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08-19-1108, chapter 3.2.3

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## 3.1.1.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍尾后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的儿化音得用**舍背后缩**的方式发出（*Bunched R*）。如果你肯仔细体会的话，从感觉上来看，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 更像是 <span class="pho">ɑːᵊr</span>，或者写成 <span class="pho">ɑːɚ</span> —— 会有个实际上相当明显的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.1.5. <span class="pho">ɑː</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">æ</span>

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## 3.1.5.3 儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɔːr</span>
长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舌位后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，并很少 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的音色。<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔᵊr</span> 或者写成 <span class="pho">ɔɚ</span>。比如，*more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *ordinary* <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːrdəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ordinary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ordinary-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
长元音 <span class="pho">ɔː</span> 在美式英语里基本上都带着儿化音 —— 同样适用 “舍背后缩” 的方式。也许口型张得相对更大一些，但，并很少 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的音色。<span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔᵊr</span> 或者写成 <span class="pho">ɔɚ</span>。比如，*more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/more-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *ordinary* <span class="pho alt">ˈɔːrdəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ordinary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ordinary-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 请仔细体会轻微的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
## 3.1.5.4. <span class="pho">ɔː</span>

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![vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-aʊ.svg)
同样的道理，读之前讲过的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的时候也一样，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>（注意不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>）、<span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> 开始，而后唇形保持不变，接着用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的过度 —— 而它的儿化音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> 则使用舌位后缩的方式。所以它们相当于是 <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>，进而干脆写成了 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
同样的道理，读之前讲过的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的时候也一样，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span>、<span class="pho">i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span>（注意不是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>）、<span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> 开始，而后唇形保持不变，接着用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> 的过度 —— 而它的儿化音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> 则使用舍背后缩的方式。所以它们相当于是 <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>，进而干脆写成了 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
![vowels-mouth-shape-eə](/images/vowels-mouth-shape-eə.svg)

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# 2.2.4 <span class="pho">k/g</span>
# 3.2.3. <span class="pho">k</span>/<span class="pho">g</span>
## 3.2.3.1. 示例
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><strong>British (26)</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>American (27)</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D.J.</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
<td>IPA</td>
<td>例词（Example）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">k</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>c</b>ard <span class="pho alt">kɑːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/card-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/card-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">k</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>c</b>ard <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/card-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/card-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="pho">g</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>g</b>ear <span class="pho alt">ɡɪə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/gear-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/gear-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
<td><span class="pho">g</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
<td><b>g</b>ear <span class="pho alt">ɡɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gear-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gear-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## 3.2.3.2. 舍背动作
幸亏各种语言里都有这两个音，否则的话，它们学起来原本可能挺困难……
Thankfully, these two sounds exist in almost every language. Otherwise, learning them could prove quite challenging.
首先，这两个音需要舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭而后开始发音。这个动作在口腔深处，所以无法直接看到。绝大多数人其实并不知道自己具体是怎么发出这两个声音的，也没有人能想起来自己小时候是如何学会的。
Firstly, to pronounce these two sounds, the back part of the tongue must be raised and pressed against the *soft palate*. This action takes place deep in the mouth, so it's not something we can see directly. In fact, most people don't even know exactly how they produce these sounds, nor can anyone recall how they learned to make them as children.
![articulator-tongue-tip-kg](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-kg.svg)
## 3.2.3.3. <span class="pho">ɤ</span>
就好像 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 在发音的时候一样，<span class="pho">k/g</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>，但只有气流通过，没有声带振动。请仔细体会一下 *class* 的发音：<span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 其中 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 的音色，虽然轻微但也明显。
Moreover, much like the <span class="pho">t/d</span> sounds, <span class="pho">k/g</span> also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not <span class="pho">ə</span> but <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>, where the air is flowing through without any vocal cord vibration. Pay close attention to the pronunciation of class: <span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span>. The sound ɤ is subtle yet noticeable.
## 3.2.3.4. <span class="pho">k</span> 的浊化
另外，夹在两个元音之间的 <span class="pho">k</span> 也会出现像 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间时那样的浊化现象，听起来更接近 <span class="pho">g</span>。比如，*look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lookout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lookout-us-female.mp3"></span>，*seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seekout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seekout-us-female.mp3"></span>，*woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wokeup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wokeup-us-female.mp3"></span>。
另外，夹在两个元音之间的 <span class="pho">k</span> 也会出现像 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间时那样的浊化现象，听起来更接近 <span class="pho">g</span>。比如，*look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/look-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/look-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seek-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seek-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/woke-up-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/woke-up-us-female.mp3"></span>。
Also, when a <span class="pho">k</span> comes between two vowels, it can undergo a similar voicing change as a <span class="pho">t</span> between two vowels, making it sound closer to a <span class="pho">g</span>. For example, in *look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lookout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lookout-us-female.mp3"></span> and *seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seekout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seekout-us-female.mp3"></span>, *woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wokeup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wokeup-us-female.mp3"></span>.
## 拼写（Spellings）
@@ -46,7 +74,7 @@ Also, when a <span class="pho">k</span> comes between two vowels, it can undergo
* go <span class="pho alt">ɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/go-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/go-us-female.mp3"></span>
* logo <span class="pho alt">ˈloʊɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/logo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/logo-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **gg**
* beggar<span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/egg-us-female.mp3"></span>
* beggar<span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beggar-us-female.mp3"></span>
* egg <span class="pho alt">eɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/egg-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/egg-us-female.mp3"></span>
* waggle <span class="pho alt">ˈwæɡ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/waggle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/waggle-us-female.mp3"></span>
* **gh**