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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md
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@@ -14,50 +14,29 @@ English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Short vowels | `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, `ɒ` | |
| Long vowels | `ɑː`, `æ`, `əː`, `iː`, `uː`, `ɔː` | `aɪ`, `eɪ`, `ɔɪ`, `aʊ`, `oʊ`, `eə`, `ɪə`, `ʊə` |
| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
| ------------ | ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
| Short vowels | `ʌ` `e` `ə` `ɪ` `ʊ` `ɒ` | |
| Long vowels | `ɑː` `æ` `əː` `iː` `uː` `ɔː` | `aɪ` `eɪ` `ɔɪ` `aʊ` `oʊ` `eə` `ɪə` `ʊə` |
6 个基础元音中，`ə` 和 `ɪ` 有相对更多的变体（*allophone*）：
In the 6 basic vowels, `ə` and `ɪ` have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
严格意义上来讲，`æ` 是半长元音，即，它比长元音短一点，但比短元音长一点。
* `ɪ`：
* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`[^1]；
* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæp·i/`.
* `ə`：
* 长元音版本 `əː` 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 `ɜː`，例如 *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK)
* The long vowel version `əː` is annotated as `ɜː` in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK).
* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`；
* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌð·ɚ/`.
* 儿化的长元音 `əː` 被标注为 `ɝː` 例如 *bird* `/bɝːd/` (US)
* The rhotacized long vowel `əː` is annotated as `ɝː`, like in *bird* pronounced `/bɝːd/` (US).
另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: `aɪə` 比如，*fire* `/faɪə/`；*hour* `/aʊə/`。在英式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，`aɪə` → `aɪr`，比如，*fire* `/faɪr/`, *hour* `/aʊr/`。
Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: `aɪə` as in *fire* pronounced `/faɪə/` and `aʊə` as in *hour* pronounced `/aʊə/`. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, `aɪə` → `aɪr`, for example, *fire* pronounced `/faɪr/`, and *hour* pronounced `/aʊr/`.
To put it strictly, `æ` is a mid-length vowel. That means it's a bit shorter than long vowels but longer than short vowels.
## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
英文大约 28 个辅音。
英文总计 28 个辅音。
English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`。
The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ/`.
[^1]: The middle dot `·` in `/ˈhæp·i/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
| --------- | ------------- | ------------------- |
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p` `t` `k` |
| | Voiced | `b` `d` `g` |
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f` `s` `θ` `ʃ` `h` |
| | Voiced | `v` `z` `ð` `ʒ` `r` |
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ` `tr` `ts` |
| | Voiced | `dʒ` `dr` `dz` |
| Nasal | Voiced | `m` `n` `ŋ` |
| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
| Semivowel | | `j` `w` |