keep updated

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md

@@ -8,28 +8,34 @@ In American English, there are three versions of the sound <span class="pho">ə<
 
 Beginners tend to overdo it and add a <span class="pho">r</span> whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/focus-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/focus-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
 
-<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
+<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖（无论是前卷还是后卷，都被称作 *Retroflex R*），这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
 
-The rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
+The rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip (where forward or backword) to produce this sound, which is called *Retroflex R*, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
 
-由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舌尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
+由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式（被称作 *Bunched R*）：舌尾部分抬起来，略微后缩，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
+
+Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, called *Bunched R*, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, pulling it back a bit, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
 
 ![articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-ɚ.svg)
 
-Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
+以下是另外一个角度的图示：
+
+Here's another illustration from different perspective:
+
+![retroflex-bunched-r](/images/retroflex-bunched-r.svg)
 
 事实上，其他的儿化音也都可以用这种方式发声。不妨用这种方式重新试试 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>；再试试 *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/your-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 试过之后，再进行比较，你会发现更多的时候，第二种方式比第一种方式更方便。
 
 In fact, you can use this method to pronounce other rhotacized vowels as well. Give it a shot with words like *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span> and *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span> again; and then try it out with *door* <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/door-us-female.mp3"></span>, *short* <span class="pho alt">ʃɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/short-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/short-us-female.mp3"></span>, *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *your* <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/your-us-female.mp3"></span>... After giving it a try, you'll notice that more often than not, the second method is more convenient than the first.
 
+在美式英语中，人们在说儿化音的时候，使用第二种方式（*Bunched R*）更多。即便是使用第一种方式（*Retroflex R*），舌尖无论是前卷还是后卷，都一样，绝不会贴到龈脊上。
+
+In American English, more often than not, people prefer using the second method (*Bunched R*) when making the rhotacized sound. Even if they use the first method (*Retroflex R*), the tip of the tongue, whether curled forward or backward, **never** touch the *alveolar ridge* behind the teeth.
+
 另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
 
 Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
 
-值得注意的是，美式英语的 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
-
-It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> or <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sound.
-
 注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
 
 Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to <span class="pho">ə</span> (*schwa*), especially <span class="pho">ɪ</span>. For instance, *individual*  <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>, is often actually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəʷəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - <span class="pho">u</span> also becomes <span class="pho">ə</span>, and there's a added <span class="pho">ʷ</span> sound between <span class="pho">u</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span>… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.