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Last-modified: 19 Nov 94
Linux boot/utility diskette HOWTO (draft)
=================================
Copyright (c) Graham Chapman 1994.
Permission is granted for this material to be freely
used and distributed, provided the source is acknowledged.
No warranty of any kind is provided. You use this material
at your own risk.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Overview - types of bootable disk
3. Boot diskette
4. Boot/root diskette system overview
5. RAM drives and boot/root systems
6. File systems
7. Kernel
8. Devices
9. Directories
10. LILO
11. Making extra copies of bootable diskettes
12. Adding utility diskettes
Appendix A - Sample ls-lR directory listing
Appendix B - Sample shell scripts to build diskettes
Appendix C - Where to find packages
1. INTRODUCTION
These notes provide information on ways of producing Linux boot and
rescue diskettes. Such diskettes could be of use when:
- booting Linux after having lost a hard disk boot sector;
- running a diskette Linux system to restore a hard disk Linux
system following disk crash or corruption;
Experienced Linux users will probably find little of use in this
document. However users new to Linux system administration who
wish to protect against root disk loss and other mishaps may find
it useful.
The information here is current for the following software versions:
- Linux 1.1.57;
- LILO 0.15;
The information here has been accumulated from reading Linux
documentation, reading Linux source, trial and error, and so on.
If you find any errors or omissions, please let me know.
Graham Chapman
grahamc@zeta.org.au
1 November, 1994
2. OVERVIEW - TYPES OF BOOTABLE DISKETTE
Bootable diskettes can be of the following types:
- boot diskette
This is a diskette containing a kernel at the start
of the disk, but with with no file system. The diskette which
can be used to run the kernel using a file system on another
drive.
A boot diskette can be used to boot a system using another
disk drive as the root file system. This could be useful if
for some reason you can't boot the system from the root file
system, as happens when the boot sector is corrupted, perhaps
due to mistakes with installation of a boot loader.
- boot/root diskette
This is a diskette containing a complete bootable system,
including file system, kernel and utilities.
A boot/root diskette can be used to run the system independently
of any other drives. Possible uses for this are:
- when you wish to check the root file system with fsck.
This should only be done when the root file system is NOT
mounted;
- when the root file system is corrupted and you want to
either rebuild it or restore it's contents from backup.
3. BOOT DISKETTE
3.1 OVERVIEW
A boot diskette contains a single file containing the kernel, which
is written to the diskette as a raw device, so that the file starts
at sector 0, cylinder 0, which is the boot sector. All PC systems
start the boot process by executing code in ROM to load the sector
from sector 0, cylinder 0 of the boot drive and try and execute it.
On most bootable disks, sector 0, cylinder 0 contains code from a
boot loader such as LILO, which locates the kernel, loads it and
executes it to start the boot proper.
If a Linux kernel has been written to a diskette as described above,
then the first sector will be the first sector of the Linux kernel
itself, and this sector will continue the boot process by loading
the rest of the kernel and running Linux.
For a more detailed description of the boot sector contents, see the
documentation in lilo-01.5 or higher.
3.2 SETTING POINTER TO ROOT
This kernel must contain a pointer to the drive and partititon to
be mounted as the root drive. This can be inserted into the kernel
in several ways;
- by setting ROOT_DEV = <device> in the Linux kernel makefile
and rebuilding the kernel (for advice on how to rebuild the kernel,
read the Linux FAQ and look in /usr/src/Linux)i. Comments in the
Linux makefile describe the valid values for <device>;
- by running the rdev utility:
rdev <filename> <device>
will set the root device of the kernel contained in <filename>
to be <device>. For example:
rdev Image /dev/sda1
sets the root device in the kernel in Image to the first partition on
the first SCSI drive.
There are some alternative ways of issuing the rdev command. Try:
rdev -?
and it will display command usage.
Note that there is usually no need to configure the root device for
boot diskette use, because the kernel currently used to boot from
already points to the root drive device.
3.3 COPYING KERNEL TO BOOT DISKETTE
Once the kernel has been configured then it must be copied to the
boot diskette using the dd command, as follows:
dd if=<filename> of=<device>
where <filename> is the name of the kernel
and <device> is the diskette raw device, usually /dev/fd0
The seek parameter to the dd command should NOT be used. The file
must be copied to start at the boot sector (sector 0, cylinder 0),
and omitting the seek parameter will do this.
The output device name varies. Many systems have /dev/fd0 as an
alias of one sort or another for the "real" device name for the
default diskette drive. For example, where the default drive
(i.e. "drive A:" in DOS) is a high density 3 1/2 inch diskette
drive, the device name will be /dev/fd0H1440, but usually /dev/fd0
points to the same device.
