to for block-mode terminals effectively adds a <newline> to each Synopsis line that currently
|
|
has none. So, for example, <b>d</b> <newline> would page one screenful. The mode could be triggered by a command line option,
|
|
environment variable, or some other method. The details are not imposed by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 because
|
|
there are so few systems known to support such terminals. Nevertheless, it was considered that all systems should be able to
|
|
support <i>more</i> given the exception cited for this small community of terminals because, in comparison to <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a>, the cursor movements are few and the command set relatively amenable to the optional
|
|
<newline>s.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Some versions of <i>more</i> provide a shell escaping mechanism similar to the <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a>
|
|
<b>!</b> command. The standard developers did not consider that this was necessary in a paginator, particularly given the wide
|
|
acceptance of multiple window terminals and job control features. (They chose to retain such features in the editors and <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/mailx.html"><i>mailx</i></a> because the shell interaction also gives an opportunity to modify the editing buffer,
|
|
which is not applicable to <i>more</i>.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <b>-p</b> (position) option replaces the <b>+</b> command because of the Utility Syntax Guidelines. In early proposals, it
|
|
took a <i>pattern</i> argument, but historical <i>less</i> provided the <i>more</i> general facility of a command. It would have
|
|
been desirable to use the same <b>-c</b> as <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a> and <a href=
|
|
"../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a>, but the letter was already in use.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The text stating "from a non-rewindable stream ... implementations may limit the amount of backwards motion supported" would
|
|
allow an implementation that permitted no backwards motion beyond text already on the screen. It was not possible to require a
|
|
minimum amount of backwards motion that would be effective for all conceivable device types. The implementation should allow the
|
|
user to back up as far as possible, within device and reasonable memory allocation constraints.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Historically, non-printable characters were displayed using the ARPA standard mappings, which are as follows:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Printable characters are left alone.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Control characters less than \177 are represented as followed by the character offset from the <tt>'@'</tt> character in the
|
|
ASCII map; for example, \007 is represented as <tt>'G'</tt> .</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>\177 is represented as followed by <tt>'?'</tt> .</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>The display of characters having their eighth bit set was less standard. Existing implementations use hex (0x00), octal (\000),
|
|
and a meta-bit display. (The latter displayed characters with their eighth bit set as the two characters <tt>"M-"</tt> , followed
|
|
by the seven-bit display as described previously.) The latter probably has the best claim to historical practice because it was
|
|
used with the <b>-v</b> option of 4 BSD and 4 BSD-derived versions of the <a href="../utilities/cat.html"><i>cat</i></a> utility
|
|
since 1980.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>No specific display format is required by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Implementations are encouraged to conform to historic
|
|
practice in the absence of any strong reason to diverge.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_19"></a>FUTURE DIRECTIONS</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>None.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_20"></a>SEE ALSO</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p><a href="xcu_chap02.html#tag_02"><i>Shell Command Language</i></a> , <a href="ctags.html"><i>ctags</i></a> , <a href=
|
|
"ed.html"><i>ed</i></a> , <a href="ex.html"><i>ex</i></a> , <a href="vi.html"><i>vi</i></a></p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_21"></a>CHANGE HISTORY</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>First released in Issue 4.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_22"></a>Issue 5</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The FUTURE DIRECTIONS section is added.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a name="tag_04_89_23"></a>Issue 6</h4>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>This utility is marked as part of the User Portability Utilities option.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The obsolescent SYNOPSIS is removed.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The utility has been extensively reworked for alignment with the IEEE P1003.2b draft standard:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Changes have been made as a result of IEEE PASC Interpretations 1003.2 #37 and #109.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <i>more</i> utility should be able to handle underlined and emboldened displays of characters that are wider than a single
|
|
column position.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<div class="box"><em>End of informative text.</em></div>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
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