08-19-1317, chapter 3.2.6

1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/edge-tts-valcab-pronounciation.ipynb

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
+   "execution_count": 32,
    "id": "71d35cd9",
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
@@ -38,98 +38,9 @@
      "output_type": "stream",
      "text": [
       "['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-AriaNeural']\n",
-      "kid\n",
-      "../audios/kid-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/kid-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "like\n",
-      "../audios/like-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/like-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "skin\n",
-      "../audios/skin-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/skin-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "climb\n",
-      "../audios/climb-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/climb-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "cream\n",
-      "../audios/cream-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/cream-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "cry\n",
-      "../audios/cry-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/cry-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "ache\n",
-      "../audios/ache-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/ache-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "chemistry\n",
-      "../audios/chemistry-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/chemistry-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "school\n",
-      "../audios/school-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/school-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "brick\n",
-      "../audios/brick-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/brick-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "click\n",
-      "../audios/click-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/click-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "kick\n",
-      "../audios/kick-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/kick-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "get\n",
-      "../audios/get-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/get-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "go\n",
-      "../audios/go-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/go-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "logo\n",
-      "../audios/logo-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/logo-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "beggar\n",
-      "../audios/beggar-us-male.mp3 exists, skipping...\n",
-      "../audios/beggar-us-female.mp3 exists, skipping...\n",
-      "\n",
-      "egg\n",
-      "../audios/egg-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/egg-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "waggle\n",
-      "../audios/waggle-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/waggle-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "ghost\n",
-      "../audios/ghost-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/ghost-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "ghetto\n",
-      "../audios/ghetto-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/ghetto-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "guard\n",
-      "../audios/guard-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/guard-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "guide\n",
-      "../audios/guide-us-male.mp3 created\n",
-      "../audios/guide-us-female.mp3 created\n",
-      "\n",
-      "guitar\n",
-      "../audios/guitar-us-male.mp3 exists, skipping...\n",
-      "../audios/guitar-us-female.mp3 exists, skipping...\n",
-      "\n"
+      "three months\n",
+      "../audios/three-months-us-male.mp3 created\n",
+      "../audios/three-months-us-female.mp3 created\n"
      ]
     }
    ],
@@ -174,29 +85,12 @@
     "    print(voices)\n",
     "\n",
     "words = \"\"\"\n",
-    "kid,\n",
-    "like,\n",
-    "skin,\n",
-    "climb,\n",
-    "cream,\n",
-    "cry,\n",
-    "ache,\n",
-    "chemistry,\n",
-    "school,\n",
-    "brick,\n",
-    "click,\n",
-    "kick,\n",
-    "get,\n",
-    "go,\n",
-    "logo,\n",
-    "beggar,\n",
-    "egg,\n",
-    "waggle,\n",
-    "ghost,\n",
-    "ghetto,\n",
-    "guard,\n",
-    "guide,\n",
-    "guitar,\n",
+    "think,\n",
+    "bath,\n",
+    "wealth,\n",
+    "this,\n",
+    "then,\n",
+    "with,\n",
     "\"\"\"\n",
     "\n",
     "for word in words.strip().split(','):\n",

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md

@@ -44,9 +44,15 @@
 
 中文里当然也有 <span class="pho">s</span> 这个音，但，中文里的 <span class="pho">s</span> 在发音时舌尖起始位置更接近下排牙齿，即，比位置 ② 更低一些你可以再试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>…… 
 
- 虽然两个略微不同的舌尖起始位置在单个音素中听不出什么区别。但，如果作为中国人不练出一个舌尖起始位置为 ② 的 <span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span>，那么说英文就相当吃力…… 比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 而 <span class="pho">st</span> 这恰好也是英文中使用频率特别高的一个组合。
+虽然两个略微不同的舌尖起始位置在单个音素中听不出什么区别。但，如果作为中国人不练出一个舌尖起始位置为 ② 的 <span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span>，那么说英文就相当吃力…… 比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 而 <span class="pho">st</span> 这恰好也是英文中使用频率特别高的一个组合。
 
-## 3.2.5.3. <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的浊化
+## 3.2.5.3. 长辅音
+
+英文的辅音原本并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的 —— 亚洲语言也基本都没有这种差别。
+
+然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。经过提醒之后，在自然语流中你经常会注意到这种情况。
+
+## 3.2.5.4. <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的浊化
 
 另外，需要注意的是，<span class="pho">s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> 作为音节开头时会被浊化（比如，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">st</span> 中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 不会被浊化），相应读成 <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span>（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
 
@@ -55,13 +61,41 @@
 > * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
 > * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
 
-## 3.2.5.4. 长辅音
+## 3.2.5.5. 复数末尾的 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">z</span>
 