4. BOOT/ROOT DISKETTE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A boot/root diskette contains a complete working Linux system, able
to run in multi-user mode, with all that that implies. To be able to
do this, the diskette must include the minimum requirements for a
Linux system:
- a kernel;
- a file system;
- a minimum set of directories - bin, etc, lib, usr, tmp;
- a basic set of utilities - bash (to run a shell), ls, cp etc;
- a minimum set of config files - rc, inittab, fstab etc;
- a runtime library to provide basic functions used by utilities.
Of course, any system only becomes useful when you can run something
on it, and a boot/root diskette usually only becomes useful when you
can do something like:
- check a file system on another drive, for example to check
your root file system on your hard drive, you need to be
able to boot Linux from another drive, as you can with a
boot/root diskette system. Then you can run fsck on your
original root drive while it is not mounted;
- restore all or part of your original root drive from backup
using archive/compression utilities including cpio, tar,
gzip and ftape.
5. RAM DRIVES AND BOOT/ROOT SYSTEMS
For a boot/root system to be efficient, you need to be able to run
it from a ramdrive, i.e. an emulated disk drive in main memory.
This avoids having the system run at a snail's pace, which a
diskette would impose.
There is an added benefit from using a ramdrive - the Linux kernel
includes an automatic ramdisk root feature, whereby it will, under
certain circumstances, automatically copy the contents of a
boot/root diskette to a RAM disk, and then switch the root drive
to be the RAM disk instead of the diskette. This has two major
benefits:
- the system runs a lot faster;
- the diskette drive is freed up to allow other diskettes
to be used on a single-diskette drive system.
The requirements for this feature to be invoked are:
- the file system on the diskette drive must be a minix
file system. This could change future kernels. You could
change it on your own sytem by modifying the code in
/usr/src/Linux/drivers/block/ramdisk.c to operate with
superblocks from file systems other than minix.
The code (in my version, at least) even contains a comment
saying that it should not be restricted to just minix.
Note that I have not tested this, though;
- a RAM disk must be configured into the kernel, and it must
be at least as big as the diskette drive.
A RAM disk can be configured into the kernel in several ways:
- by uncommenting the RAMDISK macro in the Linux kernel
makefile, so that it reads:
RAMDISK = -DRAMDISK=1440
to define a ramdisk of 1440 1K blocks, the size of a
high-density diskette;
- by running the rdev utility, available on most Linux
systems. This utility displays or sets values for several
things in the kernel, including the desired size for a
ramdisk. To configure a ramdisk of 1440 blocks into a
kernel in a file named Image, enter:
rdev -r Image 1440
this might change in the future, of course. To see what
your version of rdev does, enter the command:
rdev -?
and it should display its options.
- by using the boot loader package LILO to configure it into
your kernel at boot time. This can be done using the
LILO configuration parameter:
ramdisk = 1440
to request a RAM drive of 1440 1K blocks at boot time.
The easiest of these three methods is the last, LILO, bceause you
need to set up a LILO configuration file anyway, so why not add the
ramdisk size here?
LILO configuration is briefly described in a section titled "LILO"
below, but it is advisable to obtain the latest stable version of
LILO from your nearest Linux mirror site, and read the documentation
that comes with it.
6. FILE SYSTEMS
There is not a lot of choice about which file system you choose, unless
you modify ramdisk.c in the kernel (see above). If you don't, then
a minix file system must be used. Note that, for a system as small
as a diskette, it probably doesn't make much difference what file
system is used.
To create a minix file system on ia diskette on my system, I issue the
following command:
mkfs /dev/fd0 1440
To create one on your system, I suggest you check the man pages, and
issue the command:
mkfs -?
to see its options.
An easy way to test the result is to create a system using the above
command or similar, and then attempt to mount the diskette. If it is
a minix system, then the command:
mount -t minix /dev/fd0 /<mount point>
should work.
7. KERNEL
7.1 COPYING KERNEL TO DISKETTE
The kernel is added to a boot/root diskette by mounting the diskette
containing a file system, and copying the kernel with the cp command,
using a command like:
cp <kernel file> /dev/fd0
For example:
mount -t minix /dev/fd0 /mnt
cp Image /mnt
cp Image /dev/fd0
7.2 BUILDING A CUSTOM KERNEL
In most cases it would be possible to copy your current kernel and
boot the diskette from that. However there are a few reasons why
you should build one specifically for boot/root use.
The main reason is size. You need to preserve the maximum possible
amount of free space on the diskette. Since the kernel is one of the
largest files in a minimum system, this means shrinking the kernel
as much as possible.
There are two ways of reducing kernel size:
- building it with the minumum set of facilities necessary
to support the desired system. This means leaving out
everything you don't need. Networking is a good thing to
leave out, as well as support for any disk drives and
other devices which you don't need when running your
boot/root system;
- compressing it, using the standard compressed-kernel
option included in the makefile:
make zImage
Refer to the documentation incleded with the kernel source
for up-to-date information on building compressed kernels.
Note that the kernel source is usually in /usr/src/Linux.
Having worked out a minimum set of facilities to include in a kernel,
you then need to work out what to add back in. Probably the most
common uses for a boot/root diskette system would be to examine
and restore a corrupted root file system, and to do this you may
need kernel support.
For example, if your backups are all held on tape using Ftape to
access your tape drive, then, if you lose your current root drive
and drives containing Ftape, then you will not be able to restore
from your backup tapes. You will have to resistall Linux, download
and reinstall Ftape, and then try and read your backups.
It is probably desirable to maintain a copy of the same version
of backup utilities used to write the backups, so that you don't
waste time trying to install versions that cannot read your
backup tapes.
The point here is that, whatever I/O support you have added to
your kernel to support backups should also be added into your
boot/root kernel. Note, though, that the Ftape module (or at least
the one I have) is quite large and will not fit on your boot/root
diskette. You will need to put it on a utility diskette - this
is described below in the section titled "ADDING UTILITY DISKETTES".
The procedure for actually building the kernel is described in
the documentation that comes with the kernel. It is quite easy to
follow, so start by looking in /usr/src/Linux. Note that if you
have trouble building a kernel, then you should probably not
attempt to build boot/root systems anyway.
8. DEVICES
A /dev directory containing a special file for all devices to be
used by the system is mandatory for any Linux system. The
directory itself is a normal directory, and can be created with
the mkdir command in the normal way. The device special files,
however, must be created in a special way, using the mknod command.
There is a shortcut, though - copy your existing /dev directory
contents, and delete the ones you don't want. The only requirement
is that you copy the device special files using the -R option. This
will copy the directory without attempting to copy the contents of the
files. Note that if you use lower caser, as in "-r", there will be
a vast difference, because you will probably end up copying the
entire contents of all of your hard disks - or at least as much
of them as will fit on a diskette! Therefore, take care, and use
the command:
cp -R /dev /mnt
assuming that the diskette is mounted at /mnt.
If you want to do it the hard way, use ls -l to display the major
and minor device numbers for the devices you want, and create
them on the diskette using mknod.
9. DIRECTORIES
It might be possible to get away with just /dev, /proc and /etc to run
a Linux system. I don't know - I've never tested it. However a
reasonable minimum set of directories consists of the following:
/dev required to perform I/O with devices
/proc required by the ps command
/etc system configuration files
/bin utility executables considered part of the system
/lib shared libraries to provide run-time support
/mnt a mount point for maintenance on other disks
/usr additional utilities and applications
Note that the directory tree presented here is for boot/root use only.
Refer to the Linux File System Standard for much better information
on how file systems should be structured in "standard" Linux
systems.
Four of these directories can be created very easily:
- /dev is described above in the section titled DEVICES.
- /proc only needs to exist. Once the directory is created using
mkdir, nothing more is required.
- Of the others, /mnt and /usr are included in this list only as
mount points for use after the boot/root system is running.
Hence again, these directories only need to be created.
The remaining 3 directories are described in the following sections.
9.1 /ETC
This directory must contain a number of configuration files. On most
systems, these can be divided into 3 groups:
- required at all times, e.g. rc, fstab, passwd;
- may be required, but no-one is too sure;
- junk that crept in.
On my boot/root diskettes, I have the number of config files down to
15. I know that most are required, and someday I'll get around to
working out the rest, but in the meantime, I work it by setting up
the ones I know need to be configured for a boot/root system, and
simply leaving the rest there. This reduces my work to dealing with
three sets of files:
- the ones I must configure for a boot/root system:
rc system startup script
fstab list of file systems to be mounted
inittab parameters for the init process - the first process
started at boot time.
- the ones I should tidy up for a boot/root system:
passwd list of logins
shadow contains passwords
These should be pruned on secure systems to avoid copying
user's passwords off the system, and so that when you boot
from diskette, unwanted logins are rejected.
- the rest. They work at the moment, so I leave them alone.
Out of this, I only really have to configure two files, and what they
should contain is suprisingly small.
- RC should contain:
#!/bin/sh
/etc/mount -av
/bin/hostname boot_root
and I don't really need to run hostname - it just looks nicer
if I do. Even mount is actually only needed to mount /proc to
support the ps command - Linux will run without it.
- fstab should contain:
/dev/fd0 / minix defaults
/proc /proc proc defaults
I don't think that the first entry is really needed, but I
find that if I leave it out, mount won't mount /proc.