-英文的辅音原本并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的 —— 亚洲语言也基本都没有这种差别。
+英语的名次和动词都有复数形式，末尾 <span class="pho">s</span> 与 <span class="pho">z</span> 的区分挺重要的，最好从一开始就能够说对…… 时间拖得越久越难改。
 
-然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。经过提醒之后，在自然语流中你经常会注意到这种情况。
+* 清辅音后读作 <span class="pho">s</span>
+  * *books* <span class="pho alt">bʊks</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/books-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/books-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *maps* <span class="pho alt">mæps</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maps-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maps-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *paths* <span class="pho alt">pæθs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paths-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paths-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * 但，清辅音 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ts</span>
+    * *cats* <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cats-us-female.mp3"></span>
+    * *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span>
 
-## 3.2.5.5. 拼写（Spellings）
+* 浊辅音后读作 <span class="pho">z</span>
+  * *balls* <span class="pho alt">bɑːlz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/balls-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/balls-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *dogs* <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dogs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dogs-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *wolves* <span class="pho alt">wʊlvz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wolves-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wolves-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * 但，清辅音 <span class="pho">d</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 读成 <span class="pho">dz</span>
+    * *beds* <span class="pho alt">bedz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beds-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beds-us-female.mp3"></span>
+    * *cards* <span class="pho alt">kɑrdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cards-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cards-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+* 元音后读作 <span class="pho">z</span>
+  * *bees* <span class="pho alt">biːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bees-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bees-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *boys* <span class="pho alt">bɔɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boys-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boys-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *days* <span class="pho alt">deɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/days-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/days-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *cars* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cars-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cars-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+* <span class="pho">s</span>/<span class="pho">z</span>/<span class="pho">ʃ</span>/<span class="pho">tʃ</span>/<span class="pho">ʒ</span>/<span class="pho">dʒ</span> 结尾的词加上 *es* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪz</span>
+  * *glasses* <span class="pho alt">ɡlæsɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/glasses-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/glasses-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *buzzes* <span class="pho alt">bʌzɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/buzzes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/buzzes-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *brushes* <span class="pho alt">brʌʃɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brushes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brushes-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *watches* <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watches-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watches-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *garages* <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/garages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/garages-us-female.mp3"></span>
+  * *cages* <span class="pho alt">keɪdʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cages-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+## 3.2.5.6. 拼写（Spellings）
 
 ### <span class="pho">s</span>
 

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md

@@ -1,29 +1,56 @@
-# 2.2.7 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>
+# 3.2.6. <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>
 
 对很多人来说，<span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。
 
-For many people, producing the sounds <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> can be a challenge. This is primarily because these sounds aren't present in many languages. For instance, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are all languages that don't have these sounds.
+## 3.2.6.1. 示例
 
-![articulator-tongue-tip-th](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-th.svg)
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
+<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>D.J.</td>
+<td>例词（Example）</td>
+<td>IPA</td>
+<td>例词（Example）</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/thank-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/thank-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><span class="pho">θ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><b>th</b>ank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/this-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/this-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><span class="pho">ð</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
+<td><b>th</b>is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
 
-虽然，英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显……
+## 3.2.6.2. 舌尖起始位置
 
-English teachers often emphasize that to produce these sounds, you should lightly bite the tip of your tongue with your teeth before vocalizing it - meaning, the tip of your tongue should slightly stick out past your teeth. Utilizing this technique undoubtedly makes your pronunciation clearer, especially when articulating individual syllables or words.
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
+<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-th.svg"></img></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
 
-但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
+虽然，学校里的英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显……
 
-However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize.
+但是，在**连贯的自然语音**之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要把舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
 
 最初练习的时候，可以借助 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 作为辅助:
 
 > * 先发 <span class="pho">s</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">s</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">θ</span>；然后分别说两个词 *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>……
 > * 先发 <span class="pho">z</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">z</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">ð</span>；然后分别说两个词 *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/that-us-female.mp3"></span>……
 
-When you first start practicing, you can use the sounds of <span class="pho">s/z</span> as guides to help:
-
->* Begin by making the <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Then, gently push the tip of your tongue forward until it touches your teeth. After this, produce the sound in the same way as <span class="pho">s</span>, and you should hear the <span class="pho">θ</span>. Practice this with words like *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> and *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>...
->* Start with the <span class="pho">z</span> sound. Again, push the tip of your tongue forward until it contacts your teeth. Create the sound as you would with <span class="pho">z</span>, and you should notice the <span class="pho">ð</span>. Try this with words such as *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> and *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/that-us-female.mp3"></span>...
-
 ## 拼写（Spellings）
 
 ### <span class="pho">θ</span>