Inittab should be ok as is, unless you want to ensure that users on
serial ports cannot login. To prevent this, comment out all the entries
for /etc/getty which include a ttys or ttyS device at the end of the line.
Leave in the tty ports so that you can login at the console.
For the rest, just copy all the text files in your /etc directory, plus
all the executables in your /etc directory that you cannot be sure you
do not need. As a guide, consult the sample ls listing in Appendix A -
this is what I have, so probably it will be sufficient for you if
you copy only those files.
9.2 /BIN
Here is a convenient point to place the extra utilities you need to
perform basic operations, utilities such as ls, mv, cat, dd etc.
See Appendix A for the list of files that I place in my root/boot /bin
directory. You may notice that it does not include any of the utilities
required to check file systems or restore from backup, such as fsck,
cpio, tar, gzip etc. That is because I place these on a separate
utility diskette, to save space on the boot/root diskette. Once I
have booted my boot/root diskette, it then copies itself to the ramdisk
leaving the diskette drive free to mount another diskette, the utility
diskette. I usually mount this as /usr.
Creation of a utility diskette is described below in the section
titled "ADDING UTILITY DISKETTES".
9.3 /LIB
Two libraries are required to run many facilities under Linux:
- ld.so;
- libc.so.4;
If they are not found in your /lib directory then the system will
be unable to boot. If you're lucky you may see an error message
telling you why.
These should be present in you existing /lib directory. Note that
libc.so.4 may be a symlink to a libc library with version number
in the filename. If you issue the command:
ls -l /lib
you will see something like:
libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.5.21
In this case, the libc library you want is libc.so.4.5.21.
There are alternatives to using libc.so. The SAR package uses a shell
linked statically with required library routines so that libc is not
required - a considerable saving in space. The downside to this approach
is that you cannot simply copy across a copy of bash or csh - you must
find or build a statically linked shell. If you use SAR to build
your boot/root diskette, then this is not a problem, because SAR
provides everything. However if you are not using SAR, you may find
it more work than it is worth.
10. LILO
For the boot/root to be any use, it must be bootable. To achieve this,
the easiest way (possibly the only way?) is to install a boot loader,
which is a piece of executable code stored at sector 0, cylinder 0 of
the diskette. See the section above titled "BOOT DISKETTE" for an
overview of the boot process.
LILO is a tried and trusted boot loader available from any Linux
mirror site. It allows you to configure the boot loader, including:
- which device is to be mounted as the root drive;
- whether to use a ramdisk.
This provides a very convenient place to specify to the kernel how
it should boot. My root/boot LILO configuration file, used with
LILO 0.15, is:
boot = /dev/fd0
install = /boot/boot.b
compact
image = ./mnt/Image
ramdisk = 1440
root = /dev/fd0
I run lilo using the command:
/sbin/lilo -C <configfile>
I run it from the directory containing the mnt directory where I have
mounted the diskette. This means that I am telling LILO to install a
boot loader on the boot device (/dev/fd0 in this case), to boot a
kernel in the root directory of the diskette.
I have also specified that I want the root device to be the diskette,
and I want a RAM disk created of 1440 1K blocks, the same size as the
diskette. Since I have created a minix file system on the diskette,
this completes all the conditions required for Linux to automatically
switch the root device to the ramdisk, and copy the diskette contents
there as well.
The ramdisk features of Linux are described further in the section
above titled "RAM DRIVES AND BOOT/ROOT SYSTEMS".
It is also worth considering using the "single" parameter to cause
Linux to boot in single-user mode. This could be useful to prevent
users logging in on serial ports.
Readers are urged to read the LILO documentation carefully before
atttempting to install anything. It is relatively easy to destroy
partitions if you use the wrong "boot = " parameter. If you are
inexperienced, do NOT run LILO until you are sure you understand it
and you have triple-checked your parameters.
One other thing I might as well add here while I'm on the LILO topic:
if you mess up lilo on a drive containing DOS, you can always replace
the boot sector with the DOS boot loader by issuing the DOS command:
FDISK /MBR
where MBR stands for "Master Boot Record". Note that some purists
disagree with this, and they may have grounds, but it works.
11. MAKING EXTRA COPIES OF BOOTABLE DISKETTES
It is never desirable to have just one set of rescue disks - 2 or 3
should be kept in case one is unreadable.
The easiest way of making copies of any diskettes, including
bootable and utility diskettes, is to use the dd command to copy the
contents of the original diskette to a file on your hard drive, and
then use the same command to copy the file back to a new diskette.
Note that you do not need to, and should not, mount the diskettes,
because dd uses the raw device interface.
To copy the original, enter the command:
dd if=<device> of=<filename>
where device = the device name of the diskette drive
filename = the name of the file where you want to copy to
For example, to copy from /dev/fd0 to a temporary file called
/tmp/diskette.copy, I would enter the command:
dd if=/dev/fd0 /tmp/diskette.copy
Omitting the "count" parameter, as we have done here, means that the
whole diskette of 2880 (for a high-density) blocks will be copied.
To copy the resulting file back to a new diskette, insert the new
diskette and enter the reverse command:
dd if=<filename> of=<device>
12. ADDING UTILITY DISKETTES
Often one disk is not sufficient to hold all the software you need
to be able to perform rescue functions of analysing, repairing and
restoring corrupted disk drives. By the time you include tar, gzip
e2fsck, fdisk, Ftape and so on, there is enough for a whole new
diskette, maybe even more if you want lots of tools.
This means that a rescue set often requires a utility diskette,
with a file system containing any extra files required. This file
system can then be mounted at a convenient point, such as /usr, on
the boot/root system.
Creating a file system is fairly easy, and is described above in
the section titled "FILE SYSTEMS" above.
APPENDIX A - SAMPLE ls-lR DIRECTORY LISTING
This lists the contents of files and directories that I keep on
my hard disk to use when building boot/root and utility diskettes.
It shows which files I put in the /etc and /bin directories on my
diskettes.
The sample shell scripts in the next appendix use these directories
and files as a model to build the diskettes.
The boot/root listing is of directory boot_disk:
total 226
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 223748 Oct 5 18:25 Image
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Oct 8 13:40 bin/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 3072 Sep 8 16:37 dev/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Oct 8 12:38 etc/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Sep 10 14:58 lib/
boot_disk/bin:
total 366
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4376 Sep 9 21:34 cat*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4112 Sep 9 21:34 chown*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12148 Sep 9 21:34 cp*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4376 Sep 9 21:34 cut*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7660 Sep 9 21:34 dd*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4696 Sep 9 21:34 df*
-rwx--x--x 1 root root 1392 Sep 10 14:13 hostname*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5252 Sep 9 21:34 ln*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 6636 Sep 9 21:34 login*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13252 Sep 9 21:34 ls*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4104 Sep 9 21:34 mkdir*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 21504 Sep 10 15:27 more*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6744 Sep 9 21:34 mv*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9780 Sep 9 21:34 ps*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5076 Sep 9 21:34 rm*
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 12604 Sep 9 21:34 sed*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 222208 Sep 9 21:34 sh*
-rws--x--x 1 root root 16464 Sep 9 21:34 su*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1216 Sep 9 21:34 sync*
boot_disk/dev:
total 73
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8331 Sep 8 16:31 MAKEDEV*
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 10, 3 Sep 8 16:31 bmouseatixl
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 10, 0 Sep 8 16:31 bmouselogitec
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 10, 2 Sep 8 16:31 bmousems
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 10, 1 Sep 8 16:31 bmouseps2
crw------- 1 root root 0, 0 Sep 8 16:31 boot0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 0 Sep 8 16:31 console
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 64 Sep 8 16:31 cua0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 65 Sep 8 16:31 cua1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 66 Sep 8 16:31 cua2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 67 Sep 8 16:31 cua3
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 0 Sep 8 16:31 fd0
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 12 Sep 8 16:31 fd0D360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 16 Sep 8 16:31 fd0D720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 28 Sep 8 16:31 fd0H1440
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 12 Sep 8 16:31 fd0H360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 16 Sep 8 16:31 fd0H720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 16 Sep 8 16:31 fd0Q720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 4 Sep 8 16:31 fd0d360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 8 Sep 8 16:31 fd0h1200
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 20 Sep 8 16:31 fd0h360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 24 Sep 8 16:31 fd0h720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 24 Sep 8 16:31 fd0q720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 1 Sep 8 16:31 fd1
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 13 Sep 8 16:31 fd1D360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 17 Sep 8 16:31 fd1D720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 29 Sep 8 16:31 fd1H1440
brw------- 1 root root 2, 31 Sep 8 16:31 fd1H1722
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 13 Sep 8 16:31 fd1H360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 17 Sep 8 16:31 fd1H720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 17 Sep 8 16:31 fd1Q720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 5 Sep 8 16:31 fd1d360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 9 Sep 8 16:31 fd1h1200
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 21 Sep 8 16:31 fd1h360
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 25 Sep 8 16:31 fd1h720
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 2, 25 Sep 8 16:31 fd1q720
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 0 Sep 8 16:31 hda
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 1 Sep 8 16:31 hda1
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 2 Sep 8 16:31 hda2
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 3 Sep 8 16:31 hda3
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 4 Sep 8 16:31 hda4
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 5 Sep 8 16:31 hda5
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 6 Sep 8 16:31 hda6
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 7 Sep 8 16:31 hda7
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 8 Sep 8 16:31 hda8
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 64 Sep 8 16:31 hdb
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 65 Sep 8 16:31 hdb1
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 66 Sep 8 16:31 hdb2
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 67 Sep 8 16:31 hdb3
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 68 Sep 8 16:31 hdb4
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 69 Sep 8 16:31 hdb5
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 70 Sep 8 16:31 hdb6
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 71 Sep 8 16:31 hdb7
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 72 Sep 8 16:31 hdb8
crw-r----- 1 root root 1, 2 Sep 8 16:31 kmem
brw------- 1 root root 12, 0 Sep 8 16:31 loop0
brw------- 1 root root 12, 1 Sep 8 16:31 loop1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 6, 0 Sep 8 16:31 lp0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 6, 1 Sep 8 16:31 lp1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 6, 2 Sep 8 16:31 lp2
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 12, 0 Sep 8 16:31 mcd0
crw-r----- 1 root root 1, 1 Sep 8 16:31 mem
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 65 Sep 8 16:31 modem
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 64 Sep 8 16:31 mouse
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 4 Sep 8 16:31 nrft0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 5 Sep 8 16:31 nrft1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 6 Sep 8 16:31 nrft2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 7 Sep 8 16:31 nrft3
crw------- 1 root root 9, 128 Sep 8 16:31 nrmt0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 1, 3 Sep 8 16:31 null
crw-r----- 1 root root 6, 0 Sep 8 16:31 par0
crw-r----- 1 root root 6, 1 Sep 8 16:31 par1
crw-r----- 1 root root 6, 2 Sep 8 16:31 par2
crw-r----- 1 root root 1, 4 Sep 8 16:31 port
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 10, 1 Sep 8 16:31 ps2aux
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 128 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 129 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 130 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 131 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp3
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 132 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp4
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 133 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp5
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 134 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp6
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 135 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp7
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 136 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp8
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 137 Sep 8 16:31 ptyp9
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 138 Sep 8 16:31 ptypa
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 139 Sep 8 16:31 ptypb
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 140 Sep 8 16:31 ptypc
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 141 Sep 8 16:31 ptypd
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 142 Sep 8 16:31 ptype
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 143 Sep 8 16:31 ptypf
brw-r----- 1 root root 1, 0 Sep 8 16:31 ram
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 0 Sep 8 16:31 rft0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 1 Sep 8 16:31 rft1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 2 Sep 8 16:31 rft2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 27, 3 Sep 8 16:31 rft3
crw------- 1 root root 9, 0 Sep 8 16:31 rmt0
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 0 Sep 8 16:31 sda
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 1 Sep 8 16:31 sda1
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 2 Sep 8 16:31 sda2
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 3 Sep 8 16:31 sda3
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 4 Sep 8 16:31 sda4
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 5 Sep 8 16:31 sda5
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 6 Sep 8 16:31 sda6
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 7 Sep 8 16:31 sda7
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 8 Sep 8 16:31 sda8
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 16 Sep 8 16:31 sdb
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 17 Sep 8 16:31 sdb1
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 18 Sep 8 16:31 sdb2
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 19 Sep 8 16:31 sdb3
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 20 Sep 8 16:31 sdb4
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 21 Sep 8 16:31 sdb5
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 22 Sep 8 16:31 sdb6
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 23 Sep 8 16:31 sdb7
brw-r----- 1 root root 8, 24 Sep 8 16:31 sdb8
brw------- 1 root root 8, 32 Sep 8 16:31 sdc
brw------- 1 root root 8, 33 Sep 8 16:31 sdc1
brw------- 1 root root 8, 34 Sep 8 16:31 sdc2
brw------- 1 root root 8, 35 Sep 8 16:31 sdc3
brw------- 1 root root 8, 36 Sep 8 16:31 sdc4
brw------- 1 root root 8, 37 Sep 8 16:31 sdc5
brw------- 1 root root 8, 38 Sep 8 16:31 sdc6
brw------- 1 root root 8, 39 Sep 8 16:31 sdc7
brw------- 1 root root 8, 40 Sep 8 16:31 sdc8
brw------- 1 root root 8, 48 Sep 8 16:31 sdd
brw------- 1 root root 8, 49 Sep 8 16:31 sdd1
brw------- 1 root root 8, 50 Sep 8 16:31 sdd2
brw------- 1 root root 8, 51 Sep 8 16:31 sdd3
brw------- 1 root root 8, 52 Sep 8 16:31 sdd4
brw------- 1 root root 8, 53 Sep 8 16:31 sdd5
brw------- 1 root root 8, 54 Sep 8 16:31 sdd6
brw------- 1 root root 8, 55 Sep 8 16:31 sdd7
brw------- 1 root root 8, 56 Sep 8 16:31 sdd8
brw------- 1 root root 8, 64 Sep 8 16:31 sde
brw------- 1 root root 8, 65 Sep 8 16:31 sde1
brw------- 1 root root 8, 66 Sep 8 16:31 sde2
brw------- 1 root root 8, 67 Sep 8 16:31 sde3
brw------- 1 root root 8, 68 Sep 8 16:31 sde4
brw------- 1 root root 8, 69 Sep 8 16:31 sde5
brw------- 1 root root 8, 70 Sep 8 16:31 sde6
brw------- 1 root root 8, 71 Sep 8 16:31 sde7
brw------- 1 root root 8, 72 Sep 8 16:31 sde8
brw-r--r-- 1 root root 11, 0 Sep 8 16:31 sr0
brw-r----- 1 root root 11, 1 Sep 8 16:31 sr1
brw-r----- 1 root root 11, 2 Sep 8 16:31 sr2
brw-r----- 1 root root 3, 1 Sep 8 16:31 swap
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 0 Sep 8 16:31 tty
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 0 Sep 8 16:31 tty0
crw------- 1 root root 4, 1 Sep 8 16:31 tty1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 2 Sep 8 16:31 tty2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Sep 8 16:31 tty21
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 3 Sep 8 16:31 tty3
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 4 Sep 8 16:31 tty4
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 5 Sep 8 16:31 tty5
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 6 Sep 8 16:31 tty6
crw------- 1 root root 4, 7 Sep 8 16:31 tty7
crw------- 1 root root 4, 8 Sep 8 16:31 tty8
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 64 Sep 8 16:31 ttyS0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 65 Sep 8 16:31 ttyS1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 66 Sep 8 16:31 ttyS2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 192 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 193 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp1
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 194 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp2
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 195 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp3
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 196 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp4
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 197 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp5
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 198 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp6
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 199 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp7
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 200 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp8
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 201 Sep 8 16:31 ttyp9
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 202 Sep 8 16:31 ttypa
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 203 Sep 8 16:31 ttypb
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 204 Sep 8 16:31 ttypc
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 205 Sep 8 16:31 ttypd
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 206 Sep 8 16:31 ttype
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 207 Sep 8 16:31 ttypf
-rw------- 1 root root 63488 Sep 8 16:31 ttys0
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 4, 67 Sep 8 16:31 ttys3
crw-r--r-- 1 root root 1, 5 Sep 8 16:31 zero
boot_disk/etc:
total 173
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 53 Sep 8 18:48 boot.env
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 27408 Sep 8 18:48 e2fsck*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18540 Sep 8 18:48 fdisk*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69 Oct 8 12:27 fstab
-r-x------ 1 root root 13312 Sep 8 18:48 getty*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 334 Sep 8 18:48 group
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Sep 8 18:48 host.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 62 Sep 8 18:48 hosts
-r-x------ 1 root root 6684 Sep 8 18:48 ifconfig*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11492 Sep 8 18:48 init*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1017 Sep 9 22:12 inittab
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 8 12:19 issue
-rw-r----- 1 root root 5137 Sep 8 18:48 login.defs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14028 Sep 8 18:48 mke2fs*
-rwxr-x--- 1 root root 2436 Sep 8 18:48 mkswap*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11288 Sep 8 18:48 mount*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 327 Sep 8 18:48 passwd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 383 Sep 10 16:02 profile*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 94 Sep 8 18:48 protocols
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 334 Oct 8 12:27 rc*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9220 Sep 8 18:48 reboot*
-r-x------ 1 root root 4092 Sep 8 18:48 route*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Sep 8 18:48 securetty
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9749 Sep 8 18:48 services
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 36 Sep 8 18:48 shells
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13316 Sep 8 18:48 shutdown*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2496 Sep 8 18:48 swapoff*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2496 Sep 8 18:48 swapon*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5314 Sep 8 18:48 termcap
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5412 Sep 8 18:48 umount*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 224 Sep 8 18:48 utmp
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 280 Sep 8 18:48 wtmp
boot_disk/lib:
total 629
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 17412 Sep 10 14:58 ld.so*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 623620 Sep 8 18:33 libc.so.4*
The utility listing is of directory util_disk:
total 1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Sep 10 16:05 bin/
util_disk/bin:
total 897
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 41984 Sep 10 14:11 cpio*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 37892 Sep 10 15:54 e2fsck*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 504451 Sep 9 21:39 ftape.o*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 63874 Sep 9 21:40 gzip*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13316 Sep 9 21:34 insmod*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 58 Sep 9 21:34 lsmod*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 21508 Sep 10 15:55 mke2fs*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3288 Sep 9 21:34 mknod*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9220 Sep 9 21:34 rmmod*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 226308 Sep 9 22:13 tar*
APPENDIX B - SAMPLE SHELL SCRIPTS TO BUILD DISKETTES
There are two shell scripts,
- mkboot - builds a boot/root diskette;
- mkutil - builds a utility diskette.
Both are currently configured to run in the parent directory of
boot_disk and util_disk, each of which contains everything to be
copied to it's diskette. Note that these shell scripts will *NOT*
automatically set up and copy all the files for you - you work
out which files are needed, set up the directories and copy the
files to those directories. The shell scripts are samples which
will copy the contents of those directories. Note that they are
primitive shell scripts and are not meant for the novice user.
The scripts both contain configuration variables at the
start which allow them to be easily configured to run anywhere.
First, set up the model directories and copy all the required
files into them. Then check the configuration variables in the
shell scripts and change them as required before running the
scripts.
mkboot
======
# mkboot: make a boot/boot disk - creates a boot/root diskette
# by building a file system on it, then mounting it and
# copying required files from a model.
# Note: the model to copy from from must dirst be set up,
# then change the configuration variables below to suit
# your system.
# Copyright (c) Graham Chapman 1994.
# Permission is granted for this material to be freely
# used and distributed, provided the source is acknowledged.
# No warranty of any kind is provided. You use this material
# at your own risk.
# Configuration variables...
BOOTDISKDIR=./boot_disk # name of boot disk directory
MOUNTPOINT=./mnt # temporary mount point for diskette
LILODIR=/etc/lilo # directory containing lilo
LILOCONFIG=./boot.lilo.config # lilo parms for boot/root diskette
DISKETTEDEV=/dev/fd0 # device name of diskette drive
echo $0: create boot/root diskette
echo Warning: data on diskette will be overwritten!
echo Insert diskette in $DISKETTEDEV and and press any key...
read anything
mkfs $DISKETTEDEV 1440
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo mkfs failed
exit
fi
mount -t minix $DISKETTEDEV $MOUNTPOINT
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo mount failed
exit
fi
# copy the directories containing files
for i in bin etc lib
do
cp -r $BOOTDISKDIR/$i $MOUNTPOINT
done
# copy dev *without* trying to copy the files in it
cp -R $BOOTDISKDIR/dev $MOUNTPOINT
# create empty directories required
mkdir $MOUNTPOINT/proc
mkdir $MOUNTPOINT/tmp
mkdir $MOUNTPOINT/mnt
mkdir $MOUNTPOINT/usr
# copy the kernel
cp $BOOTDISKDIR/Image $MOUNTPOINT
# setup lilo
$LILODIR/lilo -C $LILOCONFIG
umount $MOUNTPOINT
mkutil
======
# mkutil: make a utility diskette - creates a utility diskette
# by building a file system on it, then mounting it and
# copying required files from a model.
# Note: the model to copy from from must first be set up,
# then change the configuration variables below to suit
# your system.
# Copyright (c) Graham Chapman 1994.
# Permission is granted for this material to be freely
# used and distributed, provided the source is acknowledged.
# No warranty of any kind is provided. You use this material
# at your own risk.
# Configuration variables...
UTILDISKDIR=./util_disk # name of directory containing model
MOUNTPOINT=./mnt # temporary mount point for diskette
DISKETTEDEV=/dev/fd0 # device name of diskette drive
echo $0: create utility diskette
echo Warning: data on diskette will be overwritten!
echo Insert diskette in $DISKETTEDEV and and press any key...
read anything
mkfs $DISKETTEDEV 1440
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo mkfs failed
exit
fi
# Any file system type would do here
mount -t minix $DISKETTEDEV $MOUNTPOINT
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
echo mount failed
exit
fi
# copy the directories containing files
cp -r $UTILDISKDIR/bin $MOUNTPOINT
umount $MOUNTPOINT
echo Utility diskette complete
APPENDIX C - WHERE TO FIND PACKAGES
In this list, x and yy are version numbers.
lilo - Linux Loader
Written by Werner Almesberger.
Ftp from: tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/lilo/lilo.yy.tar.gz
also on sunsite and mirror sites.
SAR - Search and Rescue
Written by Karel Kubat.
Ftp from: ftp.icce.rug.nl:/pub/unix/SAR-x.yy.tar.gz
Linux FAQ - available from many sources. Look at the usenet newsgroups
comp.answers and comp.os.linux.announce.
Ftp from: sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO
If desperate, send mail to:
mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu
with the word "help" in the message, then follow the mailed instructions.
Note: if you haven't read the Linux FAQ and related documents such as the
Linux Install Guide, then you should not be trying to build boot
diskettes.
